Beverage Consumption Patterns Research Articles

Water and beverage consumption among children aged 4–13 years in France: analyses of INCA 2 (Étude Individuelle Nationale des Consommations Alimentaires 2006–2007) data

To examine the consumption of plain water among children in France and compare total water intakes with guidelines issued by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Nationally representative data were used to assess food, beverage and water consumption by sex, age group (4-8 years, 9-13 years), income-to-poverty ratio, eating occasion and location. Beverages were classified into nine groups: water (tap or bottled), milk, 100 % fruit juice, sodas, fruit drinks, hot beverages, sports drinks and flavoured waters. Total water volume in relation to energy intake (litres/kcal) was also examined. INCA 2 study (Étude Individuelle Nationale des Consommations Alimentaires 2006-2007). French children (n 835) aged 4-13 years. Total water intakes were accounted for by plain water (34 %), beverages (26 %) and food moisture (40 %). Plain water could be tap (18 %) or bottled (16 %). Older children drank more plain water than did younger children and boys drank more plain water than did girls. No socio-economic gradient for plain water consumption was observed. About 90 % of children did not meet the EFSA water intake recommendations. The daily water shortfall ranged from 367 to 594 ml/d. Water-to-energy ratio was 0·75-0·77 litres/1000 kcal (4184 kJ). Children drank milk at breakfast and plain water during lunch and dinner. Caloric beverages provided 10 % of dietary energy; consumption patterns varied by eating location. Total water intakes among young children in France were below EFSA-recommended levels. Analyses of beverage consumption patterns by eating occasion and location can help identify ways to increase water consumption among children.

Hydration patterns among a Latin American sample.

Introduction: Water is essential to health, but is often overlooked. This can result in vulnerable individuals missing out on the support they need to help maintain a healthy level of hydration. Objective: To evaluate the liquid intake habits of a Latin American population and if they know and support the current policies and recommendations of hydration. Method: A record of fluid intake was obtained from 342 participants from Mexico and Uruguay and then compared with current consensus about hydration by the EFSA. Results: The average fluid intake ranges from 1,900 mL/day, in females, to 2,600 mL/day in males, both above EFSA’s recommendation. Though water contributes the largest part to total fluid intake (mean of 1,440 mL/day in Mexico and 1530 mL/day in Uruguay), bottled water consumption was much higher (100% of the sample) than tap water, at least in Mexico. Hot beverages (50.5%), milk (36.7%) and carbonated soft drinks (32.4%), in Mexico, and hot beverages (41%), specially mate, in Uruguay, follow water in highest consumption. 8.5% vs. 35.2% of Mexicans and 10.6% vs. 50.8% of Uruguayans knew or not, respectively, the recommendations for hydration. Only 14% followed them. Conclusions: Large differences in consumption habits were reported and were not enough to get the individual fluid intake recommendation. Knowledge of differences in beverage consumption patterns is important for nutrition policymakers. Better understanding of the many factors that influence beverage consumption levels is needed.

Basic concepts of Mediterranean lifestyle and their impacts in the genomic aspects.

The Mediterranean lifestyle has traditionally been associated with a healthier life pattern, less prone to chronic illnesses, especially cardiovascular diseases. Among the different lifestyle variables, the concept of the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) stands out as the healthiest aspect of the Mediterranean lifestyle. Moreover, although big differences in diet can be observed between the various countries on the Mediterranean coast, the Mediterranean lifestyle is also characterized by greater physical activity, mainly consisting of frequent walks encouraged by the warm and pleasant climate in comparison to central and northern Europe. So-called social support is also greater in the Mediterranean lifestyle with a closer and stronger family network and friends proving to be beneficial for health. However, there is great controversy about the Mediterranean siesta, mealtimes and sleep patterns. With regard to the MedDiet and despite the heterogeneity in the MedDiet definition, there is a commonly recognized pattern of consumption characterized by: a) high consumption of vegetables, fruits, cereals, legumes, nuts, and olive oil; b) moderate to high fish consumption; c) low consumption of red meats, and meat products; d) poultry and dairy products in moderate to small amounts and. There also seems to be a pattern of alcoholic and alcohol-free beverage consumption that varies depending on age. Environmental factors mainly contribute to this Mediterranean lifestyle, although genetic influences also interact. It is known that there are genetic variants that are associated with the intake of certain foodstuffs and among them the most relevant gene is the lactase gene (LCT) and its association with milk consumption. Thus, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the minichromosome maintenance complex component 6 (MCM6) gene are associated with differential transcriptional activation of the promoter of the neighboring lactase (LCT) gene and, thereby, influence lactase persistence (LP) in adulthood. The rs4988235 SNP, located at -13910 bp upstream from the LCT gene (-13910C>T) within intron 13 of the MCM6, has been the most studied SNP in relation to LP, milk intake and obesity-related diseases. Curiously, there is a north/south gradient in the prevalence of this gene variant, LP being less prevalent in the Mediterranean countries. Fruit, vegetable, sweets, sugared drinks, bitter drinks, etc. have been associated with variations in the different genes related to taste perception. There is increasingly detailed knowledge on the genes associated with the perception of sweet, bitter, sour, umami and salty tastes and their association with both food consumption, and the different health/disease phenotypes are being investigated. We have found associations between the perception of different tastes and the degree of adherence to the MedDiet. Moreover, diet itself may explain why certain gene variants are more prevalent in some countries than in others, as in the case of mutations in the MTHFR gene, which are more prevalent in Mediterranean countries than in northern Europe. In contrast, mutations in the APOE (E4 allele) are more frequent in northern Europe than in Mediterranean countries. To better understand these gene-diet interactions and their impact on the intermediate and final phenotypes of cardiovascular disease, we shall review several results from the PREDIMED (PREvencion con DIeta MEDiterranea) study. We have detected interesting gene-diet interactions in which greater adherence to the MedDiet, or to some of its typical foods, is able to reverse the adverse effects that the risk alleles have on the specific phenotypes.Although in nutrigenetics, the interactions of SNP candidates with total liquid intake in the diet are less well known and difficult to study, there are classic examples in monogenic diseases that point to their importance. Outstanding among these examples is that of cystinuria, an autosomic recessive genetic disorder characterized by an impairment in the transport of cystine, ornithine, lysine, and arginine. Of these, only cystine is insoluble enough to cause stone formation. It can lead to significant morbidity in affected patients due to the often large and recurrent resulting kidney stones. Incidence of cystinuria in the Spanish Mediterranean population is high and has a specific genetic pattern. Mutations in the amino acid exchanger System b(0,+), the two subunits of which are encoded by SLC3A1 and SLC7A9, predominantly underlie this disease. Our group showed a low prevalence of mutations in the SLC3A1 gene and a higher prevalence of mutations in the SLC7A9 gene, in contrast to that found in other countries. However, the wide variation of phenotypical traits suggests that further investigation into other genetic and/

Evolution of drinks availability in households from Spain in the last 50 years.

Introduction: There is a continuous need of updating the food and beverage consumption and dietary patterns and trends in Spain. Objective: to describe the evolution of Spanish household drinks availability from the 60`s to nowadays. Method: This study is based on household food purchases evaluated by the National Statistics Institute (1964-1991) and Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment (2000-2014) in collaboration with the Spanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN). Results: Many differences are observed regarding the consumption of beverages in Spain, between the 60`s and 2014. Consumption of alcoholic beverages has decreased (50% -1964: 145 g/person/day; 1991: 113 g/person/day; 2000: 78.4 g/person/day and 2014: 72.6 g/person/day-) and consumption of non-alcoholic has increased (721% -1964: 46 g/person/day; 1991: 96 g/person/day; 2000: 240 g/person/day and 2014: 332 g/person/day). In 2014, the most consumed alcoholic beverage was beer (41.3 g/day), followed by wine (23.0 g/day). Regarding non-alcoholic beverages the most consumed was water (144 g/day), followed by cola (ordinary: 30.7 g/day and diet: 20.5 g/day). In 2014, alcoholic beverages contributed 2% of the available energy and sugars and non-alcoholic 3% of energy and 16% of sugars while in 2000 alcoholic beverages contributed 2% energy and 1% sugars and non-alcoholic 4% energy and 23 sugars. Conclusion: In the last decades, there were significant changes in the patterns of intake of drinks, with a dramatic increase in non-alcoholic drinks consumption especially in some Spanish regions whereas a decline in alcoholic beverages consumption was observed.

Beverage Consumption Patterns and Micronutrient and Caloric Intake from Beverages in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment

The purpose of this study was to determine total water intake and patterns of beverage consumption, and its contribution to total daily micronutrients and calories in older adults with mild memory decline. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was used with 60 independent community-dwelling older adults (71.7 ± 5.4 years) with mild cognitive impairment, who were mostly female, well-educated, and white. Three-day food records were analyzed using the Nutrition Data Systems for Research. Descriptive statistics were conducted for a summary of demographics, the average intakes of beverages, and the contribution of beverages to total calorie and micronutrient intakes. Total daily water intake was 53.6 ± 26.7 fl oz and milk, plain water, and tea/coffee were beverages consumed most frequently. Beverage consumption contributed substantially to the intake of vitamin D (29.4%), calcium (26.4%), riboflavin (22.0%), magnesium (18.9%), and vitamin C (18.1%), but constituted only ∼12.5% of total energy. These findings suggest that nutrient-dense beverages play a fundamental role in overall micronutrient intake, despite comprising a small component of daily caloric intake. Incorporating adequate amounts of such beverages in meals and snacks may help older adults meet their nutrient recommendations.

Age-period-cohort effects in alcoholic liver disease mortality in France from 1968 to 2010

BackgroundPer capita alcohol consumption in France has historically been among the highest levels in Europe. In more recent history, however, consumption (mostly wine) has substantially decreased as has alcohol-related mortality. The present study characterizes age, period, and cohort (APC) trends in liver disease in France for the past four decades.MethodsData were drawn from overall French death certificates records covering the years 1968 to 2010. Liver disease mortality was defined from underlying cause ICD 8, 9, and 10 codes. We estimated age, period, and cohort effects, by sex, using Poisson modeling estimation and Clayton & Shiffler’s approach to model identification for APC modeling.ResultsLiver disease mortality exhibited significant age, period and cohort effects. The overall mortality rates were 25/100,000 for men and 9/100,000 for women over the period of data collection, with mortality increasing across age and peaking around age 70. Among males, there was no cohort effect and a clear and significant period effect; the risk of liver cirrhosis mortality in men has been steadily decreasing for all age groups across time. Conversely among women, there was a similar decreasing period effect but a strong and significant cohort effect as well. Specifically, there was a positive cohort effect for cirrhosis mortality for women born before around 1960 with the risk of liver cirrhosis for those cohorts between 4.0 and 5.0 times higher than the risks for those born after 1970, controlling for age and period effect.ConclusionLiver disease mortality has been decreasing in France for the past four decades, across all age groups and across men and women. Women born in older cohorts have much higher risks of dying from liver disease compared with women in younger cohorts, controlled for age, which may be a function of different beverage consumption patterns.

Sugar-Sweetened Beverages: Children's Perceptions, Factors of Influence, and Suggestions for Reducing Intake

ObjectivesThis study aimed to gain an in-depth understanding of children's perceptions of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). DesignNine focus groups were conducted in grade 5 and 6 elementary schoolchildren. SettingNine urban and rural elementary schools in London, Ontario, Canada. ParticipantsFifty-one children, 58% of which were male, 52% of whom were in grade 5, and 84% of whom were Caucasian. Phenomenon of InterestChildren's views on sugar-sweetened beverages. AnalysisThree researchers conducted inductive content analysis on the data independently using the principles of the immersion-crystallization method. ResultsParticipants had a high level of awareness of beverages and their health effects, which was primarily targeted at the sugar content. Dominant factors that influenced children's beverage choices and consumption patterns included taste, parental control practices, accessibility, and advertising. Participants identified a wide array of strategies to reduce SSB consumption in children, including educational strategies for both children and parents and policy-level changes at both the government and school levels. Conclusions and ImplicationsDespite a high level of awareness of SSBs, children believed that further education and policies regarding SSBs were warranted. These data may prove helpful in designing effective interventions targeted at children and parents to reduce SSB consumption by children.

Consumer Awareness on Omija using Qualitative Consumer Research

The objective of this study was to determine current consumer awareness of Omija (Schizandra chinensis Bailon) fruit in order to develop ready-to-drink (RTD) Omija-flavored beverages using qualitative consumer analysis. A series of four different focus group interview sessions were conducted using carefully chosen consumers with specific demographics, and each group involved eight respondents. Consumer’s qualitative reactions regarding Omija fruit, Omija extract products, ready-to-drink beverages and Omija-flavored RTD beverages were explored. Distinct differences in consumer awareness and consumption patterns of Omija extract and RTD beverages were observed between consumers in their 20s and consumers in their 30s to 50s. The expected sensory characteristics of Omija-flavored RTD beverages were also different based on participants’ age. Findings from the current study can aid product developers utilizing Omija fruit by providing valuable insights into current consumer behavior and consumer awareness regarding Omija.

Indicators for the evaluation of diet quality.

The role of diet quality and physical activity in reducing the progression of chronic disease is becoming increasingly important. Dietary Quality Indices or Indicators (DQIs) are algorithms aiming to evaluate the overall diet and categorize individuals according to the extent to which their eating behaviour is "healthy". Predefined indexes assess dietary patterns based on current nutrition knowledge and they have been developed primarily for nutritional epidemiology to assess dietary risk factors for non-communicable diseases. There are many different types of DQIs. There are three major categories of DQIs: a) nutrient-based indicators; b) food/food group based indicators; and c) combination indexes, the vast majority of DQIs, which often include a measure of diet variety within and across food groups, a measure of adequacy i.e. nutrients (compared to requirements) or food groups (quantities or servings), a measure of nutrients/foods to consume in moderation, and an overall balance of macronutrients. The Healthy Eating Index (HEI), the Diet Quality Index (DQI), the Healthy Diet Indicator (HDI) and the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) are the four 'original' diet quality scores that have been referred to and validated most extensively. Several indexes have been adapted and modified from those originals. In particular, many variations on the MDS have been proposed, included different alternate MDS and Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS). Primary data source of DQI's are individual dietary data collection tools, namely 24 h quantitative intake recalls, dietary records and food frequency questionnaires. Nutrients found in many scores are total fat, saturated fatty acids or the ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids or the latter SFA to polyunsaturated fatty acids. Cholesterol, protein content and quality, complex carbohydrates, mono- and disaccharides, dietary fibre and sodium are also found in various scores. All DQIs, except those that only contain nutrients, include the components fruits and vegetables; additional attributes are legumes or pulses, nuts and seeds. Meat and meat products, namely red and processed meat, poultry, and milk and dairy products are also included in many scores. Other foods contained in some DQIs e.g. MDS are olive oil and fish. Nowadays, there is interest in defining more than DQIs, healthy life indices (HLIs), which give information on behaviours associated with specific patterns and beyond dietary habits they include physical activity, rest and selected socio-cultural habits. The Mediterranean Lifestyle (MEDLIFE) index has been recently created based on the current Spanish Mediterranean food guide pyramid and it includes both the assessment of food consumption directly related to the Mediterranean diet, physical activity and rest and other relevant cultural information. However, a global HLI should consider, based on the Iberoamerican Nutrition Foundation (FINUT) Pyramid of Healthy Lifestyles, in addition to food groups and nutrients, selected items on food safety e.g. consumption rate of proceed foods, food handling, preparation and storage and access to drinking water, selected food habits, including alcoholic beverage and salt consumption patterns, purchase of seasonal and local foods, home cooking and conviviality, as well as patterns of physical activity, sedentary and rest habits and some selected sociocultural habits, particularly those related to food selection, religious beliefs and socializing with friends.

Binge drinking: Burden of liver disease and beyond.

The consumption of alcoholic beverages is harmful to human health. In recent years, consumption patterns of alcoholic beverages have changed in our society, and binge drinking has generalized. It is considered to be a socio-sanitary problem with few known consequences in terms of individual and third-party social impacts (in the form of violence or traffic accidents) and its organic impact (affects the liver and other organs and systems, such as the nervous and cardiovascular systems) and represents an important financial burden due to its increasing economic impact. This review provides a global approach to binge drinking and emphasizes its epidemiological character, the effect of this type of consumption and the possible management of a problem with an increasing tendency in our society.

Assessing the ties of socioeconomic background and gender on the frequency and the type of alcoholic beverages consumed by French adolescents

Background: This study investigates the association of gender and standard of living with the consumption of alcoholic beverages by French adolescents.Methods: Data were examined from a national survey conducted in 2005 on a representative group of French 17-year-olds (n = 29 393). Three outcomes were considered: the frequency of alcohol consumption during the month prior the survey; the 14 alcoholic beverage types consumed, recoded into four major types (beer, wine, strong liquor, and other); and the different types of alcoholic beverages consumed. Standard of living was assessed using family occupational status (FOS) to determine the highest parental occupational category.Results: Boys reported consuming a more diverse range of alcoholic beverages than girls and showed a greater propensity for beer and strong liquor. The gender difference tends to narrow with wine and champagne. Adolescents from higher FOS were less exposed to frequent drinking but reported greater diversity in alcoholic beverages consumed. Results support the concept of a social gradient for all considered beverage types. Adolescents from higher FOS levels favor wine consumption, which tends to be moderate.Conclusion: The patterns of adolescent alcoholic beverage consumption precociously reflect those observed in the adult population. Prevention policies should take both socioeconomic and beverage types into consideration.

Changing Beverage Consumption Patterns Have Resulted in Fewer Liquid Calories in the Diets of US Children: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2010

BackgroundBeverage consumption patterns have been linked to obesity and chronic disease risk. Although the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has decreased recently, little is known about the parallel trends in intake of other beverages. ObjectiveTo describe recent trends in consumption of all commonly consumed beverages among US children aged 2 to 19 years. DesignTwenty-four–hour dietary recalls from 18,541 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2001-2010 were used to assess beverage intake, including SSBs (ie, sodas, fruit-flavored drinks, sport and energy drinks, fruit juices, coffees/teas, and other [nondairy] sugar-sweetened drinks); milks (ie, plain whole, reduced fat, and low-/nonfat, sweetened, other milks/milk-based drinks, and milk alternatives); 100% juices (ie, fruit, and vegetable/mixed without added sugar); low-/no-calorie beverages (ie, unsweetened or artificially sweetened: sodas, coffees/teas, flavored waters, diet sport/energy drinks, and other low/no-calorie drinks); alcohol-containing; and plain water (during 2005-2010 only). Weighted mean intakes (percent total energy and total ounces) and consumption prevalence were estimated. Regression models and analytical procedures that account for the complex sampling methods were used to test trends. ResultsBetween 2001-2002 and 2009-2010, total daily beverage consumption (excluding water) decreased from 24.4% to 21.1% energy (32.0 to 27.9 oz). Significant decreases (P<0.05) occurred in sugar-sweetened sodas (13.5% to 10.2% energy), whole milk (2.7% to 1.6% energy), fruit juices with sugar added (2.3% to 2.1% energy), and fruit-flavored drinks (1.6% to 0.8% energy). Significant increases occurred for sweetened coffees/teas, energy drinks, sport drinks, and unsweetened juices though the contribution of each to total energy intake remained <1%. Low-/no-calorie drink consumption also increased, rising from 0.2 to 1.3 oz/day. ConclusionsChanging beverage consumption patterns reflect positive trends in the form of reduced intake of SSBs, whole milk, and total calories from beverages. Although the consumption of sport drinks, energy drinks, and low-calorie beverages have increased, their contribution to total beverage intake remains small.

Coffee, tea and decaffeinated coffee in relation to hepatocellular carcinoma in a European population: multicentre, prospective cohort study.

Inverse associations of coffee and/or tea in relation to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk have been consistently identified in studies conducted mostly in Asia where consumption patterns of such beverages differ from Europe. In the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and nutrition (EPIC), we identified 201 HCC cases among 486,799 men/women, after a median follow-up of 11 years. We calculated adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for HCC incidence in relation to quintiles/categories of coffee/tea intakes. We found that increased coffee and tea intakes were consistently associated with lower HCC risk. The inverse associations were substantial, monotonic and statistically significant. Coffee consumers in the highest compared to the lowest quintile had lower HCC risk by 72% [HR: 0.28; 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 0.16-0.50, p-trend < 0.001]. The corresponding association of tea with HCC risk was 0.41 (95% CI: 0.22-0.78, p-trend = 0.003). There was no compelling evidence of heterogeneity of these associations across strata of important HCC risk factors, including hepatitis B or hepatitis C status (available in a nested case-control study). The inverse, monotonic associations of coffee intake with HCC were apparent for caffeinated (p-trend = 0.009), but not decaffeinated (p-trend = 0.45) coffee for which, however, data were available for a fraction of subjects. Results from this multicentre, European cohort study strengthen the existing evidence regarding the inverse association between coffee/tea and HCC risk. Given the apparent lack of heterogeneity of these associations by HCC risk factors and that coffee/tea are universal exposures, our results could have important implications for high HCC risk subjects.

Development and validity of a 3-day smartphone assisted 24-hour recall to assess beverage consumption in a Chinese population: a randomized cross-over study.

This paper addresses the need for diet assessment methods that capture the rapidly changing beverage consumption patterns in China. The objective of this study was to develop a 3-day smartphone-assisted 24-hour recall to improve the quantification of beverage intake amongst young Chinese adults (n=110) and validate, in a small subset (n=34), the extent to which the written record and smartphone-assisted recalls adequately estimated total fluid intake, using 24-hour urine samples. The smartphone-assisted method showed improved validity compared with the written record-assisted method, when comparing reported total fluid intake to total urine volume. However, participants reported consuming fewer beverages on the smartphone-assisted method compared with the written record-assisted method, primarily due to decreased consumption of traditional zero-energy beverages (i.e. water, tea) in the smartphone-assisted method. It is unclear why participants reported fewer beverages in the smartphone-assisted method than the written record -assisted method. One possibility is that participants found the smartphone method too cumbersome, and responded by decreasing beverage intake. These results suggest that smartphone-assisted 24-hour recalls perform comparably but do not appear to substantially improve beverage quantification compared with the current written record-based approach. In addition, we piloted a beverage screener to identify consumers of episodically consumed SSBs. As expected, a substantially higher proportion of consumers reported consuming SSBs on the beverage screener compared with either recall type, suggesting that a beverage screener may be useful in characterizing consumption of episodically consumed beverages in China's dynamic food and beverage landscape.

Beverage consumption in Brazil: results from the first National Dietary Survey.

To provide an overview of beverage consumption patterns using the first nationally representative survey of dietary intake in Brazil. Beverage consumption data were obtained by 1 d food records in an individual dietary survey. Nationwide cross-sectional survey, 2008-2009. Nationally representative sample of individuals aged ≥10 years (n 34 003). Beverages contributed 17.1 % of total energy consumption. Caloric coffee beverages provided the greatest level of energy overall (464 kJ (111 kcal)/d). Individuals aged 10-18 years (243 kJ (58 kcal)/d) and 19-39 years (230 kJ (55 kcal)/d) consumed a higher proportion of energy from sugar-sweetened soft drinks than individuals over this age (142 kJ (34 kcal)/d for those aged 40-59 years and 79 kJ (19 kcal)/d for those aged ≥60 years). Overall, the contribution of beverages, particularly sugary beverages, to total energy consumption in Brazil represents an important public health challenge and is comparable with those from other countries.

Low/no calorie sweetened beverage consumption in the National Weight Control Registry.

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate prevalence of and strategies behind low/no calorie sweetened beverage (LNCSB) consumption in successful weight loss maintainers. An online survey was administered to 434 members of the National Weight Control Registry (NWCR, individuals who have lost ≥13.6 kg and maintained weight loss for > 1 year). While few participants (10%) consume sugar-sweetened beverages on a regular basis, 53% regularly consume LNCSB. The top five reasons for choosing LNCSB were for taste (54%), to satisfy thirst (40%), part of routine (27%), to reduce calories (22%) and to go with meals (21%). The majority who consume LNCSB (78%) felt they helped control total calorie intake. Many participants considered changing patterns of beverage consumption to be very important in weight loss (42%) and maintenance (40%). Increasing water was by far the most common strategy, followed by reducing regular calorie beverages. Regular consumption of LNCSB is common in successful weight loss maintainers for various reasons including helping individuals to limit total energy intake. Changing beverage consumption patterns was felt to be very important for weight loss and maintenance by a substantial percentage of successful weight loss maintainers in the NWCR.

Current patterns of water and beverage consumption among Mexican children and adolescents aged 1-18 years: analysis of the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012.

To evaluate patterns of water consumption from plain water, beverages and foods among Mexican children and adolescents and to compare actual patterns of total daily water intake with the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI). We analysed one 24 h dietary recall from Mexican children and adolescents. We calculated intakes of total daily water and water from foods and from beverages. Actual total water intake per capita was subtracted from the DRI for water to calculate the shortfall. Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey in 2012. Mexican children and adolescents (n 6867) aged 1-18 years. Approximately 73% of children and adolescents aged 1-18 years reported drinking plain water. Beverages and plain water represented 65·5% and 26·5% of total daily water intake, respectively. Among 1-3-year-olds, the top three main sources of water were from foods, plain water and water from plain milk. Among 4-8- and 9-13-year-olds, the main sources were from foods, plain water and agua fresca (fruit water). Among 14-18-year-olds, the main sources of water were plain water, water from foods and soda. A higher proportion of 1-3-year-olds and 4-8-year-olds met the DRI for water (38% and 29%, respectively). Among 9-13-year-olds and 14-18-year-olds, 13-19% of children met the DRI for water. Total daily water intakes remain below DRI levels in all age groups. Although plain water still contributes the greatest proportion to daily water intake among fluids, caloric beverages are currently major sources of water especially among older children and adolescents.

Caloric beverage drinking patterns are differentially associated with diet quality and adiposity among Spanish girls and boys

The present study assesses the impact of beverage consumption pattern on diet quality and anthropometric proxy measures for abdominal adiposity in Spanish adolescents. Data were obtained from a representative national sample of 1,149 Spanish adolescents aged 10-18 years. Height, weight, and waist circumferences were measured. Dietary assessment was performed with a 24-h recall. Beverage patterns were identified by cluster analysis. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was measured by the KIDMED index. Three beverage clusters were identified for boys--"whole milk" (62.5 %), "low-fat milk" (17.5 %) and "soft drinks" (20.1 %)-and for girls--"whole milk" (57.8 %), "low-fat milk" (20.8 %) and juice (21.4 %), accounting for 8.3, 9.6, 13.9, 8.6, 11.5 and 12.9 % of total energy intake, respectively. Each unit of increase in the KIDMED index was associated with a 14.0 % higher (p = 0.004) and 11.0 % lower (p = 0.048) probability of membership in the "low-fat milk" and "soft drinks" cluster in girls and boys, respectively, compared with the "whole milk" cluster. Boys in the "soft drinks" cluster had a higher risk of 1-unit increase in BMI z score (29.0 %, p = 0.040), 1-cm increase in waist circumference regressed on height and age (3.0 %, p = 0.027) and 0.1-unit increase in waist/height ratio (21.4 %, p = 0.031) compared with the "whole milk" cluster. A caloric beverage pattern dominated by intake of "soft drinks" is related to general and abdominal adiposity and diet quality in Spanish male adolescents.

Padrão de consumo de bebidas alcoólicas entre os trabalhadores e perfil socioeconômico

Objetivo: Estimar o padrão de consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e o perfil socioeconômico dos trabalhadores de um Serviço Público. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado com 322 sujeitos que responderam ao Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) e às perguntas referentes às variáveis sociodemográficas. Os dados foram processados e analisados por meio do Epi-Info. Resultados: Observou-se que 12,7% fizeram consumo de risco, nocivo e provável dependência. O consumo pesado episódico foi de 32,5%, e 5,3% já causaram problemas a si mesmos ou a outros. A maioria não consumiu álcool nos últimos 12 meses, porém aqueles que consumiram o fizeram em quantidade e frequência elevada. Conclusão: Os resultados mostraram elevada prevalência do padrão de consumo de risco, nocivo e provável dependência associada aos trabalhadores do sexo masculino e ao baixo nível de escolaridade.

Current patterns of water and beverage consumption among Mexican children and adolescents aged 1–18 years: analysis of the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012

Current patterns of water and beverage consumption among Mexican children and adolescents aged 1–18 years: analysis of the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012