Contact Applications Research Articles

Experimental study and characteristic analysis of vacuum arc between cup-type axial magnetic contacts under different diameter-to-gap ratios

Since vacuum circuit breakers gradually advanced to higher voltage levels, axial magnetic field (AMF) contacts have drawn a great deal of attention due to their excellent breaking ability. The cup-type AMF contact is a common kind of AMF contact, which has much potential in contact design and application of high voltage grade systems due to the advantages of strong structural strength, uniform magnetic field distribution, lower resistance, etc. This study analyzes the arcing characteristics of a cup-type AMF contact with a large slotted rotation angle at various diameter-to-gap ratios (DGRs). The arcing process is divided into five stages as follows: initial diffusion, contracting, fully constricted, re-diffusion, and extinguished. Arc self-rotation and anode separation phenomena in the re-diffusion stage appear when the DGR is 58/24. The reasons for these occurrences were discussed and explained with regard to the magnetic field vector's spatial distribution. The duration of each stage and the current threshold of a fully constricted arc will both differ with the change of the DGR. The structural parameters of the fully constricted arc were computed through the method of imaging the luminous intensity distribution after the arc was fully constricted. The source of the change in the arc voltage can be seen in the variation of arc structural parameters, which also reflect anode activity intensity to a certain extent. The transient magnetic field simulation method was used to explain why the arc under the same instantaneous current shows variable morphology at the extinguished stage and contracting stage in one arcing process. The research results presented in the article can be used as a reference for developing high-voltage cup-type AMF contacts.

In Vitro Compatibility of Entomopathogenic Fungi Beauveria Bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. with Different Fungicides

Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin is one of the entomopathogenic fungi used against broad host insects and plant pathogens. Fungicides have side effects on entomopathogenic fungi. In vitro assay was performed to examine the compatibility of B. bassiana with eight commonly used fungicides (Azoxystrobin 75 g/l+Metalaxyl-m 37.5 g/l+ Fludioxonil 12.5 g/l FS, Boscalid 25%+ Pyraclostrobin 12% WG, Copper Hydroxide 361.1 g/l SC, Azoxystrobin 250 g/l SC, Triticonazole 80 g/l + Pyraclostrobin 40 g/l FS, Fludioxonil 12.5 g/l + Metalaxyl 10 g/l SC, Captan 50% WP, Tebuconazole 250 g/l EC) using contact application technique. Fungicides at various concentrations (Recommend Dose-RD, half of the Recommend Dose-0.5 x RD and twice the Recommend Dose-2 x RD) were mixed in Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media post-autoclaving. Approximately 25 ml of the mixture was poured into a Petri dish (90 mm) and allowed to cool. Mycelium disc (5 mm in diameter) was taken from 14-days-old B. bassiana grown on PDA using a sterile cork borer and placed in the center of each Petri dish containing fungicide + PDA. PDA plates without fungicide were used as a control. Petri dishes were incubated in the dark at 25±1 °C for 14 days. In vitro experiments were carried out with three replicates depending on a completely randomized plots design. In the study, the compatible fungicide with B. bassiana ET 10 isolate was found to be Copper Hydroxide at 0.5 x RD concentration. Azoxystrobin and Copper Hydroxide were compatible with Bb 18 isolate. Only two (Azoxystrobin + Metalaxyl-m + Fludioxonil and Tebuconazole) of the eight fungicides completely inhibited the mycelial growth of ET 10 isolate and were found harmful. Azoxystrobin + Metalaxyl-m + Fludioxonil completely inhibited the growth of Bb 18 isolate and was not found compatible. This study clearly shows that fungicides have the potential to inhibit the mycelial growth of entomopathogenic fungi under in vitro conditions. However, these results need to be further verified in vitro under both greenhouse and open-field conditions.

Combination of Structure Databases, In Silico Fragmentation, and MS/MS Libraries for Untargeted Screening of Non-Volatile Migrants from Recycled High-Density Polyethylene Milk Bottles.

Chemical contamination is one of the major obstacles for mechanical recycling of plastics. In this article, we built and open-sourced an in-house MS/MS library containing more than 500 plastic-related chemicals and developed mspcompiler, an R package, for the compilation of various libraries. We then proposed a workflow to process untargeted screening data acquired by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. These tools were subsequently employed to data originating from recycled high-density polyethylene (rHDPE) obtained from milk bottles. A total of 83 compounds were identified, with 66 easily annotated by making use of our in-house MS/MS libraries and the mspcompiler R package. In silico fragmentation combined with data obtained from gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and lists of chemicals related to plastics were used to identify those remaining unknown. A pseudo-multiple reaction monitoring method was also applied to sensitively target and screen the identified chemicals in the samples. Quantification results demonstrated that a good sorting of postconsumer materials and a better recycling technology may be necessary for food contact applications. Removal or reduction of non-volatile substances, such as octocrylene and 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate, is still challenging but vital for the safe use of rHDPE as food contact materials.

Brush Plating of Ag-Bi Coatings from a Cyanide-Free Solution

Ag-Bi coatings were synthesized on copper substrate using brush plating with a cyanide-free electroplating solution for electrical contact applications. Phase constituents, surface morphology, and microhardness of the deposited coatings were characterized. It is found that grain refinement into the nanosized range can be observed for the Ag-Bi coatings with dense and compact microstructure. The electroplated Ag-Bi alloy displayed an apparent hardness increase compared with the pure silver coating. Ag-Bi alloy coatings show promise in the field of electrical contact components used in the electrical power industry.

Chitosan-based multifunctional films reinforced with cerium oxide nanoparticles for food packaging applications

The current study discusses the use of nanoceria as a multifunctional filler in food packaging biopolymer films for the first time. Nanoceria was synthesized using co-precipitation method. Chitosan-based food packaging films incorporated with 1 wt% and 2 wt% nanoceria were prepared and characterized. The FTIR absorption spectra confirms the presence of hydrogen bonding between nanoceria and chitosan structure. The nanocomposite films displayed strong UV-A and UV-B blocking properties besides being mechanically strong, thermally stable and possessing high moisture barrier properties. Further, due to the switching of oxidation states by cerium between Ce3+ and Ce4+, nanoceria shows high photocatalytic activity. This results in strong antimicrobial activity against E. coli and L. monocytogenes, especially under visible light. Further, the nanocomposite films displayed ∼1.25 times and ∼2.3 times higher ABTS and DPPH free radical scavenging potential, respectively, compared to pristine chitosan films, which indicate their high antioxidant potential. Moreover, the films depicted good biocompatibility towards L929 cells indicating their safety for food contact applications. With all these properties, the nanoceria-added chitosan films display strong potential for use in active food packaging, especially for high fat food products such as nuts and meats.

Terahertz conductivity of high-quality indium films deposited using a substrate cooling method

High-quality indium thin films were fabricated by substrate cooling method during the metal deposition. The cooling effect reduced the threshold thickness for insulator-to-metal transition, which originates from the interconnections between the indium nano-islands. The complex conductivities of the films were measured by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. We showed that the conductivity of the indium films prepared by substrate cooling were ∼10 times higher than that deposited at room temperature, even though thickness of the former was lower than that of the latter film. Our results suggest that substrate cooling is promising for the applications of metal thin films and contacts.

Application of Dry Friction Contact in Vibration Reduction in Engineering—A Short Review

Dry friction contact is widely used to reduce vibration in engineering, especially in the vibration reduction of turbine blades, which are major components of aeroengines [...]

Investigation of contact formation mechanism and application of copper-based front contact paste for crystalline silicon solar cells

Investigation of contact formation mechanism and application of copper-based front contact paste for crystalline silicon solar cells

AB-452663-2 LEFT ATRIAL BOX ISOLATION GUIDED BY FORCE-POWER-TIME FORMULA (ABLATION INDEX): HIGH PREVALENCE OF EPICARDIAL CONDUCTION VIA SEPTOPULMONARY BUNDLE IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION PATIENTS

Circumferential, continuous, transmural atrial lesions are desired to facilitate pulmonary vein (PV) isolation. However, atrial wall thickness around the PV is variable (5-6 mm in the superior/anterior segments and 2-4 mm in the inferior/posterior segments). Previous experimental studies have shown that radiofrequency (RF) lesion depth and diameter can be predicted by a logarithmic formula using contact force (CF), RF power and application time (Force-Power-Time Formula, Ablation Index, AI). The purpose of this study was to test the ability of AI guided ablation to achieve left atrial (LA) box isolation by a single RF encirclement and examine the location of residual conduction (gap) within the box in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). In 42 patients with AF, LA box isolation was performed using a 7.5Fr CF catheter (ThermoCool SmartTouch SF, Biosense Webster) and CARTO system. Using RF power (35-40Watts) and CF (5-45g), a target AI value of 380-400 was used for posterior/inferior segments with an inter-lesion distance (ILD) of 4mm and a target AI value of 550-600 for anterior/superior/septal segments with an ILD of 6mm along the box circumference (Figure). RF was delivered until AI reached target values or terminated prematurely when esophageal temperature reached <38.5°C. After the first encirclement along the box line, activation mapping was performed to confirm box isolation and identify gap locations. Total RF time for box isolation was 27.2±4.6 min and box circumference length was 21.2±2.5 cm. Complete box isolation was obtained by the first encirclement in 17/42 (40%) pts. In the remaining 25/42 (60%) pts, activation mapping within the box lesion set identified earliest atrial activation along the ablation line in only 4/42 (10%) pts (indicating endocardial gaps), whereas activation mapping within the box identified earliest atrial activation at a site distant from the ablation line in 21/42 (50%) pts, suggesting epicardial conduction through a septopulmonary bundle (Figure). Focal ablation at endocardial gaps along the ablation line or at the epicardial focal breakouts within the box resulted in compete box isolation in all 25 pts. LA box isolation guided by AI effectively prevented endocardial gaps along the ablation line. However, epicardial conduction via a septopulmonary bundle was often observed (50%).

UV-Ozone Oxide for Surface Clean, Passivation, and Tunneling Contact Applications of Silicon Solar Cells

We demonstrate the versatile use of UV-ozone oxide (UVo) in surface cleaning, surface passivation, diffused junction passivation, and current tunneling applications of crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells. A UV-ozone generated oxide is used as a surface clean for random textured c-Si samples and the effectiveness of surface clean is determined by capping with a thin layer of aluminum oxide (AlO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> ). Our developed UVo clean has resulted in a cleaning efficiency almost comparable to that of the benchmarked RCA clean, yielding a saturation current density of 12 fA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . When planar and textured c-Si samples are capped by a stack of UVo and AlO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> , a UV-ozone growth time of no more than 3 min is found to provide an optimum surface passivation. When tested on phosphorus and boron diffused junctions (with sheet resistance, <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">sh</sub> of 110–120 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Omega\!/\!{\scriptstyle\square} $</tex-math></inline-formula> ), the UVo and AlO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> stack resulted in a <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">J</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> of 11 fA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> or lower. The high-resolution transmission electron microscope imaging revealed that UVo structure is stable upon annealing for passivation activation. Last, when applied as a tunneling contact, the UVo realizes a contact resistivity ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ρ_c</i> ) of ∼1 mΩ-cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and ∼20 mΩ-cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> for boron and phosphorus doped metal-insulator-semiconductor contact structures, respectively, with moderately doped diffusions.

A Ni-Bi self-lubricating Ti6Al4V alloy for high temperature sliding contacts

Components made of titanium alloys such as Ti6Al4V operate often close to their thermomechanical limits in aerospace applications, leading to an increased onset of damage mechanisms such as galling. This can lead to the catastrophic failure of key components in a temperature range in which lubricants such as oils and greases quickly degrade. In an effort to overcome these tribological issues, the incorporation of solid lubricants such as bismuth to the widely used commercial grade Ti6Al4V alloy has been performed by means of laser cladding, leading to the production of Ti-based self-lubricating alloys. It has been found that such coatings can lead to significantly decreased friction and wear in the 400 to 800°C range when tested against Ti-alloys, due to the formation of bismuth-rich tribolayers capable of providing effective lubrication at high temperature. It is expected that the implementation of such self-lubricating titanium alloy can serve to substantially broaden the current narrow applicability range of titanium alloys in sliding contact applications due to their poor tribological behaviour.

Eradication of Gram-negative bacteria by reusable carbon nitride-coated cotton under visible light

A metal-free graphitic carbon nitride (GCN-T) photocatalyst obtained through a microwave-assisted technique was immobilised on cotton fabrics by an exhaustion method. Coated-cotton with only 0.81 % (w/w) of GCN-T (CO/GCN-T) presented effective antimicrobial properties against pathogenic bacteria, P. aeruginosa and E. coli, eradicating the retained bacteria after 60 min of direct irradiation with visible light. The self-cleaning activity of CO/GCN-T samples was also proved for the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) stains after 60 min of irradiation with a cost-effective Light Emitting Diode (LED) (λmax = 417 nm). In addition, CO/GCN-T did not hinder the growth of commensal skin bacteria Staphylococcus spp. and presented non-cytotoxicity to skin cell lines, such as fibroblasts (L929) and keratinocytes (HaCaT), so it can be stated that these textiles are promising for applications in direct contact with the skin. Therefore, these are relevant findings since a textile substrate, with the ability to remove or eliminate harmful microorganisms, is an asset for the healthcare area.

Structural and Mechanical Behavior of Copper-TiC-Graphite Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites Fabricated by Microwave Sintering Technique

For electrical sliding contact applications, there are important criteria such as superior tribological qualities in addition to strong electrical conductivity. This calls for the development of advanced metal matrix composites based on copper. Although adding graphite to a copper matrix results in a self-lubricating feature, the composite’s strength declines. Harder ceramic particles like SiC, TiC, and Al2O3 may be used to reinforce the composite to increase its strength. This study looked at the construction of a hybrid composite made of a copper metal matrix reinforced with TiC and graphite particles. The impact of TiC (5, 10, and 15 vol.%) and graphite (5 and 10 vol.%) reinforcements on the structural, physical and mechanical characteristics of copper-TiC-graphite hybrid composites that were microwave-sintered are thoroughly explored. The consistent distribution of reinforcements in the copper matrix is seen in micrographs. In comparison to traditionally sintered composites, microwave-sintered ones showed greater relative density, sintered density, and hardness.

Antibacterial activity of the vapor phase of Thymus mastichina essential oil

Essential oils have a diverse spectrum of biological activities, they are also low-toxic, and easily degradable in the human body. These properties make them suitable candidates for the protection and shelf-life extension of agricultural products. The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy of the vapor phase of Thymus mastichina essential oil against microorganisms on model fruit and vegetable crops. To compare the efficacy of vapor phase essential oil with contact application using the disc diffusion method against the tested microorganisms. Based on the methods we used, we concluded that Thymus mastichina essential has higher efficacy in a vapor application. For most of the tested microorganisms and on all the tested crops, the most significant inhibition was detected at the lowest tested concentration of 62.5 µL/L. Only moderate antimicrobial activity was detected in contact application and lower efficacy compared to antibiotics. These findings suggest that in the future Thymus mastichina essential oil could find application in crop storage to prevent crop deterioration due to microbial pathogens. Due to the need for low concentrations, it is assumed that the sensory properties of the crop for the consumer will not be affected. The replacement of synthetic fungicides and bactericides with natural alternatives could have a positive impact on the environment.

Wheel/rail adhesion and damage under different contact conditions and application parameters of friction modifier

Friction modifier (FM) is a newly developed third medium to control the service performance of wheel/rail. The wheel/rail performance is influenced by the wheel/rail contact conditions and FM application parameters. Therefore, the effects of FM application parameter and the wheel/rail contact parameters on the adhesion and damage behaviors of wheel and rail materials should be explored. In this study, the influences of application amount of FM, the wheel/rail contact stress and the creepage on the adhesion and damage behaviors were studied using a twin-disc machine. Results indicated that the increase in contact stress would reduce the wheel/rail minimum adhesion coefficient and effective holding time of FM. The increase in the creepage would increase the adhesion coefficient and reduce the holding time. Under the wheel/rail contact stresses of 800 and 1100 MPa, the application of FM could reduce wheel/rail wear and damage. But under 1500 MPa, FM could cause serious rail surface damages. Moreover, the surface crack propagation process of rail mainly included three stages: initial stage, transition stage and rapid propagation stage. The “oil wedge effect” was the main mechanism for aggravating the surface damages of rail under 1500 MPa.

Progress in the preparation and device research of two-dimensional metallic transition metal dichalcogenides for electrical contact applications

Progress in the preparation and device research of two-dimensional metallic transition metal dichalcogenides for electrical contact applications

Van Der Waals Metal Contacts for Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices

For the fabrication of thin-film electronics, conventional physical vapor deposition (PVD) processes have been widely used to form metal contacts on various thin films. However, the PVD process, involving thermally activated high-energy metal atoms, damages the underlying thin films, severely deteriorating the performance and stability of the device. The van der Waals (vdW) metal-contact approach has recently emerged to avoid this issue. By transferring predeposited metal contacts using vdW interactions, atomically sharp and electronically clean heterointerfaces can be formed without generating unintended defects. In this article, we review the fundamentals, processes, and various applications of the vdW metal-integration approach. The classical theory of vdW interactions is first reviewed, followed by the introduction of various approaches for constructing vdW metal contacts on thin films. Subsequently, the influence of contact configuration on the performance of various applications is summarized. Finally, the remaining challenges and prospects are discussed for the practical usage and versatile application of vdW metal contacts for next-generation electronic devices.

The deterrent ability of Xenorhabdus nematophila and Photorhabdus laumondii compounds as a potential novel tool for Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) management

The grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is a critical pest for vineyards and causes significant economic losses in wine-growing areas worldwide. Identifying and developing novel semiochemical cues (e.g. volatile bacterial compounds) which modify the ovipositional and trophic behaviour of L. botrana in vineyard fields could be a novel control alternative in viticulture. Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus spp. are becoming one of the best-studied bacterial species due to their potential interest in producing toxins and deterrent factors. In this study, we investigated the effect of the deterrent compounds produced by Xenorhabdus nematophila and Photorhabdus laumondii on the ovipositional moth behaviour and the larval feeding preference of L. botrana. Along with the in-vitro bioassays performed, we screened the potential use of 3 d cell-free bacterial supernatants and 3 and 5 d unfiltered bacterial ferments. In addition, we tested two application systems: (i) contact application of the bacterial compounds and (ii) volatile bacterial compounds application. Our findings indicate that the deterrent effectiveness varied with bacterial species, the use of bacterial cell-free supernatants or unfiltered fermentation product, and the culture times. Grapes soaked in the 3 d X. nematophila and P. laumondii ferments had ∼ 55% and ∼ 95% fewer eggs laid than the control, respectively. Likewise, the volatile compounds emitted by the 5 d P. laumondii fermentations resulted in ∼ 100% avoidance of L. botrana ovipositional activity for three days. Furthermore, both bacterial fermentation products have larval feeding deterrent effects (∼65% of the larva chose the control grapes), and they significantly reduced the severity of damage caused by third instar larva in treated grapes. This study provides insightful information about a novel bacteria-based tool which can be used as an eco-friendly and economical alternative in both organic and integrated control of L. botrana in vineyard.

Salvia sclarea Essential Oil Chemical Composition and Biological Activities.

Salvia sclarea essential oil (SSEO) has a long tradition in the food, cosmetic, and perfume industries. The present study aimed to analyze the chemical composition of SSEO, its antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity in vitro and in situ, antibiofilm, and insecticidal activity. Besides that, in this study, we have evaluated the antimicrobial activity of SSEO constituent (E)-caryophyllene and standard antibiotic meropenem. Identification of volatile constituents was performed by using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) techniques. Results obtained indicated that the main constituents of SSEO were linalool acetate (49.1%) and linalool (20.6%), followed by (E)-caryophyllene (5.1%), p-cimene (4.9%), a-terpineol (4.9%), and geranyl acetate (4.4%). Antioxidant activity was determined as low by the means of neutralization of the DDPH radical and ABTS radical cation. The SSEO was able to neutralize the DPPH radical to an extent of 11.76 ± 1.34%, while its ability to decolorize the ABTS radical cation was determined at 29.70 ± 1.45%. Preliminary results of antimicrobial activity were obtained with the disc diffusion method, while further results were obtained by broth microdilution and the vapor phase method. Overall, the results of antimicrobial testing of SSEO, (E)-caryophyllene, and meropenem, were moderate. However, the lowest MIC values, determined in the range of 0.22-0.75 µg/mL for MIC50 and 0.39-0.89 µg/mL for MIC90, were observed for (E)-caryophyllene. The antimicrobial activity of the vapor phase of SSEO (towards microorganisms growing on potato) was significantly stronger than that of the contact application. Biofilm analysis using the MALDI TOF MS Biotyper showed changes in the protein profile of Pseudomonas fluorescens that showed the efficiency of SSEO in inhibiting biofilm formation on stainless-steel and plastic surfaces. The insecticidal potential of SSEO against Oxycarenus lavatera was also demonstrated, and results show that the highest concentration was the most effective, showing insecticidal activity of 66.66%. The results obtained in this study indicate the potential application of SSEO as a biofilm control agent, in the shelf-life extension and storage of potatoes, and as an insecticidal agent.

Occurrence of volatile contaminants in recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) by HS-SPME-GC×GC-QTOF-MS combined with chemometrics for authenticity assessment of geographical recycling regions.

A comparison was performed on various methods detecting the volatile contaminants (VCs) in recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (rPET) flakes, the results demonstrated that head-space solid phase micro-extraction combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatograph-tandem quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC×GC-QTOF-MS) was a sensitive, effective, accurate method, and successfully applied to analyze 57 rPET flakes collected from different recycling plants in China. A total of 212 VCs were tentatively identified, and the possible source were associated with plastic, food, and cosmetics. 45 VCs are classified as high-priority compounds with toxicity level IV or V and may pose a risk to human health. Combined chemometrics for further analysis revealed that significant differences among these three geographical recycling regions. 6, 7, and 6 volatile markers were chosen based on VIP values and S-plot among plant1 plant 2 and plant 3, respectively. The markers differed significantly between recycled rPET samples in three geographical recycling regions based on chemometrics analysis. The initial classification rate and cross-validation accuracy were 100% on the identified VCs. These significant differences demonstrate that a systematic study is needed to obtain a comprehensive data on the contamination of rPET for food contact applications in China.