Contagious Distribution Research Articles

Elevation gradients alter vegetation attributes in mountain ecosystems of eastern Himalaya, India

The present study describes how vegetation (the tree layer) is shaped along the elevation gradients in the eastern part of the Indian Himalayan Region. Various vegetation attributes, distribution, population structure, and regeneration patterns of 75 tree species belonging to 31 families were studied. Tree species richness shows a low plateau (peaked between 1,300–1,500 m) with a linearly decreasing pattern above 1,500 m asl. Ericaceae was found as the dominant family, followed by Lauraceae and Rosaceae. The distributional pattern of species-to-genera ratio (S/G) did not follow any particular trends, while β-diversity increased along the elevation gradient. The Margalef index of species richness, the Menheink index of species richness, and the Fisher alpha were found to be highest at lower altitudes (1,000–1,500 m), while the Simpson index was highest at middle altitudes (2,600–3,000 m). Random distribution was shown by maximum tree species (47.3%), followed by a contagious distribution (42.9%), and regular distribution (10.8%). The regeneration of tree species was found to be good with a healthier number of seedlings (10.2%), fair (43.5%), poor (30.3%), while 16% were observed not regenerating. Acer laevigatum (1,500 m), Prunus nepalensis (3,300 m), Viburnum sympodiale (3,400 m) were among the new regenerating species at the respective altitudes. The population structure of tree species in terms of proportion of individuals in seedlings, saplings, and the adult class varied in all the elevation transects. Species with better regeneration on upper distribution limits have been recognized as probable for upward movement.

Species Composition and Diversity of Plants along Human-Induced Disturbances in Tropical Moist Sal Forests of Eastern Ghats, India

Plant biodiversity data are prerequisites for the sustainable management of a forest. We used quantitative ecological tools to determine the species composition, diversity (richness and evenness), population structure, distribution patterns, and regeneration status of trees in a Tropical Moist Sal Forest of Eastern Ghats, India. For this purpose, a field inventory was conducted during 2020–2022 in sixteen 1.0 ha forest stands along a human-induced disturbance gradient. A total of 161 species (61 trees, 40 shrubs, 60 herbs) belonging to 77 families and 143 genera were recorded in the 16.0 ha of forest area. The results revealed a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in the tree and shrub species density, basal area, species richness, and diversity along the gradient of disturbance. However, in the case of herbs, the Shannon–Weiner diversity index increased significantly (p < 0.01) with increasing disturbance levels. Irrespective of forest types and disturbance levels, the tree diameter class (10–30 cm) accounted for the highest stem density in the forest. A mixed trend was found in the case of the basal area; the >41 cm diameter class constituted the highest basal area in the Pure Sal Forest while the 10–30 cm class was in the Moist Deciduous Forest without Sal. Tree species richness was found higher in lower diameter classes. Disturbances impacted the distribution pattern of trees; in the Pure Sal Forest, the contagious distribution of trees were 61.54%, 40%, and 12.5% in undisturbed, low-disturbed, and moderately disturbed sites, respectively. The percent of trees showing random and regular distribution increased with the increased level of disturbance in all forest types. The number of tree species having good regeneration decreased with the increased disturbance intensity in all forest types. Frequent grazing, repeated forest fires, and poor soil seed banks at the Moderately Disturbed site were the main reasons for the poor/no regeneration of Pterocarpus marsupium, Adina cordifolia, Terminalia bellerica, and some other economical species. Significant changes in structural attributes of the tree community revealed the impact of human-induced disturbances in the Moist Sal Forests of Eastern Ghats. The disturbance mosaics promoted the growth of many invasive weed species and lianas, depleting the number of valuable species in the forest. This study suggests the adaption of sustainable biodiversity conservation approaches through the active participation of the tribal so that the remnants the Moist Sal Forests of Eastern Ghats can be controlled to prevent further degradation.

A new reduced contagious zero-inflated model: An application to count data

In this paper, a reduced one-parameter contagious distribution was developed from the joint distribution of three-parameter gamma and Poisson distributions, on which Lakshmi’s three-parameter gamma distribution is based to model a count data. The distribution properties and some common descriptive measures relating to this contagious distribution are derived. The behavior of the probability mass function with changes in parameters was also studied. The parameter estimation by the maximum likelihood and moment-generating function methods is discussed. A simulation study was carried out with the proposed model to check for consistency and bias. The new model show consistency as the sample size increases. The model was applied to a real-life dataset and was seen to be more flexible in capturing excess zero, under, and over-dispersion in count data and proved to be a useful alternative to some existing zero-inflated models.

The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare associated infections: A teaching hospital experience.

Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic, with a high capability of contagious distribution, where national secondary and co-infections characterization are lacking. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on infection rates among patients admitted to the intensive care units at King Abdullah University Hospital, profiling the drug resistance rates nationally. This is a cross-sectional study of COVID-19 associated infections that was conducted at a teaching hospital, in the north of Jordan. It included all COVID-19 patients who were admitted to intensive care units during the first and second pandemic waves. Data on age, gender, length of stay, co-morbidities, co-infections and sensitivity to antibiotics were retrospectively collected from the hospital information database. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software. A total of 589 COVID-19 patients were included, of whom 20% developed bacterial associated infections. The ratio of bacterial co-infection to secondary infections was 1:8. Gram-negative bacteria, Acinetobacter baumannii (40.1%), Eschericia coli (17.5%), Klebsiella pneumonia (6.8%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.1%) were the most abundant isolated species. The detection rates of E coli (ESBL), K pneumonia (ESBL), A baumannii (CRO), P aeruginosa (CRO), S aureus (MRSA) were 52%, 67%, 97%, 44%, and 67%, respectively.

Effect of tree canopy on herbaceous vegetation and soil characteristics in semi-arid forests of the Aravalli hills

Herbaceous vegetation is of great ecological importance and responds quickly to environmental changes. The present study was aimed to understand the variation in herbaceous species composition, biomass and soil physico-chemical properties in the naturally formed gap and the understory of semi-arid forests in the Aravalli hills. Four permanent plots consisting of the gap as well as the understory were established. To study herbs phytosociological attributes and biomass, 10 quadrats of 0.5 × 0.5 m size were laid in each plot. For soil physico-chemical properties, 5 soil samples were collected randomly at 0–10 cm depth from each plot. Relationships among biodiversity indices, herbaceous biomass and soil physico-chemical properties were determined using Redundancy Analysis (RDA) and correlation analysis. Across the sites, Poaceae was the dominant family. All species showed a contagious distribution pattern. In the understory, Importance Value Index (IVI) was the recorded highest for Oplismenus burmannii, ranging from 138 to 230.5 while in the gap, it was the highest for Achyranthes aspera (56.15) followed by Eragrostis ciliaris (53.1). Both sites included, herbaceous community biomass in the gap ranging from 700 to 900 g m−2 while in the understory it ranged from 30 to 70 g m−2. Cenchrus ciliaris (597.97 g m−2) and Chrysopogon sp. (391.2 g m−2) contributed a major proportion of herbaceous community biomass in the gap. Oplismenus burmannii (52.2 g m−2), Dipteracanthus prostratus (16.6 g m−2) and Cynodon dactylon (9.6 g m−2) contributed a major proportion of herbaceous community biomass in the understory. The understory soil had significantly (p < 0.05) higher soil moisture (%), electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil total nitrogen (TN) compared to the gap. Even though canopy had positive effects on soil physico-chemical properties, it has negatively influenced herbaceous species composition, diversity and biomass, due to significant reduction in solar radiation reaching the ground.

Phytosociology and biodiversity of roadside herbs in a salinity-affected coastal area of Bangladesh

Soil salinity in the coastal areas of Bangladesh has been rising. The responses of forest communities to the rise of salinity are somehow documented. However, the adjustments of non-forest plant communities against salinity are still limited in the literature. This study explains the phytosociology and the herbaceous plant biodiversity along with the soil salinity gradients in Shyamnagar, Bangladesh. Twenty-five roadside quadrants were systematically selected and studied for herbaceous plant diversity and soil properties. Soil Electrical conductivity (EC) and moisture show a generally rising trend from the north to the south. Moreover, the quadrants closer to the river or aquaculture with low elevation represent the salinity hot spots. About 1116 herbaceous plants belonging to 11 species were recorded. Croton bonplandianum baill is the dominant species and showed higher adaption capacity against soil EC values. Four out of 25 quadrants with higher EC, moisture and lower elevation recorded no plants. The herbaceous plant biodiversity reveals a strong spatial pattern and tendency to shrink with the rise of soil salinity while progressing towards the southeast direction. The area shows aggregated population, contagious distribution of plant species, and accommodates four dominant clusters. Roadside herbs not only hold medicinal value but also offer important cooking fuel choices to the fuel-scarce coastal communities. The outcome of this study provides important insights into herbaceous plant diversity and its relationships with soil salinity. Overall, the study outcomes improve our understanding of the impact of environmental stressors on the distribution of herbaceous plants in the coastal area.

Effects of Soil Salinity on the Roadside Herbaceous Plant Community in a Non-Forest Coastal Area of Bangladesh

The gradual increase of salinity in the coastal areas of Bangladesh instigates several challenges for normal plant growth. The responses of forest communities to the rise of salinity are somehow documented. However, the adjustments of non-forest plant communities against salinity are still limited in the literature. This study reports the abundance and species richness of herbaceous plant population along with the soil salinity gradients in a coastal area of Bangladesh. Twenty-five roadside quadrants were systematically selected and studied for herbaceous plant diversity and soil properties. Soil Electrical conductivity (EC) and moisture show a generally rising trend from the north to the south. Moreover, the quadrants closer to the river or aquaculture with low elevation represents the salinity hot spots. About 1116 herbaceous plants belonging to 11 species were recorded. Croton bonplandianum baill is the dominant species and showed higher adaption capacity against soil EC values. Four out of 25 quadrants with higher EC, moisture, and lower elevation recorded no plants. The herbaceous plant biodiversity reveals a strong spatial pattern and tendency to shrink with the rise of soil salinity while progressing towards the south-east direction. The area is evident in the contagious distribution of plant species and accommodates four dominant clusters. Overall, the study outcomes improve our understanding of the impact of environmental stressors on the distribution of herbaceous plants in the coastal area.

Contagious Progression and Distribution of Arsenic in India: A Key Towards Bioremediation

Contagious Progression and Distribution of Arsenic in India: A Key Towards Bioremediation

Influence of Altitude on Diversity and Distribution Pattern of Trees in Himalayan Temperate Forests of Churdhar Wildlife Sanctuary, India

This study aimed to investigate the diversity and distribution pattern of tree in different altitudes in a protected area of Churdhar Wildlife Sanctuary (CWS), situated in Himachal Pradesh, Western Himalaya, India. CWS is one of the famous sanctuaries and rich in biodiversity. The tree species analysis was done with the stratified sampling technique by performing a random sampling using the quadrats method. The study area was divided into four different altitudes: (i) Chhogtali (CT; 1900–2200 masl), (ii) Churas (CH; 1900–2200 masl), (iii) Nohra 1 (NH1; 2800–3200 masl), and (iv) Nohra 2 (NH2; 2800–3200 masl). Among the studied sites, results revealed that tree species richness decreases with an increase in altitude. Quercus leucotrichophora was dominant in CT and CH sites, whereas Q. semecarpifolia was dominant in NH1 and Abies spectabilis in NH2 sites. Picea smithiana reported to be dominant species in the studied sites. Compared to CT and CH sites, the dominance-diversity (d-d) curve showed a decrease in species richness on HN1 and NH2 at higher altitudes, whereas tree total basal cover (TBC) increases with altitude. The maximum similarity was between CT and CH sites and reduced between CT and NH2 sites with higher altitudes. Almost all tree species exhibited contagious distribution patterns which are common in natural forests; however, a few species showed random distribution, and no species were found distributed regularly. This study provides fruitful information to the policy-makers, environmentalists, and foresters to understand species diversity and distribution with species composition and structure with altitude. Thus, conservation and sustainable management strategies of the forest could be design in better ways to conserve diversity on a regional and/or global scale.

Functional response and egg distribution among hosts byPseudapanteles dignus, a larval endoparasitoid ofTuta absoluta

AbstractThe functional response of a biocontrol agent has been classically pointed out as a quantitative evaluation criterion to understand its killing capacity to an arthropod pest. In this paper, we revisited the functional response of the internal larval parasitoidPseudapanteles dignus(Muesebeck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a candidate for biocontrol of the South American tomato leafminer,Tuta absoluta(Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), measured as the daily egg oviposition of single parasitoid females at increasing densities ofT. absolutalarvae through dissection of hosts. The functional response curve of the number of parasitized hosts was fitted out taking into account the number of eggs laid and their distribution among hosts at eachT. absolutalarval density. The data also allowed us to discuss the self‐superparasitism strategy of this parasitoid as an adaptive trait.Pseudapanteles dignusshowed a sigmoid shape functional response and a contagious distribution of eggs among hosts, favouring self‐superparasitism and laying a similar number of eggs in each superparasitized host at eachT. absolutadensity. This research is firstly intended to ascertain about the oviposition behaviour ofP. dignusand additionally to provide information on its reproduction to be applied in mass rearing procedures and augmentative releases againstT. absoluta.

Assessment of the spatial distribution of the sunflower tumbling beetle population

We have evaluated the distribution of the sunflower tumbling beetle (STB) to optimize the methods of its monitoring and to establish the spatial localization of the phytophage concentration in order to increase the efficiency of measures to regulate its abundance. We counted the STB after harvest at least in 20 points of the field; we collected stems and their root parts in plots 1x1 m, opened them and counted the number of larvae in each stem; we also counted broken plants at a height of 50-60 cm. Svedberg and Lloyd models used to analyze the distribution (uniform, random, contagious) of the STB population on the crops of F1 hybrid "Sonyachny Nastriy". The data obtained as a result of solid - by field squares (grid) and W-like route surveys processed according to their parameters. The last ones was process both with application of statistical correction of plots according to the number of the STB (larvae / plant) - by changing the index of abundance by the size of an accounting plot, which is different from the average area, and by results of direct counts carried out in one or another point of the field. The distribution can be spatial - within the entire agrocenosis, and linear - within the vector (strip of registration plots). It can also be based on complete (grid data) or incomplete (en-route counts) information. Lloyd's model assumes a higher probability of random values of distribution. When estimating the distribution based on incomplete information, the values of the Swedberg and Lloyd coefficients for the spatial distribution are 1.708 and 1.604 for W-route with area-adjusted abundance and 1.692 and 1.596 without adjustment respectively, which gives values of contagious and random distribution. Applying the linear version of the estimate gives a contagious distribution for the Swedberg and Lloyd models for the 1st vector and an even distribution for the 2nd and 3rd vectors. When estimating the distribution based on complete information (the "grid" variant), the spatial distribution of Lloyd - 0.657 and Swedberg - 0.957 is uniform, but for the latter it is very close to the random distribution. The linear distribution by Swedberg varies from contagious - 1.287 to uniform - 0.916 and 0.447, and by Lloyd - from random - 1.237 to uniform - 0.499 and 0.014. Given incomplete information, the polynomial trends allow us to determine the magnitude of the uncertainty in the distribution as the geometric distance between the points of intersection of the trend lines with the 45o optimization line and the Swedberg contagion and Lloyd's randomness levels. Provided the information is complete, linear trends allow us to determine the magnitude of the uncertainty in the distribution as the geometric distance between the points of intersection of the trend lines with the Swedberg-Lloyd uniformity levels. "Grid" of these counts allows revealing marginal effects in spatial distribution of phytophage population, the number of which is maximal in the marginal strip bordering the forest belt, and minimal in the center of agrocenosis. Under the condition of incomplete information it was found that according to Swedberg criterion the spatial distribution of the STB is contagious and Lloyd's is random, the linear distribution for both models changes from contagious to uniform; under the condition of full information it is found that on the basis of Swedberg-Lloyd models the spatial distribution of the stonefly is uniform, linear distribution for the Swedberg model changes from contagious to uniform, Lloyd - from random to uniform; estimation of the spatial distribution of the population on the basis of full information is the most optimal because it allows to determine the marginal effects.

Patterns in steppe meadow vegetation at the border of Forest-steppe and Steppe zones of the Southern Ural

The patterns (mosaicity) in steppe meadow vegetation were characterized at the border of Forest-steppe and Steppe zones of the Southern Ural by hierarchical continuum concept theory for Troitskiy state natural complex preserve example. It has been established that the discordant natural region bring about mosaicity destruction micro-patterns are fuzzy, parcels are not formed and coenotics (12,0 m) level is identified only. The steppe meadow vegetation is characterized by coenotic level continuum coenotic patterns have almost identical dominant and co-dominant species composition, phytochorologic units form combination of four meadow grasses with middle and weak contagious spatial distribution and most species have random spatial distribution. But the steppe meadow biotopes are characterized by specifics of abiotic factors. The significant factors, influencing coenotic patterns and biotopes of steppe meadow, are soil calcium and nitrogen regime, soil aeration, moistening and its variability.

Phytodiversity and population status of coastal flora of Jamnagar district and its Islands in the Gulf of Kachchh, Gujarat

The present research work aimed to study the diversity, distribution and population attributes of plant species (trees, shrubs and herbs) in coastal areas of Jamnagar District and its islands in the Gulf of Kachchh. During the data collection random sampling method was employed. A total of 213 coastal floral species belonging to 56 families and 157 genera were recorded. Out of these 213 plant species, 101 species of herbs, 38 species of under-shrubs and shrubs, 30 species of climbers were recorded. Grasses and sedges were also represented by 30 species and 14 species were of trees. Among the herb species, Aeluropus lagopoides showed the highest density (5.37 ind./Km2) and frequency (35.5%). Regarding tree and shrub species, Prosopis juliflora represented the highest density (516.58 ind./ha) and frequency (61.76%). Moreover, the highest importance value index was measured in Aeluropus lagopoides (42.48) among herbs and Prosopis juliflora (122.36) among trees and shrubs. The present study also deals with α diversity (Shannon diversity index, Simpson's Index, species richness, evenness index) of the coastal terrestrial plants. The Abundance/Frequency ratio of trees, shrubs and herb species showed contagious distribution pattern. This study provides baseline information on the phytodiversity of coastal flora of Jamnagar and its islands

On a Probability Distribution in Supply Chain Management

The objective of the study was to propose a suitable probability model for supply chain management. As satisfactory service to the customers by different organization is a subject matter of supply chain management, attempt was made to observe the level of satisfaction of the customers visited the banks and mobile operators. Accordingly, data were collected from 560 customers throughout the banking hours in a day of different banks working in Bangladesh. The main questions to the customers were related to the satisfaction of the service rendered by the bank service providers and how much time the customers had to wait to get the service. A contagious probability distribution was fitted assuming the distribution of waiting time as exponential distribution with the assumption of number of customers waiting to follow the Poisson distribution. The percentage of satisfied customers with the service of the bank was 70.7. Satisfaction was noted in 55.1% visited customers of different mobile operator’s office. Level of satisfaction was significantly in declining trend with the increase in ages of the customers. This was true for both the service providing centers. Service satisfaction was in declining rate with the increase in waiting time. The sample data did not provide a suitable probability model according to the assumption.

Error performance analysis and modeling of narrow-band PLC technology enabling smart metering systems

This paper presents an error performance analysis and a model of a narrow-band power line carrier (PLC) system for smart metering. Our work is founded on complex analysis based on the probability theory using limited, long-term measurement data of a rural 400 V distribution grid during operation. To obtain confident results, the analysis and modeling of the error performance were done in two steps. In the first step, the Neyman contagious distribution, originally derived in the fields of entomology and bacteriology, was applied to describe the probability distribution of errors in messages in consideration of the impulsive noise in the PLC channel and the influence of forward error correction techniques. In the second step, assuming the bit error rate (BER) was a random variable, where errors are randomly distributed in the sample rather than clustered into messages, the confidence interval of the true BER was calculated for different SNR values. The results served as a foundation for the error performance model proposed in this paper. The presented work is crucial for the research of upper layer communication protocols performance incorporating advanced phenomena at the physical layer.

Bayesian Point and Interval Prediction of Ordered Observations in Future Censored Samples from Contagious Geometric Distribution

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTThis article presents the study of prediction analysis on future ordered sample observations from a two-component contagious model of geometric distribution using a Bayesian approach. To be more specific, a theoretical methodology is proposed to get approximate point and interval prediction of ordered statistics in the future samples when these samples are censored by right type-I, right type-II, and left censoring techniques. Point predictors are developed using a symmetric and an asymmetric loss function. To show the usefulness of the derived mathematical results, the study applies them to real-world data and considers, for illustration, the computation of point prediction for quartiles and 95% prediction intervals for median and inter-quartile range in the future censored samples.

Quantitative analysis, distributional pattern and species diversity of woody plant species of Lamberi Forest Range, Rajouri, J&amp;K, India

Quantitative analysis, distributional pattern and species diversity of woody plant species of Lamberi Range of Rajouri Forest division, J&amp;K, has been carried out by laying 50 quadrats (10m X 10m size) for trees and 100 quadrats (5m X 5m size) for shrubs. Various phytosociological parameters like frequency, density, abundance, importance value index IVI and diversity indices for trees and shrubs has been used to reveal the plant community structure of the area. The abundance to frequency ratio (A/F) for different species was determined to assess the distribution pattern of the species (regular &lt;0.025, random 0.025-0.05 and contagious &gt;0.05) which indicated the contagious distribution for all the species. Survey of the area revealed presence of 63 woody plant species from the study area comprising of 43 trees and 20 shrubs. Pinus roxburghii (IVI 49.7, Abundance 81.1) and Carissa opaca (IVI 81.12 abundance 7.05) have been recorded as the dominant tree and shrub, respectively, of the area. The computation of diversity indices showed that species richness and evenness i.e Shannon- Weiner’s, Margalef’s and Menhinick’s remained high for trees and low for shrubs. Simpson’s index of dominance was also high for trees. Species which needs priorities for conservation and protection and also required to be monitored have also been highlighted.

Investigation of Narrow-Band Power-Line Carrier Communication System Performance in Rural Distribution Grids

This paper investigates error performance of the narrow-band (NB) power-line carrier (PLC) communication system from a distribution system operator (DSO) perspective, with measurement data collected in the rural 400 V distribution grid. The performance evaluation is founded on the three aspects: attenuation of the NB PLC channel, frequency of the signal to noise ratio (SNR) class occurrence detected in a receiver and bit error rate (BER) analysis. The true BER is estimated from the limited amount of collected data using error model based on Neyman type A contagious distribution, appropriate for communication channels with impulsive noise. Results confirmed that PRIME-based NB PLC deployments for smart metering applications are adequate in rural distribution grids, even in cases with high attenuation and articulated frequency variations in a PLC channel. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eie.24.1.20149

Species distribution of kobs (Kobus kob) in the Shai Hills Resource Reserve: an exploratory analysis.

The well-being of a species fundamentally rests on understanding its biology, home range, and distribution. The highly seasonal distribution of kobs poses conservation and management difficulties, particularly because of the capricious nature of the ever-changing ecological and vegetation dynamics of the ecosystem. Assessing the distribution of kobs and their associated vegetation provides insight into the vulnerability and conservation status of the species. Species distribution and habitat suitability maps were developed and created respectively for the management of kobs in the Shai Hills Resource Reserve. Kob presence data collected was analyzed using the spatial analyst and Hawth's tool in the ArcGIS software where the gradients of kob distribution within the protected area landscape were plotted and mapped. Seven environmental variables including location, land cover/use, slope/elevation, nearness to dams and rivers, temperature, and rainfall were considered to have effect on kob distribution pattern and as such used in the development of species distribution and habitat suitability maps. The results indicated that kobs in the Shai Hills Resource Reserve (SHRR) assume a clumped or contagious distribution pattern where individual kobs are aggregated in patches. Rainfall, temperature, nearness to dams and rivers, slope/elevation, and land cover/use had influence in kob distribution. Of all the cataloged habitats, 86, 13, and 1% were moderately suitable, suitable, and unsuitable, respectively. Long-term survival of species depends on adequately large areas of suitable habitats and opportunities for home range activities between such areas. As such, it is recommended that suitable habitats for kobs be dedicated and designated as conservation areas, especially areas along the western boundary.

Medicinal Plants in the Broad-Leaf Mixed Coniferous Forest of Tshothang Chiwog, Bhutan: Floristic Attributes, Vegetation Structure, Ethnobotany, and Socioeconomic Aspects

The Himalayan Kingdom of Bhutan, located in one of the global biodiversity hotspots, is endowed with abundant floral wealth, including a wide array of medicinal plants (MPs). However, over-exploitation of these resources is widespread, and only a few studies have assessed the richness and diversity of Bhutanese forests and in particular about the MP resources. A vegetation survey was conducted in Tshothang Chiwog, south-eastern Bhutan to characterize the floristic structure of the broad-leaf mixed coniferous forests with a special focus on MPs. A questionnaire survey involving 40 farmers was also conducted to assess the ethnobotanical and socioeconomic aspects of MP extraction. A total of 157 plant species (38 trees, 19 shrubs, 85 herbs and ferns, and 15 climbers), representing 74 families and 137 genera were identified from the study area, of which 69 species (14 trees, 10 shrubs, 38 herbs and ferns, and seven climbers), belonging to 41 families and 69 genera were medicinally important. The most species-rich families of medicinal plants were: Asteraceae (eight spp.), Apiaceae (four spp.), Polygonaceae, Brassicaceae, Zingiberaceae, and Urticaceae (three species each). Herbaceous flora exhibited the highest diversity (Simpson diversity index (D) = 0.97 and Shannon-Weiner index (H’= 5.82) followed by trees and shrubs (viz. D= 0.95 and 0.92 and H’= 4.86 and 3.97 respectively). All but one herb showed abundance-to-frequency ratio (A/F) ≥0.05, signifying a contagious distribution pattern (large aggregated distribution). Girth class distribution of trees followed an inverse J-shaped pattern. Results of the ethnobotanic study documented 55 MPs. MP collection, as reported by the interviewees, generally improved the socioeconomic status of the local people of Tshothang Chiwog. Apart from improving the livelihood security of the local people, aspects relating to health care and culture are also important. Respondents were also concerned about the declining MP wealth of the Chiwog over the years due to over-exploitation. Monitoring the plant resources and adopting conservation programmes in the Chiwog, in their opinion, may improve the MP wealth of the locality. The lessons learned from the study may have applicability over the south-eastern part of Bhutan and other regions with similar eco-climatic features.