Contact Area Research Articles

Standardized Assessment of Gravity Settling Human Body Models for Virtual Testing.

The increased use of computational human models in evaluation of safety systems demands greater attention to selected methods in coupling the model to its seated environment. This study assessed the THUMS v4.0.1 in an upright driver posture and a reclined occupant posture. Each posture was gravity settled into an NCAC vehicle model to assess model quality and HBM to seat coupling. HBM to seat contact friction and seat stiffness were varied across a range of potential inputs to evaluate over a range of potential inputs. Gravity settling was also performed with and without constraints on the pelvis to move towards the target H-Point. These combinations resulted in 18 simulations per posture, run for 800 ms. In addition, 5 crash pulse simulations (51.5 km/h delta V) were run to assess the effect of settling time on driver kinematics. HBM mesh quality and HBM to seat coupling metrics were compared at kinetically identical time points during the simulation to an end state where kinetic energy was near zero. A gravity settling time of 350 ms was found to be optimal for the upright driver posture and 290 ms for the reclined occupant posture. This suggests that reclined passengers can be settled for less time than upright passengers, potentially due to the increased contact area. The pelvis constrained approach was recommended for the upright driver posture and was not recommended for the reclined occupant posture. The recommended times were sufficient to gravity settle both postures to match the quality metrics of the 800 ms gravity settled time. Driver kinematics were found to be vary with gravity settling time. Future work will include verifying that these recommendations hold for different HBMs and test modes.

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Effect of Carbon Nanotube Diameter on Properties of Crosslinked Epichlorohydrin Rubbers.

Molecular dynamics simulation (MD) technology can be used to simulate and study the physicochemical properties of polymer materials on the basis of material data obtained in traditional experiments. In this study, we use MD to construct models of crosslinked carbon nanotubes/epichlorohydrin rubber composites with different carbon nanotube diameters and study the effect of CNT tube diameter on crosslinked ECO. The results show that with the increase in CNT tube diameter, the contact area between the CNTs and rubber matrix increases, the interaction force is enhanced, the free volume fraction of rubber matrix decreases by 21.36%, the glass transition temperature increases by 6.5%, the mean square displacement decreases, the radius of gyration decreases by 3.18 Å, and the radial distribution function of the C-atom group and the H-atom group in the system gradually decreases. The binding energy between the two is elevated, which in turn verifies the enhancement of the interaction force.

Evaluation of the forces applied by rubber dam clamps on mandibular first molar teeth with different endodontic access cavities: a 3D FEA study.

This study aimed to examine the effect of the force applied by rubber dam clamps made from different materials on mandibular first molar teeth with various designs of endodontic access cavities using finite element analysis. A intact tooth (IT) and seven different endodontic access cavities namely, a traditional endodontic cavity (TRADAC), a guided endodontic cavity (GEC), a conservative endodontic cavity (CAC), an ultra-conservative access cavity (UAC), a truss access endodontic cavity (TRSAC), a mesial caries access cavity (MCAC), and a distal caries access cavity (DCAC), along with two different clamp finite element models, were created. The clamp models were made of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and stainless steel (SS). The forces applied by the clamps were calculated based on the axial section distance of the tooth, and these forces were applied to the contact areas on the tooth. Stress distribution models were calculated using maximum von Mises (vM) stress. The lowest vM stress under the forces applied by the SS and PEEK clamps was found in the IT model (80.914 MPa) with the PEEK clamp. The highest vM stress was found in the DCAC model (759.49 MPa) applied with the SS clamp. The forces applied by SS clamps resulted in higher vM stress values in every cavity design than those applied by PEEK clamps. PEEK clamps generated less force than SS clamps. However, clinicians should follow various isolation strategies (clamp made of different materials, split dam, etc.) according to different cavity types of the tooth.

Effects of prefabricated arch-support insole hardness on foot pressure and muscle activity in mountaineer porters during load-bearing tasks in mountainous terrain

BackgroundThe study aimed to compare the effects of medium hardness and high hardness arch-support insoles, with the latter modified by a soft forefoot pad, on foot pressure distribution and muscle activation during high-load carrying tasks in authentic mountainous trail environments. MethodsSixteen male mountaineer porters with experience in high-load carrying tasks participated in the experiments. They wore commercially available prefabricated arch-support insoles, specifically referred to as medium hardness arch-support material (MH) and high hardness arch-support material attached a 1-mm soft sponge pad to the forefoot area (HHSF) during uphill and downhill walking tasks with a 25-kg load. Foot pressure and muscle activation were measured using wireless pressure distribution insoles and a wireless surface electromyography system, respectively. ResultsThe HHSF showed significantly higher perceived comfort scores and reduced foot pressure in specific regions during downhill walking (p < 0.05). It exhibited increased peak foot pressure in the forefoot during uphill walking (p < 0.05). The MH showed greater foot pressure in the second metatarsal during downhill walking and a larger contact area in the midfoot during uphill walking (p < 0.05). Muscle activation did not differ significantly between the two insoles (p > 0.05). ConclusionThe study indicates that combining a high hardness arch-support insole with a soft forefoot pad may enhance comfort and potentially reduce foot injury risks, and improves foot propulsion and pressure distribution.

Slot-structured catalytic membrane for sustained oily particulate matter removal with a low pressure drop

Oily particulate matter (PM) filtration faces the problems of high pressure drop and difficult regeneration. Herein, vertical arrays of MnO2 nanosheets was assembled on Zr doped TiO2 (Zr-TiO2) nanofibers to construct a core–shell structure MnO2@Zr-TiO2 (CSMT-x) catalytic membranes for highly efficient oily PM filtration and decomposition. The confining effect of the ultrathin MnO2 nanosheets enhances PM capture efficiency, and the increase of effective contact area between MnO2 and oily PM accelerate the decomposition of oily PM. The optimized CSMT-3 catalytic membrane exhibited high gas permeability and redox capacity, outperforming the Zr-TiO2 (Bare T) membrane with over 99.97 % PM filtration efficiency and a low pressure drop at the temperatures of 25–425 °C. The catalytic decomposition of PM prevented the accumulation of particles on the membrane surface, which inhibited the formation of cake layer. Therefore, the CSMT-3 membrane exhibited a slight increase in pressure drop (less than 120 Pa) even after 120 h long-term filtration. This work may contribute to the development of advanced multifunctional membranes for purification of oily PM.

Boron-doped carbon nano dot anchored thin film coating on cobalt vanadium oxide for ultrafast energy storage devices

Lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) with ultrafast rate capabilities are required to increase the applicability of rechargeable energy storage devices. Considering that the power density of an LIC is primarily determined by the anode properties, carbon coating onto the anode material is a promising method of accelerating electron transfer between particles and alleviating structural collapse during repeated charge–discharge cycles. In this study, a new coating configuration featuring a boron-doped carbon nano dot-anchored thin film on cobalt vanadium oxide (BC-CVO) was demonstrated. The coating morphology, wherein the carbon nano dots were connected by a thin carbon film, induced nano-scale surface roughness on CVO, expanding the contact area between the functional groups on the coating layer and electrolyte. The boron-doped carbon lattice structure provided ultrafast electron transfer inside the CVO particles, which allowed reversible electron transfer even under ultrafast charge–discharge cycles. This morphological and chemical combination significantly improved the ultrafast-rate capability of the LIC anodes (429.6 mAh/g at 4000 mA/g and 534.3 mAh/g after 1000 cycles at 2000 mAh/g) compared to that of bare CVO. Furthermore, an LIC full cell fabricated with a BC-CVO anode and an activated carbon cathode showed high energy and power densities.

Structural design of "fitness" and "feasibility" of body-fitted stent and its mechanical analysis

To address the conflict between the "fitness" and "feasibility" of body-fitted stents, this paper investigates the impact of various smoothing design strategies on the mechanical behaviour and apposition performance of stent. Based on the three-dimensional projection method, the projection region was fitted with the least squares method (fitting orders 1-6 corresponded to models 1-6, respectively) to achieve the effect of smoothing the body-fitted stent. The simulation included the crimping and expansion process of six groups of stents in stenotic vessels with different degrees of plaque calcification. Various metrics were analyzed, including bending stiffness, stent ruggedness, area residual stenosis rate, contact area fraction, and contact volume fraction. The study findings showed that the bending stiffness, stent ruggedness, area residual stenosis rate, contact area fraction and contact volume fraction increased with the fitting order's increase. Model 1 had the smallest contact area fraction and contact volume fraction, 77.63% and 83.49% respectively, in the incompletely calcified plaque environment. In the completely calcified plaque environment, these values were 72.86% and 82.21%, respectively. Additionally, it had the worst "fitness". Models 5 and 6 had similar values for stent ruggedness, with 32.15% and 32.38%, respectively, which indicated the worst "feasibility" for fabrication and implantation. Models 2, 3, and 4 had similar area residual stenosis rates in both plaque environments. In conclusion, it is more reasonable to obtain the body-fitted stent by using 2nd to 4th order fitting with the least squares method to the projected region. Among them, the body-fitted stent obtained by the 2nd order fitting performs better in the completely calcified environment.

On the tractive rolling nanocontact of an exponentially graded coating-substrate structure

This paper studies the tractive rolling nanocontact occurring between an exponentially graded coating-substrate structure and a circular rigid indenter. Employing the framework of Steigmann–Ogden surface elasticity, it models the surface effects inherent in the nanocontact of graded coatings. The contact area is assumed to comprise a central stick zone bounded by two distinct slip zones. Central to the investigation is the utilization of the nonclassical Flamant solution, which serves as the foundational framework for deriving integral equations governing the continuity of both vertical and tangential displacement gradients. Utilizing Gauss–Chebyshev quadratures, the paper discretizes and collocates these integral equations, along with the force equilibrium conditions and shear traction smooth condition at the leading side stick/slip transition point. An iterative algorithm is then developed to tackle the resultant algebraic system, particularly concerning the discretized contact pressure and friction traction. The paper rigorously validates its proposed solution method and numerical algorithm against existing literature results, showcasing their accuracy and reliability. Moreover, it conducts extensive parametric studies to unravel the effects of various parameters, such as surface material properties, coefficient of friction, inhomogeneity index, and thickness of the exponentially graded coating. These analyses uncover the significant role of surface effects in shaping contact pressure, frictional traction, stresses, subsidence distributions, and stick–slip zones. Notably, the inclusion of surface effects is found to reduce maximum stress and subsidence while inducing a shift of the stick region towards the rolling direction. The parametric exploration of graded coating properties also offers insights into tailoring nanocontact responses for gradient nanostructures.

Torsional properties of spiral carbon nanocones

Carbon nanostructure plays a unique role in advanced nanodevices. This work investigated the torsional properties and underlying mechanisms of spiral carbon nanocones (SCN) via atomistic simulations. The SCN exhibits four deformation stages, including linear elastic, nonlinear elastic, plastic and failure. The elastic phase is characterized by compressive stress at the inner covalent bond and tensile stress at the outer edge. The plastic transition is initiated at the innermost region, accompanied by in-plane folding. The interlayer interactions of the SCN facilitate its capacity to elicit an axial response during torsion. The resulting axial forces are governed by the layer number, cone angle, and the dimensions of both inner and outer radii. Outer radius exerts the most significant influence on SCN via the interlayer contact area. Furthermore, the inner radius and cone angle are intrinsically linked to the structural stiffness of the inner bore, which affects the axial mechanical response of the SCN during the nonlinear elastic and plastic phases. The Pearson correlation coefficient analysis has validated that these two parameters are the most crucial for SCN torsional performance. This work elucidates the prospective utility of SCN as a novel twist-to-push actuator for advanced nanodevices.

Heterophase Pt/EG-catalyzed hydrosilylation in droplet microfluidics: Spectral monitoring and efficient 3D-printed reactors

Homogeneous Pt-catalyzed hydrosilylation is an industrially important process for the synthesis of organosilanes. Reusable heterophase (biphase) Pt-catalysts can solve economic and ecological issues arising from the high cost of Pt and its irretrievable “scattering”. Previously, we proposed a sustainable and convenient-to-handle heterophase Pt/EG-catalytic system (EG – ethylene glycol). In the current research heterophase Pt/EG-catalyzed hydrosilylation was transferred in a microfluidic regime that combined several advantages. A stable droplet or segmented Taylor flow with a well-defined contact area allow for the improvement of mass and heat transfer during the scaling of such a biphase and exothermic reaction, compared to batch mode. In situ Raman spectroscopy monitoring allows for fast and continuous data collection throughout the experiment and opens an opportunity for automation of conversion analysis. We demonstrate an efficient reaction of a range of reagents in the microfluidic reactor. In this work its universal components were constructed and modified using either commercially available units or via additive technologies (3D-printing). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of a semi-automatic recyclization device for a real heterophase catalytic process. These results open up new perspectives for scaling and automating industrially relevant heterophase hydrosilylation reactions.

Oriented growth of NiCo metal–organic framework nanosheets on electrode materials for ternary mixed metal oxide supercapacitors

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous structures that possess high specific surface areas, making them promising cathode materials for energy storage devices. However, solving the problems of random growth and easy aggregation of MOF nanosheets remains a challenge. In this study, hydrothermal and calcination methods were used to successfully create nickel cobalt molybdenum metal oxide (NCMO) nanoflowers, followed by the directional growth of NiCo–MOF on its surface. The oriented growth of NiCo–MOF nanosheets on NCMO nanospheres effectively prevented agglomeration, forming NCMO@NiCo–MOF with enhanced electrochemical sensitivity and a large quantity of active sites. When used as an electrode, NCMO@NiCo–MOF forms a large contact area with the electrolyte, demonstrating a high specific capacitance of 1724 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1. Furthermore, at a power density of 824.8 W kg−1, an asymmetric supercapacitor constructed from NCMO@NiCo–MOF and activated carbon exhibited a high energy density of 44.5 Wh kg−1. This study presents a facile method for the assembly of MOF nanosheets for three-dimensional supercapacitors.

Flexible printed circuit-based triboelectric film sensor for integrity monitoring of tensile bolted joints

This study presents an improved design of a triboelectric film sensor for integrity monitoring of tensile bolted joints, which is designed to capture the micro-scale relative motion due to the bolt’s looseness by utilizing the triboelectric effect of the polymer layer of the sensor in contact with the metal surface of the fastened objects. The key idea is twofold: First, we use the triboelectric effect between the polymer layer and the fastened object itself, instead of the triboelectric effect between two polymer layers. This allows the sensor to be a single sheet configuration instead of two-piece. The second idea is to make the sensor design fabricable as a standard flexible printed circuit. This makes it possible to produce sensors accurately and inexpensively. Experimental tests incorporating the proposed sensor into a tensile bolted joint have demonstrated that the sensor’s voltage output is inversely related to the bolt’s tightness. Additionally, a modeling study adopting Persson’s contact theory has been conducted to refine the understanding of the real contact area, triboelectric charging, and separation dynamics between the polymer and metal layers, which is crucial for the accurate modeling of sensor outputs under dynamic loading conditions. It has been concluded that the integrated mechanical and triboelectric model successfully aligns with the experimental findings, indicating the sensor’s potential for practical applications in bolt integrity monitoring.

Simulating droplet distribution characteristics in sprinkler irrigation using a modified ballistic model under multifactor coupling

External factors affecting the processes of sprinkler irrigation water flow generation, flight, and landing have not been thoroughly considered in existing ballistic models. This result indicates that ballistic models with better prediction effects under specific conditions are not sufficient for extension to multi-factor coupled scenarios in large-scale farmlands. Therefore, wind, evaporation, surface slope, and tilted sprinkler riser factors were comprehensively considered in this study. Differential equations for jet and droplet motion under the influence of wind, differential equations of droplet evaporation, sprinkler riser deflection angle matrix, and surface slope angle matrix were constructed to establish a droplet distribution model for sprinkler irrigation considering multifactor coupling using MATLAB 2018a software. The results showed that, under different working conditions, the data points of the droplet landing diameter, velocity, and angle were distributed near the 1:1 line. The Nash efficiency coefficients (NSE) for the droplet landing diameter, velocity, and angle varied from 0.821 to 0.932, 0.616 to 0.931, and 0.770 to 0.911, respectively. The increase in slope resulted in droplets with diameters larger than 4.63 mm concentrating on the land in the reverse slope direction. When the ambient temperature increases from 10 to 45 °C and the total evaporation rate increases from 0.45 to 4.37 %, the larger droplets have a larger area of contact with the air, and the higher the temperature, the greater the energy loss to the larger droplet diameters. The higher the wind speed, the more droplets in the downwind direction fall to the ground at a smaller landing angle, which can easily increase the risk of soil shear damage. If the sprinkler riser was tilted east, the droplets on both the east and west sides tended to be distributed centrally; the maximum droplet landing velocity occurred on the east side (tilted side), and the maximum droplet landing angle occurred on the west side. This study considers various factors that may affect the motion of sprinkler irrigation water flow, extends the application scenarios of the theoretical model, and improves the applicability of the theoretical model for sprinkler irrigation droplet motion in more complex and practical agricultural environments.

Thermal management of lithium-ion battery modules optimized based on the design of cold plate with convex pack structure

To address the issue of temperature increase in battery modules using liquid cooling plates, a convex pack structure within the flow channel is proposed to enhance flow efficiency. High temperatures can lead to battery performance deterioration, increased safety risks, and reduced service life. The optimal parameters for the convex structure (radius, transverse spacing, and longitudinal spacing) were determined through simulation analysis and orthogonal experiments. The effects of discharge rate, ambient temperature, coolant inlet temperature, and inlet speed on the heat dissipation of the battery module were also studied. The results show that the convex pack structure enhances heat transfer by increasing the contact area and fluid velocity while inducing eddy currents to achieve lateral mixing. The optimal parameters were found to be: radius (r) = 0.75 mm, horizontal spacing (x) = 3.50 mm, and vertical spacing (y) = 4.50 mm. At low discharge rates, the battery performs well, but high discharge rates negatively affect temperature uniformity. An increase in ambient temperature raises the temperature difference and maximum battery temperature. Lower coolant inlet temperatures reduce the maximum temperature but may result in uneven temperature distribution. Achieving a balanced coolant flow rate is essential to minimize temperature variations and control pressure buildup. This research introduces an innovative heat transfer structure, the convex pack, which significantly improves cooling efficiency. Further research on enhanced heat transfer structures is necessary to continue advancing cooling technologies for battery modules.

Rolling mechanism profundities on material removal mechanism of surface-textured GaN using Molecular dynamics simulation

Molecular dynamics simulation examines how the polishing tool's rotating velocity and axes affect surface nanotribological properties and material removal mechanism of patterned gallium nitride (GaN) substrates. Frictional coefficient and average contact area affect material removal rate (MRR) variance. Rotating speed increases the frictional coefficient and contact area, elevating MRR. Anticlockwise abrasives have substantially higher root-mean-square roughness (RMS) than clockwise ones. After polishing, increasing the rotating angle increases the frictional coefficient, average contact area, MRR, and RMS. MRR enhancement is maximum at −15 rad/ns, the only spinning velocity that improves MRR. RMS improvement ratio is highest when the polishing tool spins clockwise or the rotational axis orientation is lowered. Particularly, the MRR and RMS improvements after the polishing process can reach 103.8 % and 223.5 %, respectively. These findings help explain atomic-scale GaN-based material removal and deformation with frictional resistance and erosion by polishing.

Effect of turbulence on the detachment between an air bubble and a glass bead with different hydrophobicity: Experiments and simulations

The effect of turbulence on the detachment between an air bubble and a glass bead (soda-lime) with different hydrophobicity was comprehensively researched. An experimental apparatus was designed to simulate the turbulent environment during the actual flotation process, which was used to research the detachment of different hydrophobic glass beads from bubble surfaces. It is indicated that three different hydrophobic glass beads detached from the bubble surfaces in the same way but at different speeds. The three-phase contact line (TPCL) shrank rapidly when the centrifugal detachment force of glass beads reached a critical value. The deformation of bubbles increased, and the three-phase contact (TPC) area continuously decreased. When the critical value was exceeded, the sliding and contraction speed around the TPCL further increased until a clear necking phenomena appeared near the TPC. Furthermore, the centrifugal detachment force, capillary force and total pressure force increased with increasing hydrophobicity in the detachment process.

Bolt looseness detection in lap joint based on phase change of Lamb waves

Bolts are widely applied to lap joints in many industrial fields. Due to harsh environment and low quality of operation, bolt looseness may appear during service. For lack of an understanding of the Lamb wave propagation process across bolted joints, most of the existing methods exploit some basic characteristics such as the transmitted energy as the looseness index, which is insensitive to bolt looseness at the early stage. To take full advantage of the information in the Lamb wave propagation and improve the detection performance, this study proposes a method for bolt looseness detection based on the phase change of Lamb waves during the propagation process. Firstly, the contact status is investigated based on the distribution of contact press, and the change of contact area along with bolt torque is analyzed. Subsequently, the propagation process of Lamb waves across bolted joints is revealed, based on which the monotonic relationship between the phase delay of Lamb waves and the extent of bolt looseness is derived. Thus, a looseness index based on phase change can be established to detect bolt looseness. Finally, the experiment is carried out in a bolted joint composed of two aluminum plates. The phase change in received signals conforms to the analyzed propagation mechanism of Lamb waves in bolted joints and verifies the effectiveness of the established bolt looseness index. Compared to the traditional methods based on the transmitted energy of Lamb waves, the proposed method is more sensitive to the change of bolt torque, especially at the early stage of bolt looseness.

Bionic wood-inspired structure enables aerogel film triboelectric material with humidity adaptation

The water molecules adhering to the surface of the triboelectric layer will take away the surface charge when traditional triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) operate in the high-humidity environment, resulting in a reduction in triboelectric performance, which significantly constrains the advancement of TENGs. Herein, a green triboelectric material of chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol longitudinal aerogel film (CP-LAF) with excellent humidity adaptation and triboelectric properties (9 cm2, 214 V, 18.25 μA) was prepared by a process of directional freeze-drying assisted mechanical compression with the idea from the anisotropic structure of natural wood. The triboelectric properties of TENGs are enhanced by their layered-ordered porous structure and rough surface. At the same time, it is reusable due to the inherent properties of the components. More importantly, the CP-LAF-based TENG has strong adaptation and stability to a high-humidity environment. Its output voltage at 99 % relative humidity (RH) is 1.6 times that of 50 % RH owing to the triboelectrification involving a large number of water molecules and the increase in the contact area caused by material softening. Additionally, its electrical performance decreases very little after 5000 working cycles. Meantime, it suggests excellent application advantages in energy harvesting and self-powered sensing. This design strategy has the potential to solve the problem of the degradation of traditional triboelectric materials in high-humidity environments. The material provides a stimulating example for the design and preparation of green triboelectric materials that can withstand different humidity environments.

Antimicrobial Regimens in Cement Spacers for Periprosthetic Joint Infections: A Critical Review.

Antibiotic-loaded cement spacers (ALCSs) are essential for treating periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) by providing mechanical support and local antibiotic delivery. The purpose of this review is to comprehensively examine the various types of spacers utilised in the management of periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs), including both static and articulating variants and to analyse the fundamental principles underlying spacer use, their clinical benefits, the selection and administration of antimicrobial agents, appropriate dosages, and potential adverse effects. Articulating spacers, which allow joint mobility, often yield better outcomes than static ones. Spacer pharmacokinetics are vital for maintaining therapeutic antibiotic levels, influenced by cement porosity, mixing techniques, and the contact area. Antibiotic choice depends on heat stability, solubility, and impact on cement's mechanical properties. Mechanical properties are crucial, as spacers must withstand physical stresses, with antibiotics potentially affecting these properties. Complications, such as tissue damage and systemic toxicity, are discussed, along with mitigation strategies. Future advancements include surface modifications and novel carriers to enhance biofilm management and infection control.

Rheological behavior and microscopic characteristic of electromagnetic thermal activated crumb rubber and SBS modified asphalt

Rubber activation provides a feasible approach for the preparation of high-content rubber modified asphalt without increasing the complexity of the production process. The electromagnetic thermal activation method was used for crumb rubber. The high dosage (30 % mass ratio of neat asphalt) activated crumb rubber and SBS (1.2 % mass ratio of neat asphalt) modified asphalt (ARMA) was prepared. The neat asphalt (NA) and 20 % non-activated crumb rubber modified asphalt (RMA) constituted the control group. Storage stability, rheological behavior, and microscopic properties tests were conducted to evaluate the performance differences of them. The rheological behavior of RMA and ARMA was superior to NA. The electromagnetic thermal activation method fragmented rubber particles into numerous disordered small particles, thereby expanded the contact area with asphalt. This resulted in the storage stability of ARMA significantly better than that of RMA. The cross-linked wrinkles were generated by the combined effect of SBS modifier and activated crumb rubber, which enhanced the rheological, anti-fatigue, and elastic behavior. Both RMA and ARMA exhibited high-temperature PG grades of 82˚C. At 70°C, ARMA retained the capability to endure Extremely Heavy Traffic Grade conditions. At a strain level of 2.5 %, ARMA exhibited a 178 % increase in fatigue life compared to RMA. The crumb rubber was dispersed within the RMA and ARMA. Both ARMA and RMA did not exhibit the obviously bee-structure. However, ARMA exhibited a stronger polymer network. Moreover, both the carbonyl index and sulfoxide index of ARMA were lower than those of RMA and NA. The activation process improved the compatibility between rubber and asphalt, and realized the high value utilization of waste rubber.