Salt Consumption Research Articles

Impact of dietary Diversification on the nutritional status of children aged 0 to 59 months in the municipality of Tori-Bossito

In order to capitalize on the achievements for the sustainability of the NECDP (Nutrition and Early Childhood Development Project) in the municipality of Tori-Bossito, the impact of the Promotion of Food Diversification (PFD) on the nutritional status of children aged 0 to 59 months was evaluated. Anthropometric data (weight, height, age) in children aged 0 to 59 months and dietary data (consumption of salt with iodine, source of drinking water, the practice of hand washing, frequency and quality of meals served to children aged 6 to 59 months) was collected in the households of beneficiary women. This data was collected from 2019 to 2020 (considered as the period before PFD) and from 2021 to 2023 (considered as the period after PFD) through home visits, quarterly screening sessions, and monitoring and promotion of growth and stimulation and awakening of children from 0 to 23 months on a monthly basis. Significant differences through the analysis of variance were carried out at the 5% threshold according to the Student Newman-Keuls test. It showed from this study that after the PFD, a majority of households practice hand washing (85.12%), use a source of drinking water (80.39%), serve children more than three meals (58.3%) containing the three food groups (97.52%) per day but consumed poor salt in iodine in a proportion of 70.4%. The study also revealed that PFD significantly contributes to reducing the prevalence of all forms of malnutrition among children aged 6 to 59 months (from 3.52% to 1.59% for severely underweight, from 3.34% to 1.97% for severe wasting, and from 7.18% to 3.93% for severe stunting). On the other hand, PFD does not contribute to reducing the prevalence of severe underweight in children aged to 0 to 5 months (from 4.85% to 11.97%). The promotion of Food Diversification stands out as an important activity recommended for food and nutrition projects/programs in the fight against malnutrition in all its forms.

Diet and sleep quality in chilean university students.

To evaluate an association between eating patterns and sleep quality in Chilean university students. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted. Participants included students from 4 Chilean universities. Each student was administered survey Questionnaire on the frequency of healthy and unhealthy eating habits and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and their weight and height were taken to obtain the Body Mass Index (BMI). A total of 1,079 young university students, 80.26 % were women and the average age was 21.7 years. The 73.68 % have inadequate sleep quality. There is a significant differences in frequency between sleep quality and the intake of breakfast (p<0.001), fish (p<0.05) and dinner (p<0.05), that is, university students who reported optimal sleep consume breakfast and dinner on a daily basis and their fish intake is in line with nutritional recommendations. With respect to the association between sleep quality and healthy dietary patterns, it is observed a significant association (p<0.01) between optimal sleep and daily breakfast consumption in model 3 (Odds Ratio (OR): 0.61 (0.46-0.82)). Regarding unhealthy dietary patterns, a significant association (p<0.05) is observed in model 3 between sleep quality and alcohol consumption (OR: 1.42 (1.02-1.96)). Furthermore, a significant association between optimal sleep and salt consumption is observed in both model 2 (OR: 0.73 (0.54-0.99)) and model 3 (OR: 0.72 (0.53-0.97)). Finally, a significant relationship between not tobacco use and optimal sleep is observed (OR: 0.68 (0.48-0.96)). A positive relationship between healthy diet and sleep quality was observed in university students, which certain dietary patterns, such as the consumption of breakfast and low salt consumption and alcohol, are crucial to talk about a good sleep quality in this population group.

An Observational Pilot Study to Evaluate Per Day Consumption of Table Salt in Apparently Healthy Volunteers of Vadodara.

An Observational Pilot Study to Evaluate Per Day Consumption of Table Salt in Apparently Healthy Volunteers of Vadodara.

Assessing Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviours toward Salt and Sugar Consumption in the Central Division of Fiji

Objectives: This study aimed to assess salt and sugar-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviours (KAB) of adults in the Central Division of Fiji. Methods: A randomised stratified sample of 700 adults were selected. Questions on salt and sugar-related KABs were developed. The survey took place from March to June 2022. For analyses, population and sample weights were applied, and differences between predefined subgroups (sex, age, ethnicity and area) were compared using weighted chi-square tests. Results: 534 adults participated (response rate 76%). Over 80% of participants (82% (95% CI 78.5 to 84.9%)) identified that consuming too much salt or salty sauce can lead to hypertension. More than 90% recognised that consuming too much sugar can lead to diabetes (92.3% (89.7 to 94.3%)). Approximately 80% of participants thought it was somewhat or very important to lower salt and sugar intake in their diet (79.8% (76.1 to 83.0) and 84.2% (80.8 to 87.1%), respectively). However, almost 40% reported adding salt or salty sauces when cooking (37.3% (32.7 to 42.2%)) and 65% (60.6 to 68.5%) adding sugar to drinks daily. Conclusions: Despite having positive knowledge and attitudes, many people reported behaviours likely to contribute to excess salt and sugar intake, highlighting the need for interventions that support behaviour change and the creation of healthier food environments.

Diet characteristics in patients with endometriosis

ObjectiveEndometriosis is a chronic hormonal and inflammatory condition, characterized by the presence and proliferation of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity, causing pelvic pain and infertility. A number of controversial studies have suggested that consumption of specific nutrients or food groups are associated with higher risk of endometriosis.Thus, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the dietary characteristics of patients with newly diagnosed endometriosis, specifically the frequency and quantity of various food categories consumed, by using a specific tool to investigate their dietary patterns. Material and methodsThe study included a group of patients newly diagnosed with endometriosis (n = 80) compared to a group of healthy women (n = 80). A self-administered questionnaire, specifically designed for this purpose on dietary habits, was administered. Food categories were also differentiated into pro- and anti-inflammatory, to approximately evaluate the ratio between omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids intake. ResultsWomen with endometriosis exhibited different dietary habits compared to the control group, both in terms of frequency of consumption and quantity of various food categories. The consumption of green, red, and white vegetables was less frequent among those affected compared to the control group, as well as the amount of orange vegetables consumed (p < 0.01). Conversely, the intake of red meat and raw ham, as well as the daily consumption of salt, were significantly more represented in the group of women with endometriosis (p < 0.01). ConclusionWomen with newly diagnosed endometriosis reported an unbalanced dietary pattern with high consumption of meat, cured meats, salt and a low intake of vegetables, with an unfavorable balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory food. The involvement of nutrition specialists as part of a multidisciplinary team in managing patients with endometriosis is advisable.

Analysis of Compliance with Proper Nutrition Principles in Patients with a History of Myocardial Infarction.

Adherence to dietary recommendations and the implementation of appropriate dietary habits after myocardial infarction (MI) can significantly improve health and reduce mortality from cardiac causes. The aim of this study was to analyse the adherence of patients with a history of MI to a healthy diet, which is one of the primary methods of cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention. Following a proper diet involves limiting the consumption of saturated fats, salt, alcohol, and simple sugars. It is recommended to follow the Mediterranean diet, which is based on whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and fish. This study involved 120 patients hospitalised in the Invasive Cardiology and Cardiac Intensive Care Unit at the Independent Public Voivodship Hospital in Szczecin from August to December 2019. A self-designed questionnaire and the Questionnaire of Eating Behaviour (QEB) were used. The majority of respondents were hospitalised for a first-time MI (88.33%), and 65% of them reported adherence to the recommendations. The vast majority (78.33%) considered their diet good, with 50.83% of the respondents eating four meals a day and never eating fast food (49.17%). The analysis showed that although the respondents' diets did not contain many unhealthy foods, they did not consume enough vegetables, fruits, fish, nuts, or fibre, which have a protective effect, lowering the risk of cardiovascular diseases and death. Furthermore, patients with a better education had a higher level of knowledge. Respondents' knowledge of proper post-MI nutrition was sufficient, and their index of unhealthy diets was low, but they still made dietary mistakes and did not consume enough health-protective foods. These results indicate a need for further education.

ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION IN THE YOUNG AGE GROUP, LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH FOR THE PERIOD JANUARY 2023 - JANUARY 2024

Arterial hypertension (HAT) in young people in recent years is a frequent phenomenon and with its duration, harmful consequences may appear for their health. Uncontrolled and unbalanced HTA can cause damage to various organs of the body, including the heart, blood vessels, brain, kidneys, and eyes. Hypertension is a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases (acute myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, etc. A large number of studies on HTA in young people have verified that it appears as a consequence of physical inactivity, adiposity, malnutrition, stress, smoking, etc. HTA can cause damage to blood vessels, including their narrowing (atherosclerosis), damage to the coronary arteries, kidney, causing kidney failure, damage to the retina (hypertensive retinopathy), etc. Therefore, early detection HTA at a young age and in the early stages and medical treatment should be the main focus of health professionals in order to prevent the aforementioned complications. Aim: To prevent the risks and diseases that have a predisposition to appear in young people from HTA and to make the youth population aware of the harmful effects that can appear from HTA. Materials and Methods: as working material, the diaries of the 18-30-year-old age group in the department of internal diseases near the Clinical Hospital of Tetovo in the period January-2023-January-2024 were used. Results: According to statistics, men were 3 times more prone to hypertension compared to women. From total age to 80% of young people (women + men) HTA manifestations were as a result of physical inactivity, stress, malnutrition, anxiety, excessive consumption of salt, adiposity, lifestyle, while close to 20% of young people express during the history taking that also influence social networks, mistrust in the circle they live in and bullying. Conclusion: in conclusion, we can propose that education about the management of HTA in young people through awareness and drug treatment can apparently affect the prevention and prevention of this frequent phenomenon and the aforementioned complications.

O81 EFFECT OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE MEDICATIONS ON URINARY SODIUM TO POTASSIUM (Na/K) RATIO

Background: The urinary sodium to potassium ratio (Na/K) greater than 2 indicating either excess sodium or insufficient potassium intake. However, the effect of antihypertensive medications on the urinary Na/K ratio has not been evaluated. We hypothesized that antihypertensive medication would acutely affect the urinary Na/K ratio. Methods: Male and female C57BL/6J mice, 14 weeks old, and a separate cohort of 24-month-old mice were subjected to a regular chow diet (NaCl 0.4%) and a high salt diet (4%). Urinary Na/K ratios in spot urine samples were measured three times a week. After baseline measurements, all animals were treated with one antihypertensive medication for 2 weeks, followed by a one-week washout period. The effects of enalapril (25 mg/kg/day), hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg/kg/day), and amlodipine (10 mg/kg/day)—were compared under a high salt diet mimicking human salt consumption. Urinary Na/K ratios collected on day 1 (acute) and day 8 (subacute) after initiating medication were compared to the vehicle period using a two-way ANOVA. Medication was administered with food using gel food pellets. Results: Under regular chow, the urinary Na/K ratio was 0.65±0.58 (n=15) with no interaction between sex or age (all p&gt;0.05). Under a high salt diet, the urinary Na/K ratio increased to 4.5±2.2 (p&lt;0.01 vs. regular chow) with no differences between sex and age. After the washout period, enalapril, both acutely and subacutely, did not affect the Na/K ratio. Similarly, hydrochlorothiazide did not affect the Na/K ratio in either period. However, amlodipine reduced the Na/K ratio in both acute and subacute periods (p&lt;0.001). No interaction was observed with sex or age. The effect of amlodipine was related to higher potassium excretion (43.9±23 vs. 81.6±33 meq/L; p&lt;0.001) with no changes in sodium excretion (152.2±75 vs. 173.3±43.5 meq/L; p=0.8). Conclusion: The Na/K ratio reflects salt and potassium consumption. The Na/K ratio is not affected by enalapril or hydrochlorothiazide. Amlodipine decreases the Na/K ratio acutely and subacutely due to increased potassium excretion.

Trends of high fat, salt and sugar food consumption and its impact on nutritional status of school children

Background: India is currently in a phase of nutrition transition. Increased consumption of food high in fat, sugar and salt (HFSS) is contributing significantly to prevalence of triple burden of malnutrition among children. Methods: In this study, the nutritional status and frequency of HFSS food consumption were assessed in 360 school children (boys n=171, girls n=189) aged between 6-16 years using standard tools and techniques. Results: From the results, it was evident that the frequency of consumption of HFSS food among children of both the age group 6-10 years and 11-16 years was significantly high (p≤0.05). Children aged between 6-10 years were more prone to under nutrition (38%) and they were consuming more snacks such as chips, biscuits, packaged fruit juices high in sodium, saturated fat and sugar. On the other hand, adolescents aged between 11-16 years show a higher prevalence of both under nutrition and overweight (10%), potentially linked to their consumption of bakery products, street foods, sugary drinks and carbonated beverages. Conclusions: The nutrition transition shift is towards consumption of refined, ultra processed, high sodium and fat foods. The age-based trend is a nutritional challenge among children and adolescents. The findings of this study emphasized the urgent need for early screening of nutrient deficiencies, comprehensive interventions to address the triple burden of malnutrition among school children. Efforts should focus on promoting healthy dietary behaviours, enhancing nutritional literacy among children, parents and care givers, improving access to nutritious foods, and regulating the marketing and availability of HFSS foods.

High-Salt Diet and Intestinal Microbiota: Influence on Cardiovascular Disease and Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Salt, or sodium chloride, is an essential component of the human diet. Recent studies have demonstrated that dietary patterns characterized by a high intake of salt can influence the abundance and diversity of the gut microbiota, and may play a pivotal role in the etiology and exacerbation of certain diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease and cardiovascular disease. The objective of this review is to synthesize the effects of elevated salt consumption on the gut microbiota, including its influence on gut microbial metabolites and the gut immune system. Additionally, this review will investigate the potential implications of these effects for the development of cardiovascular disease and inflammatory bowel disease. The findings of this study offer novel insights and avenues for the management of two common conditions with significant clinical implications.

Prevalence of hypertension and its associated risk factors during COVID-19 pandemic in the capital of Bangladesh

BackgroundHypertension (HTN) has emerged as a significant public health challenge and a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in developing countries like Bangladesh. ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the prevalence of hypertension and its associated risk factors among residents of Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, during the COVID-19 pandemic. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted using a multistage random sampling technique to select 305 individuals from Khilkhet Thana in Dhaka North City Corporation. Data were collected through direct surveys using a modified version of the WHO STEPS questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 22 software. FindingsThe study identified a 34.4 % prevalence of HTN among the participants, with 46.2 % of hypertensive individuals being under 40 years of age. Of the 105 hypertensive individuals, 65 % were newly diagnosed during the study, and 11 previously diagnosed individuals were not on any medication. A significant association (P < 0.001) was observed between the prevalence of HTN and inadequate intake of fruits (OR = 3.129, 95 % CI = 1.912–5.122, χ2 = 21.328), insufficient vegetables consumption (OR = 2.199, 95 % CI = 1.356–3.565, χ2 = 10.373), high intake of fatty foods (OR = 2.387, 95 % CI = 1.465–3.890, χ2 = 12.454), and excessive salt consumption (OR = 2.771, 95 % CI = 1.677–4.579, χ2 = 16.310). Additionally, the prevalence of HTN was notably higher among overweight (46.70 %) and at-risk (22.90 %) individuals, based on Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), respectively. The study also found significant correlations (P < 0.001) between HTN and factors such as smoking (OR = 2.824, 95 % CI = 1.601–4.980, χ2 = 13.432), kidney disease (OR = 7.534, 95 % CI = 2.694–21.070, χ2 = 19.282), general stress (OR = 3.692, 95 % CI = 2.179–6.255, χ2 = 24.896), COVID-19 related stress (OR = 3.511, 95 % CI = 2.116–5.826, χ2 = 24.712) and sleeping pattern (OR = 5.798, 95 % CI = 3.404–9.875, χ2 = 45.724). ConclusionsThe high prevalence of HTN, particularly among younger individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlights the urgent need for nationwide surveys, surveillance, and clinical research to accurately depict the true burden of HTN in Bangladesh.

The Relationship of Stress Level With Premenstrual Syndrome on Midwifery Students at Akbid Bandung

The prevalence of STDs in several regions in Indonesia shows different results. In South Jakarta, it shows that 45% of vocational school students experience PMS. In Kudus, the prevalence of PMS in Midwifery Academy students was found to be 45.8%. In Padang, 51.8% of high school students experienced PMS, while in Purworejo, the prevalence of PMS was 24.6% (Pratita &amp; Margawati, 2013). Differences in the incidence of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) between women are usually caused by several factors including: stress, increasing age, poor eating patterns and nutritional status (Sukarni and Wahyu, 2013). To find out the relationship between stress levels and premenstrual syndrome in midwifery students at AKBID Bandung. This type of research is analytical research using a cross sectional design. The sample in this study were all female students of AKBID Bandung, Level II Regular Bachelor of Applied Midwifery Study Program, namely 48 female students. The sampling technique in this study was total sampling with a total sample of 48 female students. Data analysis used the chi-square test with a 95% confidence level (?=0.05). There was no association between stress levels and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) (?value = 0.733). The other factors of premenstrual syndrome include family history, age, lack of exercise, lack of vitamins and minerals, too much salt consumption, drinking a lot of coffee (Nugroho &amp;; Utama, 2014). There was no significant association between stress levels and the incidence of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). This is because individuals who experience premenstrual syndrome are not only caused by stress factors, but also there are other supporting factors.

Adaptation and validation of the Chinese Health Literacy Scale for Low Salt Consumption—Hong Kong (CHLSalt-HK) for Malaysian Population

High consumption of sodium is often associated with an increased risk of hypertension, heart disease, and premature death. Thus, it is vital to have comprehensive data on knowledge, practices, and health literacy levels pertaining to sodium intake for strategized and informed public health initiatives. This study aims to adapt and validate the Chinese Health Literacy Scale for Low Salt Consumption &amp;ndash; Hong Kong population (CHLSalt-HK) instrument to be used as assessment tool on health literacy pertaining to salt intake among Malaysian adults and this paper reports the translation and validation process of the instrument. The original CHLSalt-HK in English was translated to Malay by using forward-backward translation, and the preliminary version was obtained with cross-cultural adaptation based on review by three technical experts. A cognitive testing was conducted among 30 patients based on sociodemographic differences such as ethnicity, location, and education level. Their feedback was gained pertaining to comprehension of the instrument in terms of language and terminologies used, the flow and clarity of the instructions, and the questions given. The improvised version of the instrument was then pre-tested among 200 adults&amp;rsquo; respondents in Klang Valley for the reliability purposes. The internal consistency of the instrument was acceptable, with Cronbach&amp;rsquo;s alpha values ranging between 0.624 and 0.830 and 0.825 for the entire instrument. The temporal stability was good, and the intraclass correlation coefficient was &amp;gt;0.6. The adapted and translated version CHLSalt-HK demonstrates adequate psychometric properties for measuring health literacy pertaining to salt intake among Malaysian populations.

The economy of salt production and consumption in Baden-Württemberg (Germany)

The aim of this article is to examine the exploitation of salt and its economic implications in Baden-Württemberg during the Iron Age as well as some wider perspectives on the subject from other areas of Germany. Salt is an important raw material that can have great economic implications and create long-term networks. The salt springs in the area are exploited using the briquetage method. It allows the production not only of salt but also of salt blocks, calibrated objects. The paper presents data on the production and distribution of salt around Schwäbisch Hall, some hypotheses on commercial competition between production centres. It also includes a more general discussion of the impact of the salt economy in the area.

Assessment of Salt, Potassium, and Iodine Intake in the Croatian Adult Population Using 24 h Urinary Collection: The EH-UH 2 Study.

In this study, we analysed data on 1067 adult participants (mean age 57.12 (SD 13.9), men 35%). Mean salt and potassium intakes were 8.6 g/day (IQR 6.2-11.2) and 2.8 g/day (IQR 2.1-3.5), respectively, with a sodium-to-potassium ratio of 2.6 (IQR 1.8-3.3). We detected a decrease of 17.6% (2 g/day less) in salt consumption compared with our previous salt-mapping study. However, only 13.7% and 8.9% met the WHO salt and potassium recommended targets of 5 g/day and 3.5 g/day, respectively. Salt intake was higher, and potassium ingestion was lower, in rural vs. urban regions and in continental vs. Mediterranean parts of Croatia. Moderate to severe iodine insufficiency was determined in only 3% of the adult participants. In the last fifteen years, salt consumption has been significantly reduced in the Croatian adult population because of the intensive and broad CRASH program. However, salt intake is still too high, and potassium ingestion is too low. Salt reduction programs are the most cost-effective methods of cardiovascular disease prevention and merit greater consideration by the government and health policy makers.

Salt Reduction and Iodine Fortification Policies Are Compatible: Perspectives for Public Health Advocacy.

Cardiovascular diseases account for almost 18 million deaths annually, the most of all non-communicable diseases. The reduction of dietary salt consumption is a modifiable risk factor. The WHO recommends a daily sodium intake of <2000 mg but average consumption exceeds this in many countries globally. Strategies proposed to aid effective salt reduction policy include product reformulation, front of pack labelling, behavioural change campaigns and establishing a low-sodium-supportive environment. Yet, salt for household and processed food use is, in countries wholly or partially adopting a universal salt iodisation policy, the principal vehicle for population-wide iodine fortification. With salt reduction policies in place, there is concern that iodine deficiency disorders may re-emerge. Recognising the urgency to tackle the rising prevalence of NCDs yet not risk the re-emergence and detrimental effect of inadequate iodine intakes, this review lays out the feasibility of integrating both salt reduction and salt iodine fortification strategies. Reducing the burden of health risks associated with an excessive sodium intake or inadequate iodine through population-tailored, cost-effective strategies involving salt is both feasible and achievable, and represents an opportunity to improve outcomes in public health.

Self-Efficacy in Salt Consumption Among Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis

Salt consumption restriction has many advantages in patients on hemodialysis (HD), but it is also very challenging for them. Self-efficacy is a crucial aspect of successful disease management. Factors related to self-efficacy have been evaluated in many countries. However, the different demographic characteristics in Indonesia may show different significant results. Understanding this problem may contribute to the development of nursing interventions and the patients’ self-management ability while undergoing HD. Hence, the present study aimed to determine the factors associated with self-efficacy for restricting salt consumption among HD patients. Altogether, 98 HD patients participated in this cross-sectional study. The Self-efficacy for Restricting Dietary Sodium in Hemodialysis Scale questionnaire was completed to assess the patients’ self-efficacy. Linear regression was performed to evaluate the relationship between self-efficacy and patient characteristics. The participants’ mean age was 50.11 ± 1.29 years and the mean self-efficacy score was 73.56 ± 14.85. Mostly, participants were male (60.2%), married (82.7%), and had hypertension (85.7%). Age (p = 0.000; r = 0.384), HD duration (p = 0.004; r = −0.287), and interdialytic weight gain (IDWG) (p = 0.008; r = −0.267) significantly correlated with self-efficacy for restricting salt consumption. These three variables determined 21% of the variance of self-efficacy among HD patients. The present study provides primary evidence that age, HD duration, and IDWG are associated with self-efficacy for restricting salt consumption among HD patients. Thus, nurses could develop innovative interventions to enhance the self-efficacy among patients with younger age, longer HD duration, and more IDWG. Keywords: hemodialysis, salt consumption, self-efficacy Abstrak Efikasi Diri dalam Konsumsi Garam di Kalangan Pasien yang Menjalani Hemodialisis. Pembatasan asupan garam pasien hemodialisis (HD) bermanfaat bagi kondisi kesehatan sekaligus menjadi tantangan tersendiri bagi pasien. Efikasi diri merupakan aspek mendasar dalam keberhasilan manajemen penyakit. Faktor yang berhubungan dengan efikasi diri sudah diteliti di negara-negara lain, akan tetapi, perbedaan karakteristik demografi di Indonesia dapat memperlihatkan perbedaan hasil. Pemahaman terkait masalah ini berkontribusi pada peningkatan intervensi keperawatan dan manajemen diri pasien. Oleh karena itu, tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan efikasi diri dalam membatasi asupan garam pada pasien hemodialisis. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross-sectional dengan melibatkan sebanyak 98 pasien. Kuesioner The self-efficacy for Restricting Dietary Sodium in Hemodialysis Scale digunakan untuk mengukur efikasi diri pasien. Regresi linear dilakukan untuk melihat hubungan antara efikasi diri dengan data demografi. Rata-rata usia partisipan adalah 50,11 ± 1,29 tahun dengan rata-rata skor efikasi diri pasien adalah 73,56 ± 14,85. Sebagian besar partisipan adalah laki-laki (60,2%), sudah menikah (82,7%), dan memiliki hipertensi (85,7%). Ditemukan bahwa usia (p = 0,000; r = 0,384), durasi hemodialisis (p = 0,004; r = −0,287), dan IDWG (p = 0,008; r = −0,267) berhubungan signifikan dengan efikasi diri dalam membatasi asupan garam. Ketiga variabel tersebut berkontribusi sebesar 21% terhadap variansi efikasi diri pasien hemodialisis. Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa usia, durasi hemodialisis, dan IDWG berhubungan dengan efikasi diri pembatasan asupan garam pasien hemodialisis. Oleh karena itu, perawat dapat mengembangkan intervensi peningkatan efikasi diri pada pasien dengan usia muda, pasien yang telah lama menjalani HD, dan pasien dengan IDWG lebih. Kata Kunci: asupan garam, efikasi diri, hemodialisis

Beneficial Effects of Ketoanalogues on the Evolution of Renal Function and Bone Mineral Disorders in Patients with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease: A Pilot Study.

The supplementation with Ketoanalogues in patients on very low-protein diets has shown a favorable effect on the evolution of renal function. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the progression of renal function in advanced chronic kidney disease patients on a low-protein diet (&lt;0.8 g/kg/d) with or without additional Ketoanalogues. The primary criterion is the evolution of the renal function at 6, 12, and 24 months for the two groups. The secondary criteria comprise the evolution of the body weight, mean blood pressure, 24-h proteinuria, salt and protein consumption, energy consumption, hemoglobin levels, serum albumin, prealbumin, C-reactive protein, liver function tests, serum electrolyte and phosphate levels, parathormone as well as calcium levels at the same time periods. There was a significant nephroprotective effect of the Ketoanalogues after 12 and 24 months with no differences in the protein consumption between the two groups. Mean blood pressure, hemoglobin levels, 24-hour proteinuria, serum electrolyte, liver function tests, salt and protein consumption, and serum albumin and prealbumin did not present any significant differences. Serum bicarbonate and calcium levels were higher while serum phosphate and parathormone levels were lower in the Ketoanalogue group at all follow-up time points. During the 24-month follow-up period, 4 patients from the Ketoanalogue group and 8 patients from the control group quit the study. A low-protein diet supplemented with Ketoanalogues exerts significant nephroprotective effects and better bone mineral metabolism parameters compared to a low-protein diet only.

Primary Hypertension in Children and Adolescents

The incidence of primary hypertension is on the rise in the pediatric population, with an approximate prevalence ranging from 3% to 5%. The most significant risk factors for the onset and development of primary hypertension are well-known, and some of them are preventable, including increased salt consumption and obesity. Connected with metabolic risk factors, elevated blood pressure in childhood is carried into adulthood. Primary hypertension is associated with attenuated vascular responses to various physiological stimuli in both peripheral microcirculation and systemic macrocirculation in adults and children. Endothelial dysfunction is one of the most important features of arterial hypertension, together with an increased level of oxidative stress – both determinants significantly contribute to all the pathophysiological changes observed in hypertension. Systemic arterial hypertension has emerged as a prevalent cardiovascular risk factor associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Hence, the timely identification of individuals with elevated blood pressure and early-life blood pressure management could serve as a crucial strategy to mitigate the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality in adulthood.

Iodine and selenium: Dietary sources and nutritional status of the population of the Kurdistan Region in Northern Iraq

AimThe primary aim of this study was to determine the selenium (Se) and iodine (I) food concentrations and dietary intake of the population living in the Kurdish controlled region of northern Iraq. We also assessed the extent to which iodised salt contributes to dietary iodine intake. MethodologyFoods and samples of salt and drinking water were analysed, including 300 crops samples from 40 local farms. The results, supplemented by food composition data, were used to assess dietary Se and I intake for 410 volunteers using a semi-quantitative food questionnaire. To directly investigate the nutritional status of individuals, urine samples were also collected from participants. ResultsSelenium intake was mainly supplied by protein and cereal sources. Calculated median dietary intake of Se was 62.7 µg d−1 (mean = 66.3 µg d−1) with c. 72 % of participants meeting or exceeding dietary reference intake recommendations for age. Median dietary intake of I, excluding salt consumption, was 94.6 µg d−1 (mean 100.2 µg d−1), increasing to 607.2 µg d−1 when salt (of which >90 % was iodized) was included. Salt intake was estimated to be c.13.5 g d−1 (5400 mg Na d−1) which greatly exceeds WHO recommended intake (< 2000 mg d−1 of Na). Urine iodine concentrations indicated that 98 % of school aged children had excessive iodine intake (≥300 µg L−1) and 80–90 % of all study participants had above average or excessive iodine intake (≥200 µg L−1). ConclusionsPoultry and rice are the main sources of dietary Se to this population but around a third of children receive an inadequate Se intake. Fresh fruit and vegetables are the main sources of dietary I, but consumption of local foods cannot supply adequate I without iodised salt supplementation. Consumption of iodized salt well above recommended amounts is supplying this population with substantial iodine intake. Interventions to reduce salt intake would help to limit excessive iodine intake whilst also reducing cardio-vascular risks from Na consumption.