Development Of Container Terminals Research Articles

Building Sustainability Through Port Integration: A Case Study PT Pelabuhan Indonesia

Port Integration through the merger of PT Pelabuhan Indonesia I, II, III, and IV in 2021 sets one of its goals to ensure sustainable port development (sustainable effort). One of the main services of PT Pelabuhan Indonesia is the Container Terminal service which includes 63 Ports / Container Terminals in Indonesia which constitutes 95% of the total traffic of Indonesian Containers, of which from the number of Containers handled is the 8th largest in the world, is a strategic position that needs to be ensured the sustainability of its function. Indonesia’s container traffic has grown in the last 20 years with a CAGR of 6.75%. This growth is influenced by several variables including the number of inhabitants, area, and distance between the city and the port. This study analyzes the relationship between variables and benefits of port integration to the growth and sustainability of container terminal development in a sample of ports/terminals managed by PT Pelabuhan Indonesia. The study concluded that port integration supports sustainable port development.

Evaluation Analysis of the Operational Efficiency and Total Factor Productivity of Container Terminals in China

As crucial international trade and global logistics players, container terminals worldwide handle more than 80% of the global merchandise trade. After analyzing and summarizing the previous studies, we use container terminal companies as the research object to fill the gap left by previous studies. Based on the above research status, this study analyzes the operational efficiency and total factor productivity of 32 container terminal companies in China using the super -efficiency DEA–SBM model and the Malmquist index method. The results show that (1) the operational efficiency level of 32 container terminals in China from 2017 to 2020 has a huge gap, and 15 container terminal companies have operational efficiency below 0.6, which indicates that most container terminals have excess inputs and a waste of resources. (2) The container terminals in the Bohai Rim, Pearl River Delta and Yangtze River Delta regions have higher operational efficiency. This shows that the development of container terminals cannot be separated from the economic hinterland of the cities where the ports are located. (3) The Malmquist index analysis shows a 2.8% decrease in total factor productivity, a 3.2% increase in the composite technical efficiency index and a 5.8% decrease in the technological progress index, which indicates that most container terminal companies have imperfect management practices and decision making. Based on the study’s results, this research provides relevant and feasible recommendations for policymakers who formulate policies for the development of the shipping industry to promote high quality and sustainable development of the shipping industry and the economy.

Assessing the impact of the Boankra inland container terminal on the operational performance of the seaports of Ghana

Traffic congestion and limited cargo space have for a long time been a herculean challenge hindering the smooth operation of most seaports globally due to an increase in container trade. To provide a lasting solution to these challenges, most contemporary seaports have adopted the strategy of developing inland container terminals to help manage their cargo influx. This study assesses the impact of the Boankra inland container terminal on the operational performance of the seaports of Ghana, taking into consideration the operational performance variables affecting seaport and inland container terminal operations. The primary data used in this study was gathered using structured questionnaires. A total of 245 responses representing the opinion poll of the key architects involved in container movement to and from the seaports of Ghana was received. The dataset of the study and hypotheses of the model was tested using partial least square structural equation modelling to obtain the model fit. The findings of the study suggest that value-added services, location, government policies, intermodal transport system, and capacity of inland container terminal have a direct significant influence on the: output of seaport, the productivity of seaport, utilization of resources, and quality of services offered by a seaport. The findings further reveal that the intermodal transport system of an inland container terminal has no direct significant influence on the output of seaport and utilization of seaport resources even though it might have an indirect significant influence on these variables. The study provides a very insightful and thought-provoking theoretical knowledge on the direct significant relationship between an inland container terminal and its seaports. It also explains how an inland container terminal directly influences the operational performance of its seaports. The study further serves as a guide to policymakers and port authorities on policy formulation towards inland container terminal development and its integration into seaport operations.

Automation of the Road Gate Operations Process at the Container Terminal—A Case Study of DCT Gdańsk SA

The future increased terminal capacity will result in more container movement through the road complex and rail siding, which are one of the most critical areas (potential bottlenecks) in the container terminal. Truck turnaround time is one of the major factors that customers take into account while deciding how many container volumes they will handle through the container terminal. To enable to optimize increased traffic with future container terminal development, as well as increase gates throughput, and as a consequence, encourage more volume and increase customer satisfaction, Deepwater Container Terminal Gdańsk SA plans to reorganize and automatize the gate operation process. Gate automation includes supply, installation, commissioning, implementation, and maintenance of software and hardware that would allow automatizing the handling of trucks at container terminal gates by using OCR (optical camera recognition) technology, LPR (license plate recognition) systems and self-service kiosk for truck drivers.

Evaluation of CO2 emissions and energy use with different container terminal layouts

Sustainable development of container terminals is based on energy efficiency and reduction in CO2 emissions. This study estimated the energy consumption and CO2 emissions in container terminals according to their layouts. Energy consumption was calculated based on utility data as well as fuel and electricity consumptions for each container-handling equipment in the container terminal. CO2 emissions were estimated using movement modality based on the number of movements of and distance travelled by each container-handling equipment. A case study involving two types of container terminal layouts i.e. parallel and perpendicular layouts, was conducted. The contributions of each container-handling equipment to the energy consumption and CO2 emissions were estimated and evaluated using statistical analysis. The results of the case study indicated that on the CO2 emissions in parallel and perpendicular layouts were relatively similar (within the range of 16–19 kg/TEUs). These results indicate that both parallel and perpendicular layouts are suitable for future ports based on sustainable development. The results can also be used for future planning of operating patterns and layout selection in container terminals.

Возможности автоматических транспортеров-погрузчиков и их использование при создании имитационной модели развития контейнерного терминала

С ростом количества контейнеров, перевозимых морскими судами, выросли общемировые объёмы контейнерных перевозок. Для повышения эффективности переработки контейнеров используют схемы с разбивкой складской площади со штабелями контейнеров на равные части. Перспективным направлением развития указанных транспортных средств является разработка автономных роботизированных транспортных систем. Используются автоматизированные транспортные платформы (AGV) или автоматизированные транспортёр-погрузчики (ALV). Преимуществами автоматизации контейнерных перевозок на терминале является реализация безопасных условий работы для докеров и водителей грузовиков. Было проведено сравнение возможностей АGV и ALV. Сравнение энергопотребления автоматических транспортеров-погрузчиков. Характеристики кранов, используемых при обработке контейнеров. Функциональные возможности рассмотренных автоматических транспортеров-погрузчиков были использованы при создании имитационной модели в программной среде AnyLogic. В результате проведенного моделирования можно сделать вывод о возможности значительного увеличения работоспособности системы. Для эффективной реализации указанных преимуществ необходимо использовать имитационное моделирование функциональных процессов контейнерного терминала, позволяющее выбрать научно обоснованный вариант развития и внедрения в практическую деятельность перспективных средств автоматизации. With the increase in the number of containers carried by sea vessels, the global volume of container traffic has increased. To increase the efficiency of container processing, use schemes with a breakdown of the warehouse area with stacks of containers into equal parts. A promising direction for the development of these vehicles is the development of Autonomous robotic transport systems. Automated transport platforms (AGV) or automated conveyor loaders (ALV) are used. The advantages of container transport automation at the terminal are the implementation of safe working conditions for dockers and truck drivers. The capabilities of AGV and ALV were compared. Comparison of energy consumption of automatic conveyor loaders. Characteristics of cranes used for handling containers. The functionality of the considered automatic conveyor loaders was used to create a simulation model in the AnyLogic software environment. As a result of the simulation, we can conclude that a significant increase in system performance is possible. To effectively implement these advantages, it is necessary to use simulation of functional processes of a container terminal, which allows you to choose a scientifically based option for the development and implementation of advanced automation tools in practice.

An analysis of Deconcentration Tendencies and Shifting -Share Situations of ICDs: Focused on the Southern Vietnam

In Southern Vietnam, the competition among Inland Clearance Depot (ICD) has resulted in deconcentration tendencies and shifting share situations. However, related research on Southern Vietnam ICDs in particular and ICDs in Vietnam in general has been extremely limited. Hence, In this study, empirical research is conducted on ICDs located in southern Vietnam from 2010 to 2017. The throughput volume data of ICDs is analyzed by concentration indicators, namely the concentration ratio (CR), the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI), the Gini coefficient, the Lorenz curve, and the shift share analysis (SSA). The results of adopting all the methodologies indicate that deconcentration was the mainstream trend for ICDs in Southern Vietnam during the period of 2010–2017. The findings provide insights into the process of container terminal development and have academic and managerial implications. The strengthening of the competitiveness of Vietnamese container ports and ICDs could affect the competing Southeast Asian neighbors by facilitating the port of more shipping companies.

PARAMETERS AND FACTORS OF ENSURING COMPETITIVE STABILITY OF THE PORT SECTOR OF UKRAINE

Topicality. The expediency of the development of scientific regulations is related to the main problems of achieving the competitiveness of the sea trade ports of Ukraine in the maritime trade market, first of all with the necessity: to achieve the adequacy of the technical and economic level of the stevedoring operators to the requirements of the environment; compliance with national needs and multimodal transport systems; support of national zones of international transport corridors; development of theoretical and methodological foundations for the competitive positioning of national maritime trading ports, taking into account the conditions of integration and globalization.Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to clarify new trends in the system of competitive positioning of sea merchant ports, to systematize the parameters of the competitiveness of national maritime merchant ports and to substantiate the factors of effective development of Ukraine's port infrastructure.Research results. The condition and conditions of the competitive development of Ukrainian seaports in the system of maritime trade market are analyzed. The assessment of the port infrastructure of the national terminal operators is given and the development trends and perspectives of the competitive positioning of the national stevedoring operators are grounded. The system factors and parameters of functioning of marine transport enterprises are grounded. The dynamics of cargo turnover of the largest container ports of Europe for the period 2015-2017 is presented and the main tendencies of development of container terminals of the world economy are revealed. The evaluation of the competitive functioning of state and private national stevedoring operators and the identification of the problem of economic stability of sea trading ports in the system of competitive positioning in the regional maritime trade market was conducted. The estimation of the relation between the profit rate and the cost of loading and unloading works of the largest ports of Ukraine is presented and given, and the change in the structure of the cargo traffic of sea ports of Ukraine under the influence of new trends in the world maritime transport industry is analyzed.Conclusions. The systematic parameters of the competitiveness of Ukrainian seaports in the maritime trade market system are substantiated and the main principles of achieving the normalized economic results of functioning of the sea commercial ports of Ukraine are substantiated. The information-logistic model, which characterizes the influence of external conditions on the competitive positioning of national sea commercial ports, is presented. The main features of the competitiveness of national stevedoring operators are revealed. The new tendencies in the system of competitive positioning of the sea commercial ports of Ukraine are specified, factors of competitive stability of the port infrastructure under the conditions of risk and uncertainty are grounded. The revealed standards and restrictions of development of the port infrastructure of the national maritime trading ports in the system of globalization and integration.

A Longitudinal Analysis of Concentration Developments for Container Terminals in Northern Vietnam

ABSTRACT Vietnam has been one of Asia's fastest growing economies since 1990, with a steady growth of 6-8 percent. Vietnam's container port throughput volume also increases impressively year by year, at around 6-8 percent since 2002. To cope with increasing cargo volume, the development of modernized container terminals in Northern Vietnam has intensified. This longitudinal study aims to identify the development of the system and, in particular, the concentration or deconcentration tendencies, as well as the geographical patterns from 2005 to 2014. In order to achieve the study's objectives, the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI), concentration ratios (CR1, CR3), the Gini coefficient, the Lorenz curve, and shift-share analysis (SSA) were applied based on container throughput volume data from 2005 to 2014. The results demonstrate that the development of container terminals in Northern Vietnam has experienced a deconcentration trend and considerable shifting among its terminals during the period of observation. The proposed and validated research is original as it is the first study of concentration, deconcentration, and geographical patterns for container terminals in Northern Vietnam. The findings will enable port authorities, policy makers, and port operators to understand the development and changes of container terminal systems in Northern Vietnam more clearly.

The adaptive capacity of container ports in an era of mega vessels: The case of upstream seaports Antwerp and Hamburg

Port system development is a key theme in port geography literature. Recent decades have brought a rise in container terminal development at estuarine, coastal and offshore port locations, in part driven by scale increases in vessel size. This paper examines how container ports located upstream on rivers use processes of adaptive capacity building in an attempt to remain competitive in port systems. We link the development path of upstream seaports to a range of economic, technological, social and political factors. When combined, these factors shape the willingness and capacity of an upstream seaport to adapt to changing conditions such as an increasing demand for nautical accessibility. The case study results on Antwerp and Hamburg show that the discussion on the future of these upstream seaports cannot be detached from broader public policy and stakeholder management concerns and the influences of retention mechanisms, power, politics and collective action by the port community.

Simulation-Based Optimization for Yard Design at Mega Container Terminal under Uncertainty

The conventional approach of designing a container yard should be reexamined in the context of sustainable port development. Considering the uncertain future throughput, a simulation-based optimization framework is proposed to obtain a cost-effective and reliable design solution to the physical layout and equipment deployment strategy of the yard at a mega container terminal. In this framework, a two-stage stochastic programming model is presented aided with a simulation procedure of terminal operations. Finally, an application is given and the results show that the proposed integrated decision framework is effective and helpful for optimizing container yard design in the context of sustainable development of container terminals.

The Efficiency Measurement of Coastal Container Terminals in China

Following the implementation of the twelfth consecutive Five-Year Plan, the development pattern of coastal container ports in China has been shifted, which requires higher port efficiency and an improved development mode. The three-stage DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) model is applied on the basis of input-output cross-sectional data of 42 coastal container terminals in China. The model statistically evaluates the comprehensive efficiency, the pure technical efficiency and the scale efficiency of coastal container terminals. The outcome shows that the efficiency of coastal container terminals is rather low in China, and scale inefficiency is the primary reason. There is a big difference in terminal efficiency of different port groups. The terminal efficiency of Yangtze River Delta and Bohai Rim is relatively high, but Southeast Coast and Pearl River Delta's is comparatively low. Furthermore, there is an excessive waste in the input of container terminal development in China. In the final section, suggestions are proposed for the existing problems in port developments.

Determinants and strategies for the development of container terminals

The paper examines an important player in the container industry: the container terminal. We evaluate how terminal efficiency operation is affected by the following factors: terminal type, operation type, scale efficiency and returns to scale. In so doing, we test how the typology and operation of terminals and the level of scale efficiency that a terminal can achieve, represent significant factors in the development and growth of the container terminal industry. The analysis is based on the assessment of 165 container terminals worldwide. We develop the estimation through the application of stochastic frontier analysis. We demonstrate that container terminals are more efficient than multi-purpose terminals, and that, compared with local operators, global terminal operators do not have a dominant position in international maritime trade in terms of productivity and efficiency. However, global terminal operators appear to be more dominant than local operators when we examine the Mediterranean Basin. In the final part of the paper we suggest how resource-constrained container terminals may improve their scale efficiency and identify general strategies related to container terminal investments.

Container Terminal Development in Mainland China and Its Impact on the Competitiveness of the Port of Hong Kong

In recent years, China's container ports have experienced a significant expansion in throughput and capacity. This paper provides a review of the sector and analyses the recent development of container ports and terminals within Mainland China. It then focuses in more depth on the competition between the ports of Shenzhen and Hong Kong. In particular, the port of Shenzhen is analysed in the context of Robinson's criteria for hub port development to try to discern whether it will become the dominant regional hub. The discussion concludes that despite Shenzhen's current competitive advantages, Hong Kong will, in all probability, retain its dominant role.

Simulation Study of Container Terminal Performance

This paper examines the optimal size for the Gamman Container Terminal in Pusan, Korea, in terms of berths and quay cranes. Computer simulation analyses were performed with four scenarios, representing different operational patterns. The results reveal that sharing quay cranes with adjacent berths can increase productivity, and that the more berths per operator, the higher the productivity achieved. Based on these results, container terminal development and operation policy implications are considered.