Snack Consumption Research Articles

Snacking practices from infancy to adolescence: parental perspectives from longitudinal lived experience research in England.

Consumption of snacks and ultra-processed foods (UPF) high in fat, salt and sugar (HFSS) is associated with rising rates of obesity and growing socioeconomic disparities in nutrition. While infancy, childhood and adolescence are critical periods for development of dietary preferences, there remains a dearth of research exploring factors that underpin snacking behaviour over this time. This review aims to address this gap by drawing from qualitative lived experience research, with 122 families of different socioeconomic position (SEP), to explore how the (i) home food environment, (ii) food environment and (iii) social value and meanings of food shape parental provision of snacks. This review shows that snacking holds important meanings in everyday family life, with infants integrated into existing snacking practices from an early age. Price promotions, low-cost and long shelf-lives all make UPF and HFSS snacks an appealing option for many low-SEP parents; while children's requests and preferences for HFSS snacks present a challenge across SEP. However, higher-SEP parents can ensure fresh fruits are always available as an alternative snack, while fruit is described as a financially risky expenditure for low-SEP families. The present findings also indicate that retailers and producers are increasingly promoting 'healthier' snacks through product packaging and marketing, such as 'meets one of your five a day', despite these products displaying similar nutritional profiles to traditional UPF and HFSS snacks. We outline a series of policy recommendations, including extending Healthy Start Vouchers and the Fruit and Vegetable Scheme in schools and action to address misleading product marketing and packaging.

Enhancing School Canteen Practices: A Catalyst for Healthier and Ethical Student Snacking

The prevalence of substandard and non-halal school snacks is a pressing concern, as 35% of school snacks reportedly contain addictive substances, contributing to potential health risks among students [1]. Instances of elementary school children falling ill due to consumption of mobile vendor snacks have surged [2]. Prompted by these issues, our dedicated team embarked on an intervention to educate and revamp school canteen practices under the framework of BERSERIH (Clean, Healthy, Beautiful, and Halal). Focusing on Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Muhammadiyah 3 in Penatarsewu village, our selected canteen represented a nutritional fulcrum for students. The pre-intervention state depicted an inadequately healthy, clean, and appealing canteen, compounded by a lack of food variety, thus enticing students to seek alternative, risk-laden snack sources. Through imparting knowledge on healthy, halal food and revitalizing canteen aesthetics, a noticeable surge in canteen snack purchases by students was observed, alongside heightened food diversity facilitated by canteen vendors. This initiative underscores the pivotal role of canteens in fostering nutritious and ethical snacking habits among school children.
 Highlight:
 
 Prevalence of Unhealthy Snacks: The study addresses the alarming presence of substandard and addictive-laden school snacks, with 35% containing harmful substances, posing potential health risks to students.
 Mobile Vendor Snacks and Health Implications: Instances of elementary school children falling ill after consuming snacks from mobile vendors highlight the urgent need for improved school canteen practices to ensure students' well-being.
 Educational Intervention and Canteen Transformation: The research outlines the successful implementation of the BERSERIH framework to educate and transform school canteen practices, resulting in increased consumption of healthy, halal snacks and a diverse food selection among students.
 
 Keyword: School Snacks, Health Risks, Canteen Practices, Halal Food, Student Well-being

Considerable decreased fruits and snack consumption in Iran population during COVID-19 lockdown: a cross-sectional web-based survey National Food and Nutrition Surveillance

BackgroundInadequate fruits and vegetables intake is associated with several diseases. This study aimed to explore changes in fruits and snack consumption during the COVID-19-related lockdown in Iran.MethodsAn online cross-sectional survey among Iranian households was conducted from the 4th to 25th April 2020, during the COVID-19 lockdown. Data were collected about any changes in frequency consumption of the fruits and snacks and the reasons for the changes. Ordinal logistic regression was performed to examine which factors contributed to changes in consumption. To account for the complex sampling design and allow inferences valid for the population, sampling weights were used in all analyses.ResultsA total of 21,290 households took part in the survey. During the epidemic, consumption of fruits and snacks decreased by 35% and 44%, respectively. Among the households whose fruit intake was decreased, about 21% fully omitted it from their food baskets. Residing in rural areas, having more than six members in the household, income loss, and residing in deprived provinces were directly associated with decreased consumption of fruits and snacks. Being a female-headed household was positively associated, and having persons with COVID-19 in the households was inversely associated, with decreased consumption of fruits. The main reason for reducing fruit and snack consumption was income loss.ConclusionsA significant decline in fruit and snack consumption because of COVID-19 lockdown was seen among the Iranian households. It is likely that these changes in dietary habits will become longstanding with consequent adverse health outcomes.

Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on adolescents in treatment for obesity

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown on body mass index (BMI) z-score of adolescents treated for obesity, and to assess the correlation between BMI z-score changes and lifestyle variables. MethodsThis cross-sectional study recruited 66 participants aged 11–18 years with overweight or obesity who attended our obesity clinics before and after the lockdown. We assessed demographic and anthropometric characteristics as well as lifestyle variables. ResultsThe mean BMI z-score of the participants was stable during this period (p = 0.233). Balanced diet, snacking, and sweet beverage consumption improved in about half of the participants. Having at least one parent at home was associated with a significantly more balanced diet (p = 0.008) and an increase in family activities (p = 0.015). Physical activities decreased (51.5%) and screen time increased for most of the adolescents (86.4%). The BMI z-score decreased significantly when three or more lifestyle habits improved (p<0.001). ConclusionsThis study showed that BMI z-scores were stable for a majority of adolescents treated for obesity during the COVID19 lockdown, along with positive and negative changes on weight-related lifestyle habits. This extraordinary period may have created opportunities for lifestyle modification and has emphasized the importance of family support in the management of obesity in adolescents.

Association of temperament with oral health behaviour and caries status in Thai preschool children.

Temperament associated with oral health behaviour and early childhood caries (ECC) in preschoolers remains inconclusive. This cross-sectional study investigated the association of temperament with oral health behaviour and ECC status. A total of 421 Thai preschoolers were recruited from elementary schools in Chonburi Province, Thailand. Their caregivers assessed three temperament dimensions (surgency, negative affectivity and effortful control) using the Thai version of the Children's Behaviour Questionnaire Very Short Form and reported oral health behaviours (brushing cooperation and cariogenic snack frequency). Three calibrated dentists assessed ECC status using the modified WHO dmft/dmfs (decayed, missing and filled teeth/surface) index that included noncavitated and cavitated carious lesions. Multiple regression analysis, after adjusting for child's and caregiver's characteristics, revealed that children with high negative affectivity or low effortful control were more likely to have uncooperative brushing behaviour. The temperament scores of children who consumed cariogenic snacks daily and those who did not were comparable. Children with low surgency, high negative affectivity or low effortful control were more likely to have high dmfs scores. Negative affectivity and effortful control were associated with brushing behaviour. Temperament was not associated with the frequency of cariogenic snack consumption. All temperamental dimensions, however, were associated with ECC.

Association between screen-time use and cardiometabolic-related lifestyle characteristics, in Greek young adults

Background: studies evaluating screen time with a variety of lifestyle determinants have been focused, mostly on children and adolescents. To the best of our knowledge, very few studies have been conducted in adult populations, worldwide. Aim: to investigate the association between time spent on screen, for work or and entertainment, with fast food consumption, and certain lifestyle behaviors (physical activity, smoking, dietary habits), in Greek young adults. Methods: a cross-sectional, observational study with convenience sampling of 687 Greek adults, 18-30 years old, was conducted in May, 2023, using a structured web-based questionnaire. Participants were asked regarding time spent on screens (i.e., cellphone/tablet, television, computer/laptop), separately for work and entertainment, as well as various sociodemographic, clinical and lifestyle characteristics, including adherence to Mediterranean diet (through MedDietScore, ranged 0-55). Results: mean daily screen time was 5±4 hours for work and 6±3.5 hours for entertainment. Screen time for entertainment was inversely associated with a participant’s adherence to the Mediterranean diet (OR per 1 h, 0.93, 95%CI 0.89, 0.97, p=0.002). A positive association was found between fast food, sweet and salty snacks consumption with overall screen time (all p-values&lt;0.05), while recreational screen time was inversely associated with the likelihood of a person being physically active (OR per 1 h, 0.90, 95%CI 0.85, 0.95,p=0.001). Body mass index was also positively associated with remote work screen time (rho=0.27, p=0.027). No associations were observed regarding smoking habits. Conclusion: a potential link between screen time and devaluation of the quality of life was revealed, which, in the long-term, can impact human health status.

Gender-Based Determinants of Obesity among Thai Adolescent Boys and Girls

Understanding the determinants that influence obesity among children and adolescents is critical to the prevention of obesity and obesity-related diseases later in life. The findings presented here broaden the understanding of obesity-related challenges by adding analyses that compare nutritional indicators among boys and girls between the ages of 11 and 16 years, by exploring the more recent literature to examine if past trends have continued or not, and by synthesizing the recent findings concerning the causes and determinants of such trends in obesity. Both data from 2005 and the more recent literature review have shown that the consumption of high calorie foods and snacks, greater screen time, body image, and depressive factors play a significant role regarding obesity during adolescence in Thailand. There continues to be a trend of increasing obesity among adolescents in Thailand, and this may be more of a concern in boys. Interviews with health professionals and parents from the 2005 study suggested that girls were more aware of their physical appearance, and there was more societal acceptance to be obese as a boy in Thailand compared to girls. These findings can inform nutritional education practices and policies.

Associations between eating speed and food temperature and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study.

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between eating speed and food temperature and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the Chinese population. A cross-sectional survey was conducted between December 2020 to March 2022 from the department of Endocrinology at the Shandong Provincial Hospital. All recruited participants were asked to complete structured questionnaires on their eating behaviors at the time of recruitment. Clinical demographic data such as gender, age, height, weight, familial history of T2DM, prevalence of T2DM and various eating behaviors were collected. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the associations between eating behaviors and T2DM. A total of 1,040 Chinese adults were included in the study, including 344 people with T2DM and 696 people without T2DM. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the general population showed that gender (OR = 2.255, 95% CI: 1.559-3.260, p < 0.001), age (OR = 1.091, 95% CI: 1.075-1.107, p < 0.001), BMI (OR = 1.238, 95% CI: 1.034-1.483, p = 0.020), familial history of T2DM (OR = 5.709, 95% CI: 3.963-8.224, p < 0.001), consumption of hot food (OR = 4.132, 95% CI: 2.899-5.888, p < 0.001), consumption of snacks (OR = 1.745, 95% CI: 1.222-2.492, p = 0.002), and eating speed (OR = 1.292, 95% CI:1.048-1.591, p = 0.016) were risk factors for T2DM. In addition to traditional risk factors such as gender, age, BMI, familial history of T2DM, eating behaviors associated with Chinese culture, including consumption of hot food, consumption of snacks, and fast eating have shown to be probable risk factors for T2DM.

The Influence of Lockdown Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic on Weight Management in Patients With Obesity in Portugal.

Obesity is a chronic and multifactorial disease, and the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown have led to changes in the lifestyle habits of those patients. This study aimed to compare compliance with dietary and lifestyle measures, physical activity, mental health status, and motivation to lose weight during the pandemic in these patients. An observational study was conducted, which included 63 patients over 18 years old who were followed in the outpatient setting through obesity medical appointments and who agreed to answer a questionnaire. We found that the majority of patients lost weight during the pandemic (61.7%), associating it with a 68% change in dietary habits. Regarding physical activity, there was a 34.9% reduction in its practice among those who used to exercise before the pandemic. Moreover, 52.4% felt more anxious and 44.4% felt sadder during the lockdown. The weight loss reported in our study seems to be related to a decrease in the consumption of carbohydrates and snacks and a lower percentage of those who relied on takeaways. Additionally, we hypothesize a greater number of home-cooked meals. Regarding exercise, the closure of gyms and the limitations imposed on daily life appear to have contributed unfavorably to this matter. Home confinement, loneliness, and a lack of social activities had harmful effects on the mental health of our sample. Overall, the hostile influence of the pandemic on mental well-being and exercise habits was evident. Nevertheless, contrary to our expectations, we observed weight loss during the lockdown.

Contribution of Snacks and Physical Activities to Elevated Blood Pressure of Adolescent Girls in West Java, Indonesia

Introduction: The prevalence of hypertension in Indonesia has continued to increase over the last few years. An unhealthy diet and lack of physical activity can elevate blood pressure, particularly if an unhealthy lifestyle has been followed since adolescence. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between snack consumption and physical activity with blood pressure in adolescent girls. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 349 adolescent girls from seven Islamic boarding schools in West Java, Indonesia. Data on daily food and snack consumption were obtained by the 24-hour recall for 3 non-consecutive days. Blood pressure was measured using a digital blood pressure instrument, and the results were categorized by age, gender, and height. Linear regression analyses were performed to investigate determinants of blood pressure. Results: A total of 120 (34.4%) of the adolescent girls in the study had hypertension. A majority of girls had inadequate daily intake (energy, fat, carbohydrates, and sodium; only total protein intake met Indonesia’s recommended dietary allowance). Snacks were found to be high in protein, fat, and carbohydrates, with consumption levels above 15%. More than half (61.9%) of the subjects’ daily sodium intake came from snacks. Low-fat intake from snacks was associated with an increase in blood pressure in this study. Daily nutritional intake affecting blood pressure included sodium and total fat intake. Lack of physical activity in adolescent girls was not a risk factor for elevated blood pressure. Conclusion: Fat and sodium intake was associated with elevated blood pressure in adolescent girls.

Peer Tutoring on Fish and Vegetables-Based Diet Education to Prevent Anemia and Hypoalbuminemia in Adolescents

Early detection of nutritional problems is a vital skill for individuals as it enables timely prevention before any symptoms arise. This skill can be fostered through enhancing knowledge, practicing skills via educational activities and mentoring, and seeking support from peers who share similar challenges. This study aims to investigate the impact of peer tutoring on the development of a balanced menu and healthy snack consumption based on fish and vegetables among 11th-grade female students at a state high school in Singosari, Malang Regency. This study examined the effect of these interventions on the intake of energy, protein, and iron among the participants. Data were gathered by collecting food consumption data using the 24-hour food recall method and measurement of weight, height, Hb, and Albumin levels. The study employed a purposive sampling technique by conducting pretest, intervention, and post-test. The results showed significant improvements in the health indicators of the participants, including knowledge, intake, Hb, and Albumin levels (p=0.000; α=0.005). These findings demonstrate the potential of education and mentoring through peer tutoring in promoting healthy eating habits and preventing nutrition-related problems among female adolescents.

Digital interventions to moderate physical inactivity and/or nutrition in young people: a Cancer Prevention Europe overview of systematic reviews.

Strategies to increase physical activity (PA) and improve nutrition would contribute to substantial health benefits in the population, including reducing the risk of several types of cancers. The increasing accessibility of digital technologies mean that these tools could potentially facilitate the improvement of health behaviours among young people. We conducted a review of systematic reviews to assess the available evidence on digital interventions aimed at increasing physical activity and good nutrition in sub-populations of young people (school-aged children, college/university students, young adults only (over 18 years) and both adolescent and young adults (<25 years)). Searches for systematic reviews were conducted across relevant databases including KSR Evidence (www.ksrevidence.com), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) and Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE; CRD). Records were independently screened by title and abstract by two reviewers and those deemed eligible were obtained for full text screening. Risk of bias (RoB) was assessed with the Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Systematic Reviews (ROBIS) tool. We employed a narrative analysis and developed evidence gap maps. Twenty-four reviews were included with at least one for each sub-population and employing a range of digital interventions. The quality of evidence was limited with only one of the 24 of reviews overall judged as low RoB. Definitions of "digital intervention" greatly varied across systematic reviews with some reported interventions fitting into more than one category (i.e., an internet intervention could also be a mobile phone or computer intervention), however definitions as reported in the relevant reviews were used. No reviews reported cancer incidence or related outcomes. Available evidence was limited both by sub-population and type of intervention, but evidence was most pronounced in school-aged children. In school-aged children eHealth interventions, defined as school-based programmes delivered by the internet, computers, tablets, mobile technology, or tele-health methods, improved outcomes. Accelerometer-measured (Standardised Mean Difference [SMD] 0.33, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.05 to 0.61) and self-reported (SMD: 0.14, 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.23) PA increased, as did fruit and vegetable intake (SMD: 0.11, 95% CI: 0.03 to 0.19) (review rated as low RoB, minimal to considerable heterogeneity across results). No difference was reported for consumption of fat post-intervention (SMD: -0.06, 95% CI: -0.15 to 0.03) or sugar sweetened beverages(SSB) and snack consumption combined post-intervention (SMD: -0.02, 95% CI:-0.10 to 0.06),or at the follow up (studies reported 2 weeks to 36 months follow-up) after the intervention (SMD:-0.06, 95% CI: -0.15 to 0.03) (review rated low ROB, minimal to substantial heterogeneity across results). Smartphone based interventions utilising Short Messaging Service (SMS), app or combined approaches also improved PA measured using objective and subjective methods (SMD: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.11 to 0.77) when compared to controls, with increases in total PA [weighted mean difference (WMD) 32.35 min per day, 95% CI: 10.36 to 54.33] and in daily steps (WMD: 1,185, 95% CI: 303 to 2,068) (review rated as high RoB, moderate to substantial heterogeneity across results). For all results, interpretation has limitations in terms of RoB and presence of unexplained heterogeneity. This review of reviews has identified limited evidence that suggests some potential for digital interventions to increase PA and, to lesser extent, improve nutrition in school-aged children. However, effects can be small and based on less robust evidence. The body of evidence is characterised by a considerable level of heterogeneity, unclear/overlapping populations and intervention definitions, and a low methodological quality of systematic reviews. The heterogeneity across studies is further complicated when the age (older vs. more recent), interactivity (feedback/survey vs. no/less feedback/surveys), and accessibility (type of device) of the digital intervention is considered. This underscores the difficulty in synthesising evidence in a field with rapidly evolving technology and the resulting challenges in recommending the use of digital technology in public health. There is an urgent need for further research using contemporary technology and appropriate methods.

Awareness of Dietary Habits and Balanced Lifestyle Among Physical Therapy Students

Obesity has now-a-days became global epidemic and the fifth leading cause of death. A strong relation has been observed between obesity and mortality among the general population Objective: To observe the nutritional status of the food intake in physical therapy students to make a guideline to modify the dietary habits. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted in January 2022 to June 2022 among the students at Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS), Karachi. The minimum sample size was calculated as 75. A self-designed questionnaire was used to collect data from the students. IBM SPSS Version-26 was used for data analysis. Results: The average weight and height of the students was 52.8 ± 9.5 SD (kg) and 5.34 ± 0.27 SD (feet). The BMI was measured as (height)2 / weight. The mean BMI calculated was 20.4 ± 3.4 SD. Based on the BMI, the frequency of overweight students was 13 (8.2%) and obese were 2 (1.3%). Remaining 52 (32.9%) were under- weight. The majority of students i.e., 82.2% reported that they eat two to three meals per day. Consumption of fruits and vegetables was least common. Less than one-fourth of the students said that they intake fruits on regularly. Snack consumption other than regular meals was about 21.5% among students. Conclusions: Students were found to have normal weight. The current study indicates that most of the students were well aware and concerned of obesity and over-weight and they tried to maintain their body weight by controlling diet.

Hubungan Konsumsi Jajanan dan Status Gizi Anak Sekolah Dasar Negeri 156 Maluku Tengah

Elementary school-age children are a group that is vulnerable to nutritional problems. Snacks that do not meet health and nutritional requirements will threaten children's health. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between consumption of snacks and nutritional status of children at SD Negeri 156 Central Maluku. The research method used an analytic observational research design with a cross sectional approach. The research location was carried out at 156 Central Maluku Elementary School, Pelauw Village, Haruku Island District, Central Maluku Regency. The research was conducted in February-March 2022. The study population was students of 156 Central Maluku Elementary School grades IV, V, and VI, totaling 62 people. The sample was calculated using the Slovin formula so that 54 people were obtained. The sampling technique uses simple random sampling. Respondents who have frequent snack habits and normal nutritional status &gt; 60%. The results of Chi-square analysis of the relationship between type of snacks, consumption of snacks, and frequency of snacks with children's nutritional status were obtained (p&gt;0.05) which means that there was no relationship between types of snacks, consumption of snacks, and frequency of snacks with children's nutritional status.

Dietary trends among Polish women in 2011-2022-cross-sectional study of food consumption frequency among women aged 20-50 in Silesia region, Poland.

Women's nutrition should be different from that of men. Women have lower energy requirements than men. And the need for certain vitamins and minerals is higher in women, this applies to iron, calcium, magnesium, vitamin D and vitamin B9 (folic acid). This is related to hormonal changes including menstruation, pregnancy, breastfeeding and the onset of menopause. Through hormonal changes and the changing physiological state, women are at greater risk of anaemia, bone weakness and osteoporosis.The aim of the study was to assess changes in the dietary pattern among women from the Silesian Agglomeration in Poland between 2011 and 2022. The survey was conducted in 2011 (March-May 2011) and in 2022 (October-November 2022) among women living in the Silesian Agglomeration (Silesia region) in Poland aged 20-50. After consideration of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 745 women were included in the final analysis, including 437 women screened in 2011 and 308 women screened in 2022.The research tool used in this publication was a survey questionnaire consisting of 2 parts. The first part of the questionnaire consisted of demographic data. The second part of the study focused on the dietary habits of the women surveyed and the frequency of consumption of individual foods (FFQ). More women in 2022 ate breakfast than in 2011 (77.6% vs. 63.8% p < 0.001), were more likely to eat breakfast I at home (73.1% vs. 62.5%; p < 0.001), were more likely to eat breakfast II (39.0% vs. 35.2%; p = 0.001), were more likely to eat breakfast II at home (28.6% vs. 19.2%; p = 0.002), and were more likely to eat lunch at work (16.6% vs. 3.4%; p < 0.001). Women in 2022 were more likely to consume fast-food (p = 0.001), salty snacks (chips, crisps) (p < 0.001) and sweets (p < 0.001). Women in 2022 were more likely to consume whole-grain bread (p < 0.001), wholemeal pasta (p < 0.001), brown rice (p < 0.001), oatmeal (p < 0.001), buckwheat groats (p = 0.06), and bran (p < 0.001) than women in 2011. They were less likely to consume white bread (p < 0.0001), light pasta (p = 0.004), white rice (p = 0.008) and cornflakes (p < 0.001) in 2022.Women in 2022 were significantly more likely to consume vegetables (p < 0.001) than women in 2011. Eating habits in Silesia region women changed between 2011 and 2022. In 2022, women were more likely to choose cereal products considered health-promoting and rich in dietary fiber (including whole-grain bread, whole-grain pasta, oatmeal, bran) were more likely to consume vegetables, dry pulses and vegetarian dinners, and consumed less meat, cured meats, fish and dairy products. Consumption of fast-food, salty snacks (such as chips) and sweets increased.

975-P: Clinical and Lifestyle Determinants of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Metrics in Insulin-Treated Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Objective: There was limited evidence to evaluate the association between lifestyle habits and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics. Thus, we aimed to depict the behavioral and metabolic determinants of CGM metrics in insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods: This is a prospective observational study. We analyzed data from 122 insulin-treated patients with T2DM. Participants wore Dexcom G6 and Fitbit, and diet information was identified for 10 days. Multivariate-adjusted logistic regression analysis was performed for the simultaneous achievement of CGM-based targets, defined by the percentage of time in terms of hyper, hypoglycemia and glycemic variability (GV). Intake of macronutrients and fiber, step counts, sleep, postprandial C-peptide to glucose ratio (PCGR), information about glucose-lowering medications and metabolic factors were added to the analyses. Additionally, we evaluated the impact of the distribution of energy and macronutrient during a day, and snack consumption on CGM metrics. Results: Logistic regression analysis revealed that female, participants with high PCGR, low HbA1c and daytime step count had a higher probability of achieving all targets based on CGM (odds ratios [95% confidence intervals] which were 0.24 [0.09–0.65], 0.95 [0.9–0.99], 1.34 [1.03–1.25], and 1.15 [1.03–1.29], respectively). And participants who ate snacks showed a shorter period of hyperglycemia and less GV compared to those without. Conclusions: We confirmed that residual insulin secretion, daytime step count, HbA1c, and women were the most relevant determinants of adequate glycemic control in insulin-treated patients with T2DM. In addition, individuals with snack consumption were exposed to lower times of hyperglycemia and GV. Disclosure D.Lee: None. N.Kim: None. I.Jung: None. S.Park: None. J.Yu: None. J.Seo: None. S.Park: None. N.Kim: None. Funding National Research Foundation of Korea (2019M3E5D3073102, 2019R1H1A2039682, 2020R1I1A1A01071665); National IT Industry Promotion Agency (S0252-21-1001)

The Overview of Eating Patterns and Dental Caries Status of The Community of Pendul, Argorejo, Bantul Yogyakarta

The primary caries etiology factors are hosts (teeth), agents (microorganisms), substrates, and time. Individual characteristics can be influenced by caries' risk factors, such as age, education level, economic status, and diet. The high frequency of food and snack consumption, especially cariogenic food, is riskier of being caries affected. This study aims to describe the eating pattern and dental caries status of the Pendul community in 2018. This research is a descriptive observational study with a cross-sectional approach. It was held from December 2018 to January 2019 in the Pendul district of Bantul. The subject of this research was selected using the accidental sampling method with 138 respondents. The research instrument employed the Food Frequency Questionnaire and DMFT index. The result showed that the higher the consumption of cariogenic foods is, the higher the caries index will be. The highest frequency of cariogenic foods consumption was snacks, with a mean DMFT index of 8,02. The highest frequency of cariogenic beverage consumption was sugar tea, with a mean DMFT index of each respondent was 8 teeth. The highest frequency of cariogenic consumption per week lay in snacks and packaged tea. Apart from the four etiological factors, such as agent, host, substrate, and time, caries can also be caused by other determinant factors such as gender, age, education level, and socioeconomic status.

Developing Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors in Early Age-An Intervention Study in Kindergartens.

Childhood obesity prevention is a leading public health challenge requiring the adoption of healthy lifestyles at an early age. We examined how the kindergarten environment can promote eating sensibly, drinking water and becoming physically active. The effects of an intervention program among 42 Israeli kindergartens (1048 children, aged 4-6) whose teachers participated in a health education training program were compared to 32 kindergartens (842 children) whose teachers did not undergo this training program. An eight-month intervention program focused on knowledge/mathematical/logical/critical thinking, self-regulation/control acquisition, and sensible decision-making abilities. We hypothesized that nutrition and physical-exercise-oriented intervention programs, combining knowledge/mathematical logical thinking, would positively impact the quality of children's mid-morning snack and water consumption, their ability to express feelings following physical exercise, and the adoption of healthy lifestyles at home. The quality of mid-morning snacks and water consumption were observed in both groups pre- and post-intervention. Qualitative interviews documented children's subjective feelings following physical exercise. A significant improvement (p < 0.001) was observed in the mid-morning snacks composition and in water drinking habits in the intervention group; 80% of children offered a physiological explanation regarding energy expenditure processes following intense physical exercise. In conclusion, kindergarten interventions implemented by trained teachers can promote adoption of health behaviors necessary for obesity prevention.

Adolescents' Lifestyle Determinants in Relation to Their Nutritional Status during COVID-19 Pandemic Distance Learning in the North-Western Part of Romania-A Cross-Sectional Study.

Several studies have examined how the lockdown restrictions enforced to halt the spread of COVID-19 have affected adults' movement behaviors; however, there is limited information regarding the effects on youth. This study aimed to report on the lifestyle habits of adolescents during COVID-19 pandemic remote learning and explore associations between the participants' bodyweight and lifestyle behaviors. We used a cross-sectional study applied to 285 students studying in the gymnasium. The response rate was 74.21%. They completed an online questionnaire regarding lifestyle, eating habits, and nutritional status (assessed by the Body Mass Index-BMI). The study was conducted in January-February 2021. The percentage of overweight and obese was higher among boys (p = 0.001). The mean sleep duration was 8.12 (SD:1.284) hours per night, and was higher in boys than in girls. The respondents met the physical activity (PA) recommendation for their age, based mainly on unorganized PA. The screen time was 4-6 h or more for the majority of the respondents. Dietary habits included a high consumption of comfort food, like cereals, sweets, soft drinks, snacks, and fried food, but a lower consumption of vegetables and fast food. The regression analyses showed that the BMI was correlated with the BMI of the parents and the number of hours spent in front of the computers in free time. The study identified behavioral and environmental factors that can be modified with effective strategies to reduce overweight and obesity among school students and to promote a healthy lifestyle.

DIETARY PRACTICES AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF A GROUP OF ADOLESCENTS FROM AN ANDEAN ZONE OF ECUADOR

Introduction: Food is a fundamental aspect of human health and well-being, especially during adolescence, a stage of rapid growth and physical and mental development, the feeding practices of adolescents directly influence their nutritional status and the health and well-being of this population group. Objective: to explore the feeding practices of a group of adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years, from Tisaleo canton, Ambato canton. Methods: descriptive descriptive qualitative cross-sectional study, through a self-administered online survey, using different platforms and social networks such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, WhatsApp, with closed multiple-choice questions , with a Non-probability convenience sampling of the type of uncontrolled instrument distribution, applied to 60 adolescent volunteers who agreed to participate and answer the survey Results: 66.66% are women while 33.33% men, women have lower values of weight, height and BMI than men, 63.33% of adolescents have a normal nutritional status, 23.33% underweight and 13.33% malnutrition due to excess (10% overweight and 3.33% obesity). Therewas a statistically significant relationship between physical activity and nutritional status of young people, with a p-value of 0.02981 in the χ² test. Hay a significant correlation between the consumption of breakfast, lunch and snack with the nutritional status of the adolescents investigated Conclusions: this study offers a valuable insight into feeding practices and their influence on the nutritional status of adolescents in an Andean area of Ecuador. The results obtained highlight the need to address this problem in a comprehensive manner, involving the community, the health sector and other relevant actors in the promotion of a healthy and balanced diet for adolescents.