Contamination Of Environmental Objects Research Articles

Protozoal infections of young turkeys in the conditions of industrial farms

The article presents the results of monitoring of parasitic protozoa of young turkeys in industrial-type farms of the Central region of Russia. Fecal samples, scrapings from the floor and passages, and the contents of the gastrointestinal tract during slaughter were systematically examined in birds of different ages. The age and seasonal dynamics of their infection with eimeria, as well as contamination of environmental objects by protozoan oocysts, were established. At the same time, the following species were identified in turkeys: Eimeria meleagrimitis (80%), E. meleagridis (15%), E. adenoids (5%). The prevalence in males of 35-49 days old, and in females of 35-49-63 days old was the maximum and amounted to 30–45 and 5–30%, respectively. The obtained results should be used in the organization of therapeutic and preventive measures against parasitic protozoa of young turkeys.

Effect of temperature on embryogenesis of Trichuris ovis during in vitro cultivation

One of the priority tasks of animal husbandry development is environmental protection from contamination of environmental objects with eggs, larvae of helminths, cysts, and oocysts of intestinal parasites, which are dangerous for animals and humans. For this purpose, it is relevant to determine the leading factors and ways of transmission of pathogens of parasitoses, the terms of their development, and survival under various abiotic influences in the conditions of certain climatic regions. The work aimed to determine the influence of the temperature factor on the embryonic development of nematodes of the species Trichuris ovis, parasitizing sheep. It was established that the embryogenesis of T. ovis varies from 27 to 36 days, depending on the temperature regime, where the development of eggs occurs in 6 stages. The duration of each stage of embryonic development of trichurises of this species also depends on temperature. The temperature at 25 °C was the most susceptible for developing T. ovis eggs in laboratory conditions, where 80.67 % of invasive larvae were formed on the 36th day. At this temperature, the zygote stage lasted up to 9 days, crushing and formation of blastomeres – up to 12 days, bean-like embryo – up to 18 days, tadpole-like embryo – up to 24 days, and larva formation – up to 30 days. The temperature of 20 °С was less susceptible to developing T. ovis eggs, where 77.0 % of invasive eggs were formed on the 33rd day of cultivation. At this temperature, the zygote stage lasted up to 9 days, crushing and formation of blastomeres – up to 15 days, bean-like embryo – up to 18 days, tadpole-like embryo – up to 24 days, and larva formation – up to 33 days. At a temperature of 30 °С, the term of embryogenesis of T. ovis turned out to be the shortest – 27 days, but at the same time, the smallest number of invasive eggs was formed – 71.0 %. At this temperature, the zygote stage lasted up to 6 days, crushing and formation of blastomeres – up to 12 days, bean-like embryo – up to 15 days, tadpole-like embryo – up to 21 days, and larva formation – up to 24 days. The obtained research results expand the existing scientific data and will also allow us to effectively plan the timing of measures for destroying pathogens of sheep trichurosis in the embryonic stages of development in the external environment.

Parasitic contamination of environmental objects of the Astrakhan region with helminths and protozoa

The article studies and analyzes the sanitary and parasitological state of environmental objects in the Astrakhan region (flushes, water, soil) for 2016–2020. The share of samples taken from environmental objects in the structure of sanitary and parasitological studies was 88.6 %. The largest number of samples was for flushes from hard surfaces — 31 740 (82.7 %), of which 1 (0.003 %) sample did not meet the sanitary and parasitologic standards. Teniidoncospheres were found in this sample (a positive finding was noted in 2019). The share of soil samples in the structure of all sanitary and parasitological studies was 4146 (10.8 %), of which 271 (6.5 %) were unsatisfactory. Water was collected from various water bodies: centralized water supply facilities — 600 (23.9 %), surface water bodies — 676 (26.9 %), swimming pools — 955 (38.1 %), waste water — 247 (9.9 %). Also, along with waste water, their sediment was also studied — 29 (1.2 %). As a result of the work done, it was concluded that the parasitic contamination of environmental objects in the Astrakhan region continues to remain tense, as evidenced by the above indicators; the most contaminated object of the environment with parasitic agents is the soil, as evidenced by its contamination, equal to 6.5 % (water-3.6 %, flushes-0.003 %); in most cases, contamination of the soil and water of the Astrakhan region belongs to the eggs of toxocars and larvae of stroniglids, and the presence of pathogens of intestinal parasitosis in the soil and water is a potential threat to public health.

Contamination of environmental objects with Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in industrial pig farm and measures to control them

The purpose of the research is to study the contamination of environmental objects with Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in industrial pig farm; desinfection against exogenous stages of Cryptosporidium spp. using Kenocox.Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on the basis of an industrial pig breeding complex in the Cherepovets district of the Vologda region in a pigsty for 120 heads, divided into 2 sectors, as well as in a pigsty for weaning pigs and a fattening pigsty for 1500 and 2000 heads respectively. For this, scrapings were taken from the floors of the pens, walkways, and walls of feeders and examined them for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts. Then, in the nursery after transferring the piglets to the rearing section, desinfection was carried out. One sector was treated with Kenocox at a dose of 0.5 L per 1 m2 with an exposure of 2 hours, the other sector – with a hot 4% sodium hydroxide solution at a rate of 1 L per 1 m2 with an exposure of 3 hours. One day after the treatment, the oocyst contamination of Cryptosporidium spp. in environmental objects in both sectors was re-examined.Results and discussion. The highest contamination of environmental objects with Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts (floors and walls of pens, feeders, floors of aisles) was found in the brood pigsty, where all the examined objects were contaminated to varying degrees (19.4%). With an increase in the age of piglets and their transfer to pigsties for weaners, and later on for rearing, there is a decrease in the contamination of the premises in which these age groups of animals are kept (10.0 and 2.5% respectively). With the desinfection of the queen-shed, as the most contaminated by oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. from the pig-breeding premises we examined, a significant effect was achieved with the use of Kenocox. Sodium hydroxide solution was found to be ineffective against Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts.

Leptospirosis in the Republic of Tatarstan. Epidemiological Features

The study presents a characteristic of the current epidemiological situation on leptospirosis in the Republic of Tatarstan, investigation of the circulation of leptospirosis agents among the population of small mammals, and the species composition of Leptospira that caused diseases in humans.Materials and methods. The paper contains the data on the incidence of leptospirosis among the population in the Russian Federation (RF) for the period between 2000 and 2018, in the Republic of Tatarstan – since 1998, submitted by the Rospotrebnadzor Administrations in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, materials of the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Republic of Tatarstan and the Main Veterinary Administration of the Republic of Tatarstan.Results and discussion. We have carried out the analysis of the epidemiological situation in the Republic of Tatarstan for the period of 1998–2018, by the administrative territories of the republic. The incidence of human leptospirosis caused by various leptospira serogroups has been assessed. In total, 112 people got infected with leptospirosis during the analyzed period. Also the data of epizootiological survey of small mammals inhabiting the natural foci of leptospirosis in the republic are presented. Laboratory tests of 1565 samples from mouse-like rodents for the presence of leptospirosis pathogens have been performed. 1.9 % of the tests gave a positive result. Dominant in the Republic of Tatarstan are the serogroups of Leptospira – Leptospira grippotyphosa and L. hebdomadis. The results of laboratory studies on the carriage of leptospira among small mammals and contamination of environmental objects indicate the circulation of pathogens of leptospirosis in the population of small mammals, habitant in forest shrub, near-water and meadow field stations of the republic. The red vole prevails in this community, the average index of its dominance is 66.7 %. Epizootiological monitoring point to a latent epizootic process in the community of mouse-like rodents.

DISTRIBUTION OF DICTIOCAULOSIS OF CATTLE IN COMMODITY FARMS OF SUMY REGION

The article presents data on the establishment of the spread of dictyocaulosis of cattle in farms of different production facilities of Sumy region. According to researchers, a prominent place among the pulmonary helminthiasis of domestic and wild ruminants belongs to dictyocaulosis. Currently, nematodes are an unresolved problem in cattle farms. The work was performed during 2019 on the basis of the laboratory of the Department of Epizootology and Parasitology of Sumy National Agrarian University, as well as in the conditions of livestock farms of Sumy region, which specialize in the production of marketable milk. Feces were collected from animals systematically throughout the year in different seasons, followed by their study by standardized methods of Berman and Orlov. The intensity of the invasion was determined by counting the number of larvae in 1 g of feces at low magnification. Determination of the intensity of contamination of environmental objects by dictyocaul larvae was performed using the method of M.O Romanenko.
 In the course of research and analysis of statistical reporting, it was found that dictyocaulosis is one of the three most common invasive diseases diagnosed in cattle in Sumy region. It has been proven that the frequency of diagnosing cases of respiratory pathology of various etiologies has increased in livestock farms that are unfavorable for dictyocaulosis. A clear seasonal dynamics of dictyocaulosis in livestock of different age categories was established: in calves under one year of age, the maximum lesion of Dictyocaulus viviparus was registered in June, with an invasion extent of 69.21%. In calves under two years of age, dictyocaulosis was registered in spring and autumn (the extent of invasion in April was 62.1%, in late September-early October - 51.4%). In a study of cattle older than two years, the highest extent of dictyocaulous invasion was found in spring and autumn, respectively, 59.7% and 35.1%. The peak of the outbreak was recorded in late autumn, in contrast to the animals of younger age categories. The highest intensity of infestation is found in calves under one year of age in summer, in older age groups - in autumn. When determining the contamination of environmental objects with larvae of Dictyocaulus viviparus, the highest rates were observed on the vegetation of pastures, near water sources with insufficient levels of insolation. Contamination by larvae of Dictyocaulus viviparus of the surface layers of soil and water sources on pastures was lower and amounted to 52.5 and 32.5 %, respectively.

TOXOCARIASIS AS THE ACTUAL PROBLEM IN KURSK REGION

The urgency of the problem of toxocarosis in the territory of the Kursk region is caused by the increase in the incidence among the children's population, the contamination of environmental objects with toksokar eggs. In this regard, it is necessary to conduct large-scale studies on the helminth infections of carnivorous animals living in urban areas to establish a realistic picture of their infection with toxocarosis and assess the sanitary and helminthological state of sand in children's play houses near Kursk, and determine the risk of infection of children with geohelminthiasis.One of the leading places in the structure of infectious and parasitic morbidity in the Kursk region is still occupied by parasitic diseases. According to the state report “On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being in the Kursk region in 2017”, 1125 cases of parasitic diseases are registered in the region. In the structure of parasitosis 97.4% are made up of helminthiasis. Contact helminthiasis had the largest share, represented by enterobiasis – 93%, geohelminthiasis was 4%, biohelminthoses – 1%. Among geohelminthic infections in 2017, two nosological forms were registered – ascariasis and toxocarosis, compared with 2016, the incidence of the latter increased by 10.4%. A total of 23 cases of toxocariasis were registered in the region, it is noteworthy that the proportion of children among the infested persons was 82.6% [3]. True incidence can be much higher, since in most cases infection with toxcar for a long time is asymptomatic and is detected by chance during laboratory examination [4].Toxocarosis is a parasitic disease caused by the migration of helminth larvae of dogs – Toxocara canis in humans, less often – Toxocara mystax of cats and characterized by a complex of syndromes and symptoms, referred to as visceral larva migrans. Such factors as an increase in the number of dogs and cats in populated areas, their high prevalence of toxocars, the intensity of egg excretion by mature helminths that live in the intestines of animals, and the stability of eggs in the environment exert on the spread of toxocariasis among people. In modern conditions, toxocarosis becomes the most socially significant helminth infection with a high risk of infection in cities [1].

Epidemic Outbreak of Catheter-Associated Bloodstream Infections among Patients Receiving Renal Replacement Therapy

Background : Hemodialysis is the most common method of renal replacement therapy (RRT), however, its use is associated with risk of catheter-associated bloodstream infections (CABSI). Aims : diagnosis of epidemic trouble on CABSI in multidisciplinary adult hospital associated with the epidemic outbreak of CABSI in patients in RRT, and evaluation of complex of anti-epidemic measures. Materials and methods : in the framework of risk-oriented epidemiological surveillance retrospective and operational epidemiological analysis of morbidity of CABSI and integrated clinical-epidemiological and microbiological examination of cases of outbreak was carried out. The study included patients with central venous catheter (n = 1295), patients receiving renal replacement therapy (n = 235), patients with CABSI (n = 48). 47 S aureus strains were studied, 520 researches were conducted. Results : An outbreak of CABSI of staphylococcal etiology (morbidity 33.01 per 1000 catheterized patients, 95% CI 21.31–44.71), had occurred from September to October 2016, involving 4 departments, manifested as 7 cases of CABSI in patients with RRT and actively identified 4 cases asymptomatic carriers of S. aureus in patients and one staff member of the Office of dialysis (incidence rate – 33.01 per 1000 catheterized patients, 95% CI 44.71–21.31). Sources of infection have served as carriers of S. aureus among patients and staff. Contact pathway of transmission. Place of infection – dialysis department. Cause of the outbreak was the infection of patients in the RRT the hospital S. aureus strain circulating in this hospital with contamination of environmental objects and the formation of a reservoir among personnel and patients. To eliminate the outbreak, a set of measures was carried out, including optimization of monitoring of invasive manipulation of central venous catheterization, elimination of violations of epidemiological safety requirements, disinfection regime change, biological disinfection by bacterial phagocyte, decolonization of S. aureus carriers by bacterial phagocytes. The incidence rate decreased 1.8 times in 2017 compared to 2016, respectively, 12.5 per 1000, 95% CI 10.23–14.77) vs 22.8 per 1000 (95% CI: 22.5–23.1) of catheterized patients. Conclusion : the epidemic outbreak of CABSI in multidisciplinary hospital was identified and eliminated, The outbreak was the result of the circulation in the hospital of S. aureus hospital strain, which formed a reservoir among personnel and patients.

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ВЛИЯНИЯ СОДЕРЖАНИЯ ТЯЖЕЛЫХ МЕТАЛЛОВ В МЕДЕ НА ЕГО ОРГАНОЛЕПТИЧЕСКИЕ И ФИЗИКО-ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ СВОЙСТВА

The deterioration of the ecological situation in Russia and the contamination of environmental objects with various chemical compounds pose a growing threat to human and animal health and the state of the environment. Bee products can carry a potential threat to human health, as bees are in constant and direct contact with the environment. The article presents the results of a study of honey for heavy metals - lead and cadmium. The dependence of the amount of lead in honey from road traffic of highways in the flying radius of bees has been revealed. The direct dependence of the presence of lead in honey, pollution by its exhaust gases of cars from automobile traffic of a highway in the flying radius of bees is proved. A technique has been developed for determining the load of vehicles in the area, expressed in the release of lead into the atmosphere from combustible motor fuel. The organoleptic and physicochemical properties of the honey are determined. The article presents data that proves that the content of heavy metals in honey does not affect its organoleptic and physicochemical properties, but represents a real danger for human health, because heavy metals are cumulated in the body.

Bacterial Contamination and Public Health Risk Associated with the Use of Banks’ Automated Teller Machines (Atms) in Ebonyi State, Nigeria

Contamination of environmental objects and surfaces is a common phenomenon. Human beings have a marked tendency to pick up microorganisms from environmental objects, and specially the hand has been shown to play a role in the transmission of organisms. The ATM machine is likely to be contaminated with various microorganisms due to their vast contact by multiple users. This study was aimed to investigate ATM as a potential source of bacterial contamination. The study was conducted from August to October, 2013 and it involved collection of samples by using cotton swabs, culturing on different media such as nutrient agar, MacConkey as well as identifying the isolated organisms using its colonial, morphological and biochemical characteristics. The results of the study indicated that some of the Automated Teller Machines were positive for the presence of microorganisms as indicated: Staphylococcus auerus 4 (28.57%), Coagulase-negative staphylococcus 3 (21.43%), Streptococcus species 2 (14.29%), Pseudomonas species 1 (7.14%), Enterobacter species 1 (7.14%) and Escherichia coli 3 (21.43%). The antibiogram study was done using Kirby Bauer disc- diffusion method and the results showed that majority of the bacteria were highly resistant to standard antibiotics. Susceptibility of isolates ranged from 6.25% to of 25.0%, indicating that most of the antibiotics used were ineffective. Staphylococcus. aureus, Streptoccus spp and P. aeruginosa showed 68.75% resistance to the antibiotics, whilst E. coli (56.25%), Enterobacter spp (50%) and CNS showed 18.75% susceptibility each. Overall, Gentamicin was the most effective antibiotic, while Ofloxacin, Clindamycin, Cefixine, Levofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin were least effective. Hand washing after ATM usage and proper cleaning regimen should be practiced to reduce contamination on the ATMs.

Metadata on the radioactive contamination of environmental objects on the territories of Russia and the USSR

A unique data archive, accumulated at the Taifun Scientific and Industrial Association in 1954–2005, on the radioactive contamination of the environment on the territory of the USSR and Russia is presented. The archive contains data on the yearly total β activity of atmospheric fallout on the underlying surface, the total volume β activity in the atmosphere at the ground, the results of measurements of the 90Sr and 137Cs content in samples combined over one month or quarter, atmospheric aerosols and fallout on individual points, the volume activity of tritium and 90Sr in water, rivers, lakes and seas, and the radionuclide contamination density of the territories of populated points as a result of the Chernobyl accident.