Rice Consumption Research Articles

Consumers’ willingness to pay for local rice: Empirical evidence from Central Java, Indonesia

This study examines Indonesian consumers’ willingness to pay for local rice products as against commercial imports. We aimed to determine the consumer preference factors for local rice through a questionnaire survey and experimental auction in Surakarta and Sleman, two areas in the top rice-producing region of Central Java. The bidding price results of the three rounds of auction to determine the increasing nominal price for the local rice type, after information and tasting sessions, show the participants, as major rice consumers, confirming the highest interest in local rice, while displaying relatively less knowledge of the different rice varieties available in the markets. Most consumers evaluated both cooked and uncooked rice based on swelling and variety. The findings suggest the need to pay greater policy attention to local rice production and varieties, based on the preferences and attributes of the consumers.

Rice bran is a key structure affecting high nutrition and low toxicity of indica hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Rice is a staple for over half of the world's population. However, it presents toxicity risks. In this study, 23 indica rice varieties were selected; the concentration and accumulation of 18 elements in husk, bran, and milled rice were measured. The correlations between elements differ, with specific correlation networks in each grain layer, with the bran layer being the most complex. Cd and As in the bran layer accounted for 16.6% and 39.7% of the total accumulation in brown rice, respectively. Removal of the bran layer significantly reduced Fe by 35.2% and Zn by 30.2%. With the goals of high nutrition and low toxicity, the CY6709 and LLY7810 brown rice varieties were suitable without modification, whereas JY781 is best milled to reduce the risk of heavy-metal poisoning. Overall, the bran layer was enriched with both toxic and nutrient elements. To ensure greater nutrient intake, we encourage more brown rice consumption. Moreover, rice varieties should be milled according to their distributions of toxic elements to reduce safety concerns.

Analysis of oil content proximate of rice bran of Banyuwangi Regency

Banyuwangi Regency is one of the largest rice producers in Indonesia. This district at the eastern tip of Java is even nicknamed the national rice barn. Banyuwangi always has a surplus of 300,000 tons of rice every year. This increase in rice consumption will have an impact on high rice bran production. Considering the benefits and potential of rice bran as an industrial raw material, activities can later be developed to process rice bran into industrial raw materials with higher economic value. A processed product derived from rice bran that has the potential to be developed is rice bran oil. This research aims to determine the proximate content of rice bran oil. Through the process of analyzing the characteristics of rice bran oil (moisture content, protein content, fat content, salt content, pH content and ash content) to determine the content of rice bran oil and palm oil as a comparison with proximate tests through a Completely Randomized Design with testing of rice bran oil and palm oil through 3 repetitions in testing. Further testing used the Duncan test with observation parameters in the proximate test. The research results showed that the best results for water content, protein content, fat content, salt content, pH content and ash content were refined rice bran oil compared to palm oil. This is a reference that rice bran oil is still better than palm oil in general. This research will later be able to increase the income of rice farmers. Apart from producing rice, they can also make rice bran oil.

Consumer Preference for Rice Grain Quality in the South Kivu and Tanganyika Provinces, Eastern DR Congo.

In Africa, rice has always been a staple food in some countries and the fastest growing food source there. In the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), in terms of cereal production, rice is ranked second after maize and is an important source of income for the rice farmer. The objective of this study was to analyze and understand consumers' preferences and behaviors towards local and imported rice in the South Kivu and Tanganyika provinces, DRC. Data collected on 1565 rice-consuming households in eastern DRC showed that there is a great opportunity for the rice value chain and food policy development, and the promotion of local rice consumption. Consumers focus on local rice because it is cheaper, but it does not always meet their desired needs. Indeed, only urban consumers were more willing to pay for higher-quality rice. The development of the demand for local rice calls for strong investment in improving production, post-harvest practices, and market aspects. It was found that over 90% of rice consumers know about local rice production and over 84% have consumed it. In rural areas, there is typically lower consumption of imported rice. However, as households require more rice, they tend to rely more on imported varieties due to their availability in the market. The most preferred rice attributes were flavor, aroma, purity, swelling capacity, breakage rate, and whiteness. Therefore, rice producers should consider the habits and needs of consumers to improve market demand. In addition, good packaging, labeling, and marketing can also enhance local rice preference and competitiveness in South Kivu and Tanganyika provinces in eastern DRC. The findings of this study indicated that research aimed at improving local rice varieties with regard to yield, disease resistance, and organoleptic qualities could enable the population to consume more locally produced rice, which is often more affordable than imported rice. This could in turn significantly reduce the need for rice imports. These results suggest that research carried out to improve the yield and organoleptic qualities of local rice in this area can allow it to be more competitive on the market and can reduce the importation of rice.

The Role of Pigmented Rice in Reducing Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Mini-Review of Animal and Human Studies

Higher dietary intake of polyphenols is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and mortality. However, these phytochemicals are predominantly present in fruits and vegetables, which are inadequately consumed by some populations, including Filipinos. This narrative mini-review explores the potential role of polyphenol-containing pigmented rice consumption in modulating risk through a range of mechanisms identified in animal studies. Further, human studies have demonstrated promising but inconsistent effects on risk factors associated with the development of CVD, such as dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, overweight and obesity. Therefore, this review identifies the need for more clinical trials to examine the effect of pigmented rice on CVD risk factors. Keywords: pigmented rice, cholesterol, glucose, weight, polyphenols

The Influence of Harvested Area, Rice Consumption on Rice Crop Production in Makassar City

One of the basic needs for agricultural products is rice. In Indonesia, rice is the most important food for the development of the country's economy because rice is the most important staple food in this country, covering more than half of the population. The aim of the research is to find out how much influence the harvest area (X1), rice consumption (X2) has on rice crop production (Y) in Makassar City, South Sulawesi. Secondary data was obtained through the South Sulawesi Central Statistics Agency (BPS). The method used is multiple linear regression analysis in the Cobb-Douglas function using the SPSS version 22 program. The research results show that harvest area (X1) partially has a negative and significant effect on production. Meanwhile, rice consumption (X2) partially has a positive and significant effect on production. Indonesian people's recommendations must also be balanced with rice production and consumption that can meet food needs.

Evaluation of Specific Activity Concentration of 238U, 232Th and 40K in Soil and Rice Grains from Solid Mineral Mining Sites in Ikwo Area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria

Evaluation of specific activity concentration of 238U, 232Th and 40K in soil and rice grains from solid mineral mining sites in Ikwo area of Ebonyi state was carried out using a Digilert-200 Radiation Meter. The radiological impact of the radionuclides was calculated. The average value concentrations of radionuclides obtained were 170.53, 9.26 and 8.81 (in Bq.Kg-1) for 40K, 238U and 232Th respectively in soil samples and 113.77, 5.86 and 7.08 (in Bq.Kg-1) for 40K, 238U and 232Th respectively in rice grain. These values are below the world permissive value of 400, 35 and 30(in Bq.Kg-1) respectively. All the health risk parameters calculated in soil and rice were below world permissive values. For the radionuclides in rice samples, the average annual committed effective doses(in mSvy-1) for ages (<1 year), (1 – 7 years), (7 – 12 years), (12 – 17 years) and (>17 years) are 0.37, 0.05, 0.04, 0.03, 0.02 respectively. These results are less than the world permissive value of 1.00 mSvy-1. Generally, the study shows that the rice consumption was relatively safe radiologically with little contamination which could be attributed to human activities but there is tendency for long term health hazards in future such as the cancer due to doses accumulation. It is recommended that the various human activities that raise the activity concentration in soil in Ikwo mining area that should be reduced. The activity concentration of radionuclides level in the area should be periodically assessed.

Silica sources for arsenic mitigation in rice: machine learning-based predictive modeling and risk assessment.

Arsenic (As) is a well-known human carcinogen, and the consumption of rice is the main pathway for the South Asian people. The study evaluated the impact of the amendments involving CaSiO3, SiO2 nanoparticles, silica solubilizing bacteria (SSB), and rice straw compost (RSC) on mitigation of As toxicity in rice. The translocation of As from soil to cooked rice was tracked, and the results showed that RSC and its combination with SSB were the most effective in reducing As loading in rice grain by 53.2%. To determine the risk of dietary exposure to As, the average daily intake (ADI), hazard quotient (HQ), and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) were computed. The study observed that the ADI was reduced to one-third (0.24 μg kg-1bw) under RSC+SSB treatments compared to the control. An effective prediction model was established using random forest model and described the accumulation of As by rice grains depend on bioavailable As, P, and Fe which explained 48.5, 5.07%, and 2.6% of the variation in the grain As, respectively. The model anticipates that to produce As benign rice grain, soil should have P and Fe concentration more than 30 mg kg-1 and 12 mg kg-1, respectively if soil As surpasses 2.5 mg kg-1.

Microbial community function and methylmercury production in oxygen-limited paddy soil

Methylmercury is a neurotoxic compound that can enter rice fields through rainfall or irrigation with contaminated wastewater, and then contaminate the human food chain through the consumption of rice. Flooded paddy soil has a porous structure that facilitates air exchange with the atmosphere, but the presence of trace amounts of oxygen in flooded rice field soil and its impact on microbial-mediated formation of methylmercury is still unclear. We compared the microbial communities and their functions in oxygen-depleted and oxygen-limited paddy soil. We discovered that oxygen-limited paddy soil had higher methylmercury concentration, which was strongly correlated with soil properties and methylation potential. Compared with oxygen-depleted soil, oxygen-limited soil altered the microbial composition based on 16 S rRNA sequences, but not based on hgcA sequences. Moreover, oxygen-limited soil enhanced microbial activity significantly, increasing the abundance of more than half of the KEGG pathways, especially the metabolic pathways that might be involved in methylation. Our study unveils how microbial communities influence methylmercury formation in oxygen-limited paddy soil. Environmental implicationsThis study examined how low oxygen input affects microbial-induced MeHg formation in anaerobic paddy soil. We found that oxygen-limited soil produced more MeHg than oxygen-depleted soil. Oxygen input altered the microbial community structure of 16 S rRNA sequencing in anaerobic paddy soil, but had little impact on the hgcA sequencing community structure. Microbial activity and metabolic functions related to MeHg formation were also higher in oxygen-limited paddy soil. We suggest that oxygen may not be a limiting factor for Hg methylators, and that insufficient oxygen input in flooded paddy soil increases the risk of human exposure to MeHg from rice consumption.

A comparative study regrading traditional cooking processes in Northern Thailand influence phytochemical content, antioxidant capacity and inhibition of key enzyme activity in glutinous rice

The aim of this study was to investigate traditional cooking processes for glutinous rice in order to determine the optimum rice type ratio, pre-cooking preparation technique and cooking method for the preservation of bioactive compounds that inhibit the activity of key enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion. Samples of white glutinous rice and black glutinous rice were grouped in various proportional ratios. Different pre-cooking preparation techniques and cooking methods were performed for each group. Ethanolic extraction was used for all cooked glutinous rice samples and the supernatant was collected for analysis. The results showed that a high ratio of black glutinous rice yielded a high bioactive compound content (phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanins), and a relatively high percentage for inhibition of key enzyme activity (α-amylase and α-glucosidase). The sample consisting solely of white glutinous rice showed the lowest values of all samples. Samples prepared with hot water and cooked using a steamer had a relatively high bioactive compound content and a high percentage of key enzyme inhibitory activity. This study has determined the cooking processes that best preserve the bioactive compounds found in black glutinous rice which performed with hot water pre-cooking preparation and steamer technique. The factors also stimulate active compounds that inhibit key digestive enzyme activity. Therefore, these results provide preliminary evidence to support the development of health promotion guidance for regular consumers of glutinous rice.

Relative bioavailability of selenium in rice using a rat model and its application to human health risk assessment

Deficiencies of selenium (Se), a necessary microelement for humans, can be remedied by appropriately supplying Se-enriched rice. However, overconsumption of Se-enriched rice poses a potential risk. To accurately assess Se human health risks associated with Se-enriched rice consumption, we developed a rat in vivo model to systematically explore the relative bioavailability of Se (Se-RBA) from Se-enriched rice from a wide geographic range. Se concentrations were in the range of 0.06 ± 0.05 to 0.15 ± 0.15 mg kg−1, averaging 0.12 ± 0.11 mg kg−1, in 196 rice samples from 21 Chinese provinces, and selenomethionine (SeMet) was the dominant Se fraction (58.0–96.5%). The Se-RBA of Se-enriched rice calculated from urine ranged from 34.86% to 102.29%, averaging 62.27% (n = 12), and was positively correlated with the proportion of SeMet in rice (p < 0.05, R2 = 0.51). Furthermore, the Se intake calculated based on the Se-RBA indicated that the Se intake of consumers of Se-enriched rice was far less than the tolerable upper intake level. Thus, the limits established by law assume overestimates of the actual nutritional value of the Se content in Se-enriched rice, and it is important to consider Se bioavailability. The current study offers suggestions for future research and provides methods to reduce the uncertainty in estimating the health risks associated with Se intake from rice.

Prospects of Indonesian Rice Self-sufficiency As a Food Security Effort Using a Dynamic System Model

Problems at the level of rice production faced include reduced agricultural land due to land conversion, damage to irrigation networks, pests and diseases in production and not yet maximizing productivity because the use of seeds and fertilizers has not been optimal. Meanwhile, at the consumer level, the need for rice continues to increase, both to meet industrial needs, to meet household (RT) and non-RT needs. The purpose of this research is to simulate a scenario of achieving self-sufficiency in rice in the dynamic system model, to find out the key factors that determine the achievement of self-sufficiency in rice in Indonesia and to develop policy recommendations needed to achieve self-sufficiency in rice towards food security. The research method used is a system dynamic approach using secondary data to build a simulation model. The simulation results show that the paddy field printing program contributes the most to increasing rice self-sufficiency. Furthermore, the intensification and reduction of rice consumption, but these two policies did not have a major impact on self-sufficiency in rice, in contrast to the results of achieving self-sufficiency in the extensification program. But unfortunately, creating paddy fields, intensification in the form of using certified seeds and decreasing consumption are the biggest obstacles currently facing agricultural development.

Effects of milling on texture and in vitro starch digestibility of oat rice.

Compared with other oat products, consumers in China prefer oat rice and porridge made from naked oat. However, this oat product usually has poor sensory acceptance, which is directly related to the texture properties. This study aimed to use the milling method to improve the oat rice texture. The nutrient component, microstructure, pasting, and thermal properties of oat treated with different degrees of milling (0s, 20s, 40s, 60s, and 80s) were researched. The results showed that milling would damage the bran layer of oat rice, increasing starch, β-glucan, total leached solids content, and the gelatinization enthalpy (ΔH). Meanwhile, oil, protein content, the pasting viscosity, and the pasting temperature were decreased. Milling made oat rice sticky and soft, and the bound water and non-flowing water migrated like flowing water. The cross-section of oat rice showed that milling damaged the surface of oat rice, which was beneficial to water entry and starch dissolution, and increased the viscosity of oat rice. When the milling time was 40s and 60s, the appearance, aroma, taste, texture, and overall acceptability of oat porridge were better. Moreover, rapid digestion fraction (k1) and slow digestion fraction (k2) are the lowest and have the effect of low blood glucose rise rate.

Appraising rice consumption pattern in India: trends, preferences and food security

Rice is one of the most important crops of South Asian countries especially in India, China, and Bangladesh in which rice is consumed in larger quantity than other cereals as well as other food items. With increase in population though total consumption of rice had increased, per capita consumption had shown a decreased trend in recent years due to change in the dietary pattern of consumers. In this paper it has shown that how the rice consumption has been changed in India as well as in different states of the country. Further it has been studied for consumption of rice in rural and urban regions of the country and calories intake from rice as compared with other cereals as well as non-cereal items. Contribution of rice in the food security and the consumer preference according to certain prior characteristics like taste, quality of grain, aroma, etc. has been discussed in this paper.

CfDNA and associated risk factors in the early diagnosis of cancers in Côte d’Ivoire: The case of primary liver cancer related to viral hepatitis B

Introduction: In Côte d'Ivoire (CI), according to Globocan 2020 primary liver cancer (PLC) had an incidence of 10.1/1.0E+05 inhabitants in men (2nd rank) and 5.5/1.0E+05 inhabitants among women (4th rank). This situation has so far been favored by late diagnosis and ignorance of the risk factors responsible for the tumor in people at risk. Objective: To detect free circulating DNA (cfDNA) and evaluate its possible diagnostic role in order to contribute to the prevention of PLC in CI. Methodology: Prospective experimental study carried out at the Institut Pasteur in CI in patients coming for alfa-fetoprotein assay. Sociodemographic, clinical, paraclinical and epidemiological data were collected. A blood sample was taken for biological analysis. Data collected in Excel and processed with the GraphPad Prism 5. Results: 142 predominantly male patients with an average age of 45 were included. More than 50% had the same dietary habits including the consumption of tap water, rice, cassava, plantain, millet, maize and yam and 18% regularly consumed alcohol. 66.66% were carriers of chronic viral hepatitis B (HVB) including 2.81% at the cirrhosis stage and 0.70% at the PLC stage. 20% had a history of familial hepatitis and 9.6% a notion of familial cancer. The cfDNA concentration ranged from 38ng/ml to 10763ng/ml for an average of 571ng/ml. The elevation of AFP and transaminase levels was related to the presence of HBsAg (P˂0.001; P=0.02). In addition, the concentration of cDNA was strongly linked to HBsAg carriage as well as to other factors including the notion of familial cancer (P=0.03), and consumption of alcohol (p =0.04) and/or tobacco (p=0.02). Conclusion: HVB remains the predominant risk factor that can lead to PLC. The dosage of cfDNA and the monitoring of food and life hygiene in a chronic carrier of HVB could contribute to the prevention of PLC in the latter.

Perilaku konsumen pada pembelian beras analog jagung di Kota Gorontalo

Introduction: Analog rice is a functional food made from part or all of non-rice ingredients consumed like eating rice in general. One of the analog rice that is widely consumed is corn rice. Consumption of corn rice has become a culture of the people of Gorontalo. The aims of this study were to (1) determine the attributes that influence the purchase decision of corn analog rice in Gorontalo City and (2) analyze consumer attitudes towards the attributes of corn analog rice in Gorontalo City. Method: The research was conducted at the Gorontalo City Central Market, with a total sample of 65 respondents who were selected by accidental sampling. Data analysis used descriptive analysis by making a frequency distribution table to determine the attributes that influence the purchase decision of corn analog rice in Gorontalo City. Multiattribute Fishbein analysis was used to analyze consumer attitudes towards the attributes of corn analog rice. Result: The results showed that the rice analogue of corn that respondents liked was rice with small/fine grain, yellow in color, aromatic, free from dregs, and cheap. After being cooked into rice has a sweet rice taste and fluffier texture. The results of the Fishbein Multi-attribute analysis showed that the quality of rice was ranked first with a score of 20,10 points, followed by the color of the rice with a score of 18,49 points. Conclusion: Attributes that influence the purchase decision of corn analog rice in Gorontalo City include the shape of rice grains, the taste of corn rice, the texture of corn rice, color, aroma, quality, and price of rice. Fishbein's multi-attribute analysis shows that the attributes of quality and color of corn rice are the most important considerations in purchasing corn analog rice.&#x0D;

Factors Affecting Dietary Intake of Copper and Zinc via Rice Consumption by Residents of Major Rice-Producing Regions in China

Background: Copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) are essential nutrients that must be maintained at adequate levels in the human body in order to make physiological functions normal and sustainable. Rice is a leading staple cereal crop which can be the main source of Cu and Zn in the diet. Results: Here, we aimed to investigate Cu and Zn concentrations in rice with corresponding soil influencing factors and to assess the dietary intake of Cu and Zn from rice consumption by residents of major rice producing regions. A total of 712 rice grain and 90 paired soil–rice samples were collected from September to November 2015 covering eleven provinces across China. Average Cu and Zn concentrations were 27.2 and 69.1 mg kg−1, respectively, in soils, and 1.98 and 12.3 mg kg−1 in rice. The concentrations and bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of Cu and Zn followed the sequence: roots &gt; shoots &gt; grains. Soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and soil organic carbon (SOC) play important roles in rice Cu and Zn uptake with negative effects. The average Cu and Zn intakes from rice consumption were 0.597 and 3.68 mg day−1, respectively. Conclusions: The status of Cu and Zn daily intake from rice consumption were fully adequate but there remained some sampling sites where Zn intake for males and Cu intakes were deficient at 1.40%, indicating that local residents need to maintain their dietary nutrient requirements.

Phytochemical profiling, antioxidant capacities and anthocyanin compositions of the pigmented rice (Oryza sativa) of north-east India

The association between the consumption of pigmented rice (Oryza sativa L.) and the improvement of human health is generating a great deal of interest among the researchers. An experiment was conducted during 2020 and 2021 at Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam to study the phytochemical profiling, antioxidant capacities and anthocyanin compositions of the 14 pigmented rice genotypes. The results were compared with the well-known traditional pigmented rice variety from Manipur, Poreiton Chakhao. The total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and total anthocyanin content ranged from 37.101 to 493.611 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g, 53.316 to 151.667 mg quercetin equivalent/100 g and 1.006 to 13.904 mg cyanidin-3-chloride equivalent/100 g in the studied rice genotypes. The amount of rice showing 50% DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC 50 value) ranged from 6.610 to 29.376 mg. The HPLC analysis revealed presence of both cyanidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside in the black pigmented rice genotypes, viz. TTB Black Rice 7, Chakhao-1, Chakhao-2 and TTB Black Rice 11. However, in the red rice genotypes analysed (Balam and Nepali Chakuwa), these two anthocyanins were not detected.

Association Mapping of Candidate Genes Associated with Iron and Zinc Content in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Grains.

Micronutrient deficiencies, particularly of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), in the diet contribute to health issues and hidden hunger. Enhancing the Fe and Zn content in globally staple food crops like rice is necessary to address food malnutrition. A Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) was conducted using 85 diverse rice accessions from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) to identify genomic regions associated with grain Fe and Zn content. The Fe content ranged from 0.95 to 8.68 mg/100 g on a dry weight basis (dwb) while Zn content ranged from 0.87 to 3.8 mg/100 g (dwb). Using MLM and FarmCPU models, we found 10 significant SNPs out of which one SNP on chromosome 11 was associated with the variation in Fe content and one SNP on chromosome 4 was associated with the Zn content, and both were commonly detected by the two models. Candidate genes belonging to transcription regulator activities, including the bZIP family genes and MYB family genes, as well as transporter activities involved in Fe and Zn homeostasis were identified in the vicinity of the SNP markers and selected. The identified SNP markers hold promise for marker-assisted selection in rice breeding programs aimed at enhancing Fe and Zn content in rice. This study provides valuable insights into the genetic factors controlling Fe and Zn uptake and their transport and accumulation in rice, offering opportunities for developing biofortified rice varieties to combat malnutrition among rice consumers.

Secondary analysis of a randomized trial testing community health educator interventions for diabetes prevention among refugees with depression: effects on nutrition, physical activity and sleep

BackgroundRefugees have high levels of psychological distress that hamper lifestyle change efforts. We previously reported that community health educator (CHE) diabetes prevention interventions decreased HbA1c and depressive symptoms among Cambodian-American refugees with depression; this paper reports health behavior outcomes of those interventions.MethodsParticipants were aged 35–75, Khmer speaking, at risk for diabetes, and met study criteria for likely depression by either a) antidepressant medication and/or b) prolonged elevated depressive symptoms. Participants were randomized to one of three CHE interventions: 1) lifestyle intervention called Eat, Walk, Sleep (EWS), 2) EWS plus medication therapy management with a pharmacist/CHE team (EWS + MTM), or, 3) social services (SS; control). Physical activity and sleep were measured with 7 days of actigraphy. Nutrition was measured as carbohydrates as reported in a culturally tailored food frequency questionnaire. Assessments were at baseline, end point (12 months), and follow-up (15 months).ResultsThe n = 188 participants were 78% female, average age of 55 years, half had a household income < $20,000, and modal education was 7.0 years. Individuals in the two treatment groups that received the EWS intervention significantly increased their brown rice consumption (p < .001, Cohen’s d = 0.76) and their moderate-to-vigorous activity (p = .039, d = 0.32). No intervention changed sleep duration, timing, efficiency or wake after sleep onset. Across groups, individuals who increased brown rice consumption, increased vigorous activity and decreased total sleep time variability showed decreased HbA1c, with small effect sizes.ConclusionsCHEs may improve nutrition and physical activity in refugees with depression but more intensive interventions may be required to impact sleep. Improvements in all three behaviors appear to be associated with HbA1c loweringTrial registrationClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02502929.