Container Building Research Articles

Application Review of Container Building and Wood Building in Post-disaster Reconstruction

In recent years, China has encountered Wenchuan, Yushu, Taiwan earthquake and other major disaster events pushed the research of emergency building to the forefront. Judging from the present situation of post-earthquake reconstruction in China, it is not perfect in terms of emergency reconstruction and the design of buildings is also deficient to some extent. At present, the forefront of international research on post-disaster emergency measures is mainly focused on earthquake-prone countries, such as Japan and the United States. After the Wenchuan earthquake, the Chinese government quickly deployed post-disaster reconstruction and issued a series of regulations. The application of some light structures such as container and wood building in post-disaster reconstruction has gradually become the focus of scholars. R factor analysis method is adopted in this article, try to research on the design of the container and wood buildings combined with the practice of reconstruction, and has set up a variety of structure in the field of light structure architectural practice support as a case, a container and wooden buildings in the post-disaster reconstruction design strategies and explore possibilities for the future development, the application of the post-disaster reconstruction work after have a certain guiding significance.

Avaliação ambiental de alternativas construtivas de um edifício contêiner

Contêineres vêm sendo utilizados como edifícios nos últimos anos. Para isto, devem atender requisitos de desempenho térmico obtidos, a depender do clima, com o uso de materiais isolantes e fechamentos adicionais. Assim, o objetivo desse estudo é comparar o desempenho ambiental de um edifício contêiner de uso comercial com diferentes estratégias construtivas da envoltória. A metodologia baseou-se em: (a) definição de alternativas construtivas da envoltória do edifício contêiner; (b) simulações termoenergéticas com auxílio do software DesignBuilder para quatro cidades de diferentes zonas bioclimáticas (ZB) brasileiras: São Paulo (ZB3), Brasília (ZB4), Teresina (ZB7) e Rio de Janeiro (ZB8); (c) Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV), com escopo do berço ao túmulo, considerando as seguintes categorias de dano: (1) Mudanças Climáticas, (2) Saúde Humana, (3) Qualidade do Ecossistema e (4) Depleção de Recursos. A alternativa construtiva da envoltória composta por drywall e isolante térmico foi a mais vantajosa dentre as avaliadas. A absortância solar das fachadas influenciou significativamente nos resultados, principalmente para as ZB7 e ZB8. A cidade de Teresina foi a que apresentou maior consumo de energia operacional e, consequentemente, maiores impactos ambientais. Ao final, apresentam-se algumas diretrizes ambientais para esta tipologia de projeto.

Feasibility study of an off-grid container unit for industrial construction

This article presents solutions for improved energy efficiency by adapting a shipping container building in Shanghai for off-grid operation. While this prototype is based on a single unit, larger buildings made from multiple units constructed at factories is the ultimate goal. Previous studies of container buildings have revealed gaps concerning the quality of construction and thermal comfort. In this study, the heat transfer resistance of a typical container building wall has been improved from 1.0 m2K/W to around 3.7 m2K/W by installing Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIP), verified through measurements. VIPs reduce the temperature dependence of the heating need and the thermal bridges from the steel beams. Through validated building performance simulation using the software IDA ICE, the energy use and indoor air quality were examined for different ventilation scenarios and indoor temperature setpoints in Shanghai. A wider range of heating and cooling setpoints outside operation hours, lowering the heating setpoint at night and upgrading to triple glazed windows were found to be the most economic energy saving measures. Combined with roof rainwater harvesting, the possibility of achieving near self-sufficiency of water and electricity in the suburbs of Shanghai shows promise in the quest for a higher degree sustainable living.

Optimalisasi Pemanfaatan Ruang Luar Kampus ITSB Deltamas Melalui Penelitian Persepsi dan Harapan Sivitas Akademik

Many college campuses in Indonesia are designed so that the academic civitas, especially students, feel at home in their activities. The length of stay of students on campus is one important factor in supporting the success of the learning process. Therefore, the design of the campus outdoor space in accordance with the expectations of its users must be considered to support this. For the case study, research was carried out at the Bandung Institute of Technology and Science (ITSB) in the City of Deltamas, Cikarang, West Java. In the near future ITSB Deltamas will have two new buildings: the Container Building as an additional classroom and the Student Dormitory Building, in addition to the Main Campus Building which is the place for all current academic activities now. However, the campus outdoor space has not been well planned, so the use of the space has not been optimal. Optimizing the use of offcampus space is obtained through research of perceptions and expectations aimed at formulating the needs and desires of the academic civitas of ITSB Deltamas by finding the types of activities and facilities that best suit the needs and desires of its users. The results of this study are the design criteria of the ITSB Deltamas outdoor space which can be a recommendation in the field of outdoor space supply planning as an integral part of future campus planning. It is expected that by creating programs and design criteria that meet the needs and desires of the ITSB Deltamas academic civitas as end users, it will create an outdoor campus space design that is responsive to wants and needs (responsive), has emotional ties (meaningful), and can be used by all users (democratic).

컨테이너 활용 복합문화공간 사례연구를 통한 공간특성

Multi-functional complex cultural spaces have emerged to satisfy the needs of people as the quality of people’s lives has been improved owing to rapid social development. Moreover, architecture using containers has been established as a way to accommodate the rapidly changing culture. Therefore, this study aimed to present measures for activating container complex cultural spaces by analyzing the characteristics of them. This study evaluated 7 container buildings constructed in Seoul since 2015 to draw the following results. The characteristics were classified into modularity, convenience, symbolism, connectivity, variability, and environment-friendliness. Analyzing the characteristics of seven container complex cultural spaces, the results showed that modularity convenience symbolism connectivity variability and eco-friendly in the chronological order. Modularity was the highest, and variability and environment-friendliness. were the lowest. Analysis of the module characteristic of the container shows that it was designed with a container module space of a certain size, using the regular size of the container. In particular, when expanded through incisions, large spaces were planned by utilizing and attaching the horizontal modules of the containers. Analysis of the symbolic characteristic of the container shows that the internal and external finishes of the container were used in a different way, and were not reminiscent of the container’s unique characteristics. Analysis of the environment-friendliness characteristic of the container shows that heating and cooling equipment were installed to improve insulation and ventilation of containers, but equipment to save energy was not installed. Various energy saving methods such as solar and geothermal power should be introduced.

Exploring the Potential of Climate-Adaptive Container Building Design under Future Climates Scenarios in Three Different Climate Zones

The deployment of containers as building modules has grown in popularity over the past years due to their inherent strength, modular construction, and relatively low cost. The upcycled container architecture is being accepted since it is more eco-friendly than using the traditional building materials with intensive carbon footprint. Moreover, owing to the unquestionable urgency of climate change, existing climate-adaptive design strategies may no longer respond effectively as they are supposed to work in the previous passive design. Therefore, this paper explores the conceptual design for an upcycled shipping container building, which is designed as a carbon-smart modular living solution to a single family house under three design scenarios, related to cold, temperate, and hot–humid climatic zones, respectively. The extra feature of future climate adaption has been added by assessing the projected future climate data with the ASHRAE Standard 55 and Current Handbook of Fundamentals Comfort Model. Compared with the conventional design, Rome would gradually face more failures in conventional climate-adaptive design measures in the coming 60 years, as the growing trends in both cooling and dehumidification demand. Consequently, the appropriate utilization of internal heat gains are proposed to be the most promising measure, followed by the measure of windows sun shading and passive solar direct gain by using low mass, in the upcoming future in Rome. Future climate projection further shows different results in Berlin and Stockholm, where the special attention is around the occasional overheating risk towards the design goal of future thermal comfort.

Workshop: The Effects of Shared Accommodations on Refugee Health in Germany: An Interdisciplinary Approach

Abstract The importance of the relationship between health and migration has been recognised for a long time with a more recent focus on refugee health. The experience of life threatening situations in countries of origin, the flight itself, but also the legal status of a refugee in the destination country brings about many health-related challenges. One area, in which these challenges become particularly visible, is the housing situation of refugees. In contrast to many voluntary migrants, refugees are often required to live in shared accommodations. These can be flats but also buildings constructed for other purposes, such as old factories, gyms, or hotels, container buildings, or tents. Thus, the living conditions of refugees in destination countries are often below the average housing standard of the native population. This situation can on the one hand reinforce challenges to refugees’ physical, psychological and social health, and on the other hand it can hinder the good provision of healthcare at home. This workshop addresses these challenges for the case of Germany - which had the highest number of asylum applications between 2015 and 2017 - by analysing different aspects of refugee health from an interdisciplinary perspective. The contributions bring together the results from theoretical/philosophical reflections, as well as qualitative and quantitative empirical data, including the perspective of refugees and health care providers. The contributions raise questions about the characteristics of accommodations that affect the subjective well-being and health of refugees. The results show that there are particular challenges for health and healthcare provision related to the general situation of accommodation of refugees in Germany. These include the potential transmission of germs and related risks for the physical health of refugees, the creation of a situation of exclusion from society which can worsen psychological stressors, as well as the distance from worshipping places, which can hinder the beneficial effects of communities of faith for the social health of refugees. In addition, the possibilities of maternity care in shared accommodations are often limited due to the lack of privacy, which can represent a stressor for pregnant women and young families. The results presented in this workshop are the outcomes of some projects developed in the graduate school “Challenges and Opportunities of Global Refugee Migration for Healthcare in Germany - FlüGe”. FlüGe encompasses 12 doctoral students, supervised by 12 professors from five faculties at Bielefeld University. It covers a broad range of disciplines (public health, psychology, microbiology, theology, and law) with an active involvement of practice partners, such as clinical and governmental institutions. In taking this approach, the graduate school aims to identify the short-, medium-, and long-term challenges and opportunities posed to global migration for healthcare in Germany and seeks to develop practical solutions. Key messages Despite the diversity in refugee accommodation in Germany, shared housing in general negatively affects refugee health in various ways. The accommodation of refugees poses challenges to the physical, mental and social health of refugees and to the efficient provision of healthcare at home.

KEDUDUKAN KONTAINER HOUSE SEBAGAI BENDA DAN WEWENANG NOTARIS DALAM PEMBUATAN AKTA PERALIHANNYA

The main subject of research is Container Position and Notary Authority in Making the Transitional Deed, with the formulation of the problem What is the position of Container House as a moving object and What is the notary's authority in making the Container House transitional deed. The conclusion is as follows: The position of Container House as a moving object, that container as an object that is valuable goods, property as a wealth, to the holder as the subject of rights is a private body or persoon, the right object is called an object, which means that the object of rights is object. Containers can be privately owned in the sense of individuals or legal entities, who are both legal subjects and can act according to law. Containers either as movable objects or immovable objects (planted in land parcels) can be used as objects of property rights in accordance with the provisions of Article 489 of the Civil Code. The authority of the notary in making Container House transfer deed, that the container building, the transfer of rights if built together with the land and the owner of the container building will divert the container along with the land can be proven by PPJB deed made before a notary or AJB made before PPAT. If the container building is only affixed, so that if it is transferred it does not damage the basic objects, the transfer of rights can be done with PPJB or with AJB made before a notary

Parameter analysis of stability bearing capacity of bottom frame beam for container building

In this paper, the bottom frame beam of container building is analyzed by finite element method, and compared with the experimental results, the accuracy of the model is verified to meet the needs of the analysis. On this basis, by changing the stiffening position of the upper flange, the height of the web, the load layout and the thickness of the wall, the variation of the stability bearing capacity of the bottom frame beam was studied, the control factors affecting the stability bearing capacity of the bottom frame beam were obtained, and the selection suggestions were given.

Transfer Effect Ratio of Loosely Coupled Coils for Wireless Power through CB Wall of NPPs

Unlike design basis accidents, some inherent uncertainties of the reliability of instrumentations are expected while subject to harsh environments (e.g., high temperature and pressure, high humidity, and radioactivity) occurring in severe nuclear accident conditions. By these conditions, instrumentations have had the bad situation as a station blackout (SBO) as the severe accident like Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in wireless power transfer technology, in particular, significant processing has been charted for inductively coupled systems. In this paper, we introduce some new method as transfer effect ratio of loosely coupled coils for wireless power through the container building (CB) wall as an alternative method under a station blackout of severe accident conditions in nuclear power plants. As a result, it can be shown an equivalent circuit model that can describe wireless energy transfer systems via coupled magnetic resonances for thickness wall of the container building using a simulation code.

FEM and Experimental Study on Mechanical Property of Integrated Container Building

Recently, a growing number of the containers have been used in the building structures, therefore, the full size container stiffness have been studied under the longitudinal load, including the 20 ft container, 40 ft container and the 20 ft combined container. Firstly, the full size container experiment has been studied, and then, the load–displacement curve and load-stress curve have been got. Secondly, based on the nonlinear finite element software of Abaqus, the container model has been established and analyzed. By comparing with the load–displacement curves and load-stress values of experiment, the finite element model has been verified. Finally, based on the verified finite element model, the parametric analysis of the corrugated sheeting size, corrugated sheeting cross section, elasticity modulus of top side beam, and every sheeting action for container stiffness has been given, and the design advice of single and combined container has been given. The research results have made feasible in design and construction of container buildings and provided some references to corresponding specification preparation.

Effect of autoclaved lightweight concrete panels on the mechanical performance of container building and its equivalent method

As a new structure system using containers as building modules, container building has been widely promoted around the world. However, research on the mechanical performance of container building is rare, especially the one using autoclaved lightweight concrete panels as enclosure materials. This article mainly studied the effect of autoclaved lightweight concrete panels on the mechanical performance of container building and its equivalent method. First, container finite element model with autoclaved lightweight concrete panels infilled was established, and mechanical performance and working principle of nine container models under five loading scenarios were analyzed. Then, integral equivalent model considering the effect of autoclaved lightweight concrete panels was established, and its lateral stiffness was compared with that of a pure frame model. Results show that autoclaved lightweight concrete panels could effectively enhance the lateral stiffness and ultimate capacity of container module. Equivalent spring model could effectively simulate the stiffness enhancement provided by the autoclaved lightweight concrete panels, and the story stiffness of a seven-floor container building with the effect considered rises by 60% approximately than that of a pure frame model. The results could provide technical support for economic and rational design and application of container building.

Holistic research methodology for investigating thermal, visual and IAQ performance in cargo container buildings

Taiwan is located in a subtropical zone and the latitude range of the South and the North is only around three degrees and the weather is always in high temperature and humidity. Yet, the geographical environment and climate of Taiwan are always varied. All regions are faced with different environmental issues which need different solutions. The use of containers as a building material has grown in popularity over the past several years in Taiwan due to their inherent strength, wide availability and relatively low cost. The cargo container architecture has also been built with containers because they are seen as more eco-friendly than traditional building materials such as brick and concrete. However, the study into the indoor environment of cargo container buildings is still lacking to provide a more detailed technical support. We need to establish the methodology to reveal the spatial and environmental considerations to be applied in the design process of the cargo container building, and also to consider environmental benefits in terms of comfort and energy saving that can be brought into the cargo container building. We investigated the spatial delight, thermal and luminous environment of a selected cargo container building in Taiwan. Through fieldwork, which included onsite monitoring and interview of building occupants, first-hand information on environmental and comfort conditions inside the building and occupants’ subjective views on the comfort condition were obtained.1 These findings could provide the holistic research methodology for investigating thermal, visual and indoor air quality (IAQ) performance, to determine the feasibility for improving the comfort conditions for building the cargo container architecture. The following case study provides an illustrate feasibility of cargo container architecture in Taiwan.

Prawnopodatkowa problematyka mobilnych kontenerów budowlanych. Glosa do wyroku Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego z 15.3.2016 r. (II FSK 84/14)

Glosa odnosi się do wyroku Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego z 15.3.2016 r. (II FSK 84/14) dotyczącego opodatkowania podatkiem od nieruchomości. Głównym problemem jest prawidłowa interpretacja definicji mobilnego kontenera budowlanego. Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny w wyroku wyraźnie wskazuje, że mobilny kontener budowlany nie jest budynkiem, ale jest tymczasowym obiektem budowlanym. W konsekwencji, mobilne kontenery budowlane nie podlegają opodatkowaniu. Ponadto, w kontekście niniejszego wyroku uwydatnia się istotny problem, jakim jest brak precyzyjności i jasności prawa podatkowego.

FEM and experimental study on mechanical property of container building with holes

Based on the finite element simulation and the experimental verification, the stiffness of container building with holes is studied. Firstly, through finite element software of the Abaqus, 20ft and 40ft container model are established, and the corresponding holes and stiffening members are considered. Through simulation, the stiffness and Mises stress contour of the container model are got. Secondly, a full size experiment of container with holes is studied, and then, through comparison of the loading-displacement curves and the loading-stress curves with finite element simulation, the finite element model is verified. Finally, based on the verified finite element model, the influence laws of the hole and the stiffening member is given, and the relevant design recommendations of the hole position, the hole area, the hole size ratio and the stiffening member form are given. Research results make feasible in design and construction of the container buildings and provide some references to the corresponding specification preparation.

Theoretical and experimental studies on in-plane stiffness of container structure with holes

In practical engineering, the container building usually has an opening and stiffening process to meet the requirements of architectural design. So, the stiffness of the container with holes has been studied and stiffening member has been considered in the process of container stiffness enhancement. First, based on the paper “Theoretical and experimental studies on in-plane stiffness of integrated container structure,” the stiffness of corrugated sheet with window, door, and combined window has been derived and then the stiffness of corrugated sheet with above-mentioned holes has been derived. Thus, through stiffness distribution between frame and corrugated sheet, the stiffness of container with holes has been derived. Second, through finite element software of Abaqus, full-size container model with holes has been established and combined with stiffening members. Through simulation, the load–displacement curve has been got and then compared with theoretical analysis. Finally, through full-size 20- and 40-ft containers with holes and stiffening members, corresponding experimental verification has been done, and by comparison of load–displacement curve with theoretical analysis and finite element simulation, the front study has been verified. Research result has made feasible in design and construction of container building and provided some references to corresponding specification preparation.

Theoretical and experimental studies on in-plane stiffness of integrated container structure

This article presents analytical, numerical, and experimental studies on the in-plane stiffness of container buildings. First, based on diaphragm theory, parallel corrugated direction stiffness of corrugated sheet has been deduced, and based on energy method, shear modulus of two elastic principal directions of orthotropic plate has been deduced, and through stiffness conversion method, the stiffness relationship between parallel corrugated direction and vertical corrugated direction has been obtained. Combined with container frame, the container stiffness of loading end and non-loading end, as bottom side beam fixed, has been obtained. Second, through the software Abaqus, full-scale container model has been established. The loading–displacement curve of finite element model has been compared with theoretical analysis and has a good agreement. Third, through 20 and 40 ft container, corresponding experimental verification has been done, and by comparison of container stiffness, the theoretical analysis and finite element simulation have been verified. Finally, based on verified finite element model, parametric analysis of corrugated sheet size, corrugated sheeting cross section, elasticity modulus of top side beam, and every plate action for container stiffness have been given. Research result has made feasible in design and construction of container buildings and can provide some references to corresponding specification preparation.

Finite Element Study of Container Structure under Normal and High Temperature

This paper does some research on the mechanical property of multilayer container structure under high temperature and gives some suggestions on how to make fire protection based on the performance-based fire design. Firstly, using the software of FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator), the fire background and fire heating release curve are determined. Through the simulation, the actual temperature curves (of the top and bottom temperature curves of the middle, door, and corner position in the container) are obtained and compared with the standard temperature curve of ISO-834. Secondly, using the software of Abaqus, a full scale finite element model of multilayer container structure is established. Two temperature fields under the standard temperature curve of ISO-834 and the actual temperature curve (of the most unfavorable curve of the top temperature curve of the middle position in the container) are obtained, respectively. Thirdly, the thermal-mechanical coupled analysis is carried out for the container structure under the wind loading and temperature field. The research result can be feasible in design and construction of container buildings and provides some references to corresponding specification preparation.

NGSeasy: a next generation sequencing pipeline in Docker containers

Motivation: Bioinformatic pipelines often use large numbers of components and deploying them incurs substantial configuration and maintenance burden that remains a significant barrier to reproducible research. Our aim is to define a new paradigm and best practices for developing, distributing and running pipelines encapsulated in Docker containers (lightweight virtualization), with a focus on next generation sequencing (NGS) workflows. This approach provides several advantages, namely: efficiency, portability, versioning and reproducibility. Using the NGSeasy pipeline, a user can quickly deploy any pipeline version in any environment (e.g. operating systems, workstations, clusters, clouds). While this might also be achieved with a virtual machine (VM); VMs lack portability, have substantial overhead (disk, CPU, RAM), and require allocated resources to be provisioned statically – Docker, to a large extent, solves these issues.Results: We demonstrate best practices for packaging and execution of a multicomponent pipeline for NGS using a set of container building blocks which are versioned, modular and reusable. We present a basic ”proof of concept” evaluation of a next generation sequencing pipeline in Docker containers, capable of producing meaningful results, that are comparable with public and ”best practice” workflows, with little to no impact on standard computing performance.Availability: Both versioned Dockerfiles and container images for each component are published on GitHub and Docker Hub, respectively. The pipeline and containers can be pulled from Docker Hub and executed on any environment capable of running the Docker platform with minimum hardware requirements for running an NGS pipeline.

Experimental Research on Joint Mechanical Behavior of Container Structures

In recent years, building industry in China is experiencing upgrade and industrialization becomes popular. Container building has many advantages including low cost, high efficiency and clean construction. Therefore it is the most promising kind of industrialized building. The joint of boxes in container buildings is one of the main bottlenecks in restricting box-type architecture in multi-story and tall buildings. To solve this problem in box-type buildings, this paper present a new joint of boxes applied to a specific structural system named as column-bearing box-type modular system. The tensile capacity, shear capacity and corresponding failure modes of vertical two-box joint are obtained through experimental study. Meanwhile the flexural bending capacity and flexural stiffness of the vertical two-box joint are studied.