Consumption Of Herbal Medicines Research Articles

Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metal(loids) Consumed Through Plant-Based Anti-diabetic Therapeutics Collected in the Northern Divisional City of Rajshahi, Bangladesh.

The present study investigates human health risks upon consumption of herbal medicines in terms of ten toxic metalloids in 20 plant-based anti-diabetic therapeutics. The analysis of metalloids was determined by an atomic absorption spectrometer after microwave-assisted digestion. The computation of hazard quotients (HQ) and hazard indexes (HI) of metalloids leads to the assessment of non-carcinogenic health risks. Carcinogenic risk was assessed based on cancer slope factor (CSF) and chronic daily intake (CDI) values. Comparison with WHO regulatory cut-off points for each metalloid: seven samples for Mn, 12 samples for Hg, three samples for Cu, eight samples for Ni, four samples for Cd, two samples for Pb, one sample for Cr, and eight samples for Zn are unsafe to consume. Non-carcinogenic human health risk is predicted for Mn in seven samples, Fe in one sample, Hg in ten samples, Cu in three samples, Ni in one sample, and Pb in two samples. HI values greater than 1 predict non-carcinogenic health risk in thirteen samples. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) remains for As (inorganic) in 12 samples, Cr (+ 6) in one sample, and Pb in no samples. To guarantee consumer safety, the implementation of strict monitoring is suggested.

In silico study of alkaloids with quercetin nucleus for inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 protease and receptor cell protease.

Covid-19 disease caused by the deadly SARS-CoV-2 virus is a serious and threatening global health issue declared by the WHO as an epidemic. Researchers are studying the design and discovery of drugs to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 virus due to its high mortality rate. The main Covid-19 virus protease (Mpro) and human transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2) are attractive targets for the study of antiviral drugs against SARS-2 coronavirus. Increasing consumption of herbal medicines in the community and a serious approach to these drugs have increased the demand for effective herbal substances. Alkaloids are one of the most important active ingredients in medicinal plants that have wide applications in the pharmaceutical industry. In this study, seven alkaloid ligands with Quercetin nucleus for the inhibition of Mpro and TMPRSS2 were studied using computational drug design including molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation (MD). Auto Dock software was used to evaluate molecular binding energy. Three ligands with the most negative docking score were selected to be entered into the MD simulation procedure. To evaluate the protein conformational changes induced by tested ligands and calculate the binding energy between the ligands and target proteins, GROMACS software based on AMBER03 force field was used. The MD results showed that Phyllospadine and Dracocephin-A form stable complexes with Mpro and TMPRSS2. Prolinalin-A indicated an acceptable inhibitory effect on Mpro, whereas it resulted in some structural instability of TMPRSS2. The total binding energies between three ligands, Prolinalin-A, Phyllospadine and Dracocephin-A and two proteins MPro and TMRPSS2 are (-111.235 ± 15.877, - 75.422 ± 11.140), (-107.033 ± 9.072, -84.939 ± 10.155) and (-102.941 ± 9.477, - 92.451 ± 10.539), respectively. Since the binding energies are at a minimum, this indicates confirmation of the proper binding of the ligands to the proteins. Regardless of some Prolinalin-A-induced TMPRSS2 conformational changes, it may properly bind to TMPRSS2 binding site due to its acceptable binding energy. Therefore, these three ligands can be promising candidates for the development of drugs to treat infections caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

The role of regulatory authorities in the regulation and control of herbal medicines: A case study of NAFDAC

This paper examines the pivotal role of regulatory authorities in governing and overseeing the production, distribution, and consumption of herbal medicines, with a specific focus on the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) in Nigeria. Through an extensive literature review and analysis of regulatory frameworks, this study elucidates the challenges and opportunities associated with regulating herbal medicines within a rapidly evolving healthcare landscape. It investigates NAFDAC's mandate, regulatory processes, and enforcement mechanisms in ensuring the safety, efficacy, and quality of herbal products. Additionally, this paper explores case studies and regulatory interventions implemented by NAFDAC to address issues such as adulteration, contamination, and mislabeling of herbal medicines. By critically assessing NAFDAC's role and performance in regulating herbal medicines, this study provides valuable insights into the complexities of herbal medicine regulation and underscores the importance of robust regulatory oversight in safeguarding public health and promoting rational herbal medicine use.

THE ROLE OF REGULATORY AUTHORITIES IN THE REGULATION AND CONTROL OF HERBAL MEDICINES: A CASE STUDY OF NAFDAC

This paper examines the pivotal role of regulatory authorities in governing and overseeing the production, distribution, and consumption of herbal medicines, with a specific focus on the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) in Nigeria. Through an extensive literature review and analysis of regulatory frameworks, this study elucidates the challenges and opportunities associated with regulating herbal medicines within a rapidly evolving healthcare landscape. It investigates NAFDAC's mandate, regulatory processes, and enforcement mechanisms in ensuring the safety, efficacy, and quality of herbal products. Additionally, this paper explores case studies and regulatory interventions implemented by NAFDAC to address issues such as adulteration, contamination, and mislabeling of herbal medicines. By critically assessing NAFDAC's role and performance in regulating herbal medicines, this study provides valuable insights into the complexities of herbal medicine regulation and underscores the importance of robust regulatory oversight in safeguarding public health and promoting rational herbal medicine use.
 Keywords: Herbal, Medicine, Regulatory, Authority, NAFDAC, Nigeria.

Consumption and adverse reaction reporting of herbal medicines among people living with HIV at University teaching hospitals in Blantyre, Malawi and Ibadan, Nigeria.

Consumption of herbal medicines among people living with HIV is a common practice in Sub-Saharan Africa. The utilization of herbal medicines was at 17.5% and 67.9% in Malawi and Nigeria, respectively. There is inadequate data on use and adverse reactions (ADRs) reporting of herbal medicines among people living with HIV (PLWHIV). This study was designed to investigate use and ADRs reporting of herbal medicines among PLWHIV at the University Teaching Hospitals in Blantyre, Malawi and Ibadan, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted among PLWHIV attending Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) clinic at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was administered to 360 and 370 participants in Blantyre and Ibadan respectively, through face-to-face interviews after obtaining their informed consent. The prevalence of herbal medicines use among PLWHIV in Malawi and Nigeria was at 80.6% and 55.7% (p<0.001), respectively. The most frequently used herbal medicines in Malawi were Aloe vera (14.0%), Moringa oleifera (14.0%), Zingiber officinale (13.0%) and Allium sativum (7.0%). Likewise, in Nigeria, the most commonly used herbal medicines were Zingiber officinale (15.0%), Vernonia amygdalina (14.0%), Moringa oleifera (9.0%), and Allium sativum (11.0%). The major reason for herbal medicines' use in Malawi was ready availability (42.1%) and perception that it boosts immunity (44.6%) in Nigeria. The PLWHIV reported experiencing suspected herbal medicine ADRs in Malawi (3.9%) and in Nigeria (8.0%). A higher percentage of people living with HIV are using herbal medicines in Malawi as well as in Nigeria. In both countries, a few participants reported experiencing suspected ADRs related to herbal medicines.

Concentrations, Sources and Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Chinese Herbal Medicines.

The determination and evaluation of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seven Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) were conducted through a rapid and straightforward extraction and purification method, coupled with GC-MS. A sample-based solid-phase extraction (SPE) pretreatment technique, incorporating isotopic internal standards, was employed for detecting various medicinal parts of CHMs. The assay exhibited linearity within the range of 5 to 500 ng/mL, with linear coefficients (R2) for PAHs exceeding 0.999. The recoveries of spiked standards ranged from 63.37% to 133.12%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 0.75% to 14.54%. The total PAH content varied from 176.906 to 1414.087 μg/kg. Among the 16 PAHs, phenanthrene (Phe) was consistently detected at the highest levels (47.045-168.640 μg/kg). Characteristic ratio analysis indicated that oil, coal, and biomass combustion were the primary sources of PAHs in CHMs. The health risk associated with CHMs was assessed using the lifetime carcinogenic risk approach, revealing potential health risks from the consumption of honeysuckle, while the health risks of consuming Lycium chinense berries were deemed negligible. For the other five CHMs (glycyrrhizae, Coix lacryma, ginseng, lotus seed, seed of Sterculia lychnophora), the health risk from consumption fell within acceptable ranges. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses utilizing Monte Carlo exposure assessment methods identified PAH levels in CHMs as health risk sensitizers. It is crucial to recognize that the consumption of herbal medicines is not a continuous process but entails potential health risks. Hence, the monitoring and risk assessment of PAH residues in CHMs demand careful attention.

Response of Growth and Yield of Mint (Mentha spicata L.) Cuttings to Auxin and Composition of Planting Media

Consumption of herbal medicines by Indonesian people is increasing because of the price and ease of obtaining them. One of the main ingredients of herbal medicine is mint leaves because they contain tannin and flavonoid secondary metabolites. However, the generative mint plant is very slow and needs vegetative cuttings propagation. This study aims to examine the effect of auxin-type growth regulators and the composition of the growing media on the growth and yield of mint plant cuttings. This study used a complete randomized block design with two factors. The first factor was the auxin growth regulator with four levels: without growth regulator, IBA 500 ppm, IAA 500 ppm, NAA 500 ppm. The second factor was the composition of the planting medium with three levels, namely soil, husk charcoal, and goat manure 3:3:1; 3:2:2, and 3:1:3. Three repetitions were carried out. Auxin affects the number and area of leaves. Applying 500 ppm NAA encouraged the highest leaf growth, with the number of leaves at 163.38. Growth regulator NAA 500 ppm increased the number of leaves and leaf area of mint plants, i.e., by 0.01% and 1.16% compared to the control. The growing media composition affected the crown fresh weight, root biomass, and crown root ratio. The media composition of 3:3:1 produced a crown fresh weight of 41.07 g, and the media composition 3:3:3 produced the highest biomass of 5.97 g. The media composition 3:1:3 showed the highest root crown ratio, 2.69%. Auxin and the composition of the growing media synergistically promote the growth and yield of mint cuttings.

OPTIMALISASI PEMANFAATAN PEKARANGAN RUMAHDALAM MENANAM TOGA (TANAMAN OBAT KELUARGA) BAGI MASYARAKAT DI DESA TRITIRO KEC. BONTOTIRO KAB. BULUKUMBA

Community service partners are housewives who live in Tritiro Village, Samboang District, Bulukumba Regency. The majority of people's income comes from fishing and the amount is uncertain every month. The location of this service is around a cliff that borders the coast. Yards of residents' houses are generally not used optimally, only left empty and overgrown with wild plants, or some ornamental plants. The solution provided is training in planting family medicinal plants that can be used for consumption of family herbal medicines. If production can exceed needs, produce or plants can be sold to supplement family income. The method is carried out by providing (1) Introduction to family medicinal plants, (2) Counseling on optimizing the use of the home yard in growing family medicinal plants, (3) Introduction to fertile and infertile soil (planting medium), (4) TOGA planting training (family medicinal plants). Keywords: Medicinal plants, Optimizing the home yard.

Analisis Pengaruh Budaya Kesehatan, Kesadaran Kesehatan, dan Persepsi Produk Terhadap Konsumsi Jamu Pada Penderita Penyakit Pembuluh Darah di Bandar Lampung

Vascular disease is a condition that affects the arteries or veins. Vascular disease occurs when blood vessels are weakened, blocked, or damaged. Other organs and structures of the body may be damaged by vascular disease as a result of reduced blood flow to the organs. In Lampung, patients with heart and the vascular disease reached 13.000 people. Meanwhile, herbal medicine is an alternative medicine that is commonly consumed by people to reduce the severity of the disease they suffer, including vascular disease. This study was conducted to determine the effect of individual health culture, their health awareness, and their perception of herbal products consumption to relieve and treat vascular disease. This research is quantitative. Data collected in this study is based on a questionnaire that provides the thoughts of the respondents. The result shows that health culture and health awareness do not always affect the consumption of herbal medicines. But the perception they have affects their decision in consuming herbal medicines. The herbal medicine that is top of mind for patients with vascular disease in Bandar Lampung to relieve vascular disease is garlic. Steps a product marketer of herbal medicines for blood vessels and heart should take is a positive perception in various circles, in Indonesia, especially in Bandar Lampung.

Consumption of medicinal plants and herbal medicines by children and adolescents with chronic conditions: a survey in a tertiary-care outpatient clinic

Objectives. Medicinal plants and herbal medicines are widely used worldwide. However, patients with chronic health conditions or their caregivers do not often disclose these practices to their healthcare providers, leading to potentially severe interactions with current treatments, especially in children. We aimed to describe the prevalence of the use of medicinal plants and herbal medicines by children and adolescents with chronic health conditions and whether their physicians were informed about it. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional electronic survey on parents and caregivers of children and adolescents with chronic health conditions seen at a university, tertiary-care pediatric outpatient clinic. The common names of the plants cited by respondents were reviewed and Latin names of the species were provided whenever possible. Results. From 20,213 text messages sent in May and June 2021, 521 valid responses were obtained. The prevalence of the use of medicinal plants and herbal medicines was 34.6%, most without a medical prescription (self-medication), and few physicians (4.0%) were aware of it. The five most used species were: Mentha spicata L. (mint), Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (fennel), “cidreira” (a common name possibly corresponding to Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, Melissa officinalis L. or Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton &amp; Wilson, P.), Matricaria chamomilla L. (German chamomile), and Plectranthus barbatus Andrews (boldo). Conclusions. The prevalence of the use of medicinal plants and herbal medicines by children and adolescents with chronic health conditions in a tertiary-care outpatient clinic was 34.6%, and only a few physicians were aware of it.

THE USE OF MEDICAL AND PHYTOTHERAPIC PLANTS IN BRAZILIAN PUBLIC HEALTH.

Medicinal plants are used for the purpose of promoting quality of life, even from primordial times. This paper aimed to present the importance of the use of herbal medicines in the network public health. The practice and consumption of herbal medicines has been growing every year, with the emergence of Ordinance No. 971 of May 3, 2006 approving the National Policy for Integrative and Complementary Practices (PNPIC) in Unified Health System (SUS). But there is still a big factor to be overcome, the high requirement of the National Agency Health Surveillance Authority (ANVISA), for the production, marketing and distribution of herbal medicines in the SUS. THE Ordinance GM / MS No. 533 of March 28, 2012 (National List of Essential Medicines - RENAME), cast herbal medicines in Primary Care, consists of only 12 plant species of interest of SUS, considered low due to Brazil being considered one of the countries with the greatest biodiversity in the world. The main problems that hindering the advances of herbal products in the SUS are the lack of state and municipal public policies and the lack of of interest of the managers of these secretariats in complying also with the federal legislation in force.

Limiting Factors in Implementing Pharmacovigilance Principles in the Elderly.

The overarching aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safe and effective usage of medication across the population and optimise medicines through holistic considerations. However, within the heterogeneous elderly population, several unique factors are at play, limiting the ability of clinicians to fulfil this aim. A matured physiology influencing the response and effects of drugs, increased polypharmacy enabling drug-drug interactions, and greater consumption of concurrent herbal medicines predispose patients to harmful drug events. This increasingly multimorbid subpopulation requires complex pharmaceutical regimens encouraging inappropriate prescribing and medicine non-adherence leading to suboptimal therapy. Furthermore, restrictive practices in clinical trials commonly exclude elderly patients creating disparities from expected findings within a real-world setting. These issues create an environment where elderly patients are at a heightened risk of adverse drug events and clinicians are forced to make significant decisions from limited information. With projections showing that this demographic will continue growing in size, the true burden of these limiting factors is yet to be realised.

Assessment of Microbial Contamination of Solid Herbal Medicine sold in Makurdi Metropolis

The consumption of herbal medicines is a common practice in many parts of the world, including Nigeria. However, the safety and quality of these products have been a concern due to the potential contamination with pathogenic microorganisms. This study aimed to isolate and identify microorganisms from powdered herbal medicines sold in Makurdi and Adikpo towns in Nigeria. A total of 30 samples were collected from various herbal medicine vendors and subjected to microbiological analysis. The samples were processed using standard microbiological techniques, including culture, microscopy, mycological identification and biochemical identification. The results showed that samples from both towns were contaminated with microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi. Bacteria species isolated include Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. the most occurring bacterium was Escherichia coli with the occurrence of 19 representing 25 %, while the most common fungal species include Aspergillus niger which had the occurrence of 143(29.61 %) respectively. This was followed by Trichosporon mucoides 116(24.02 %), Aspergillus ochraceus 92(19.05 %), Aspergillus flavus 70(14.49 %) and Rhizopus stolonifer 16(12.84 %) which had the least occurrence. The study also revealed that the contamination levels were higher in samples from Adikpo town compared to Makurdi town. These findings suggest that there is a need for improved quality control measures in the production and sale of herbal medicines to minimize the risk of microbial contamination and ensure consumer safety.

Thai stakeholders’ awareness and perceptions of the patient adverse event reporting system for herbal medicines: a qualitative study

BackgroundIn Thailand, the consumption of herbal medicines has been increasing. Adverse events (AEs) of herbal medicines have been identified through the spontaneous reporting system. However, the number of patients reporting AEs of herbal medicines remains limited.AimTo explore the awareness and perceptions about the patient reporting system and to explore attitudes towards safety of herbal medicines, experiences, and intention to report AEs of herbal medicines.MethodSemi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with stakeholders (patients, community pharmacists, village health volunteers, and consumers who had experienced submitting a complaint about health products to the Consumers Foundation). Additionally, a focus group discussion was held with stakeholders (academics, herbal medicine manufacturers, healthcare professionals, policy maker who was responsible for promoting the use of herbal medicines, pharmacovigilance staff, patient, and representative from patient organisations). The data were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsFifty participants were interviewed and the focus group discussion included 12 participants. Patients had positive attitudes towards the safety of herbal medicines. Lack of awareness of the patient reporting system was identified. Nevertheless, all stakeholders acknowledged the importance of the safety monitoring of herbal medicines and indicated a willingness to report AEs via the patient reporting system in the future. A simple reporting system, a variety of reporting channels, the provision of feedback, and providing rewards would motivate patients to report AEs.ConclusionAlthough there is a lack of awareness, this provides a great opportunity to improve patient AE reporting system for herbal medicines in Thailand.

Implementation of Ruqyah Syar'iyyah Alternative Medicine in Gowa Regency

The Qur'an is the perfect medicine and antidote for all diseases of the heart and body, as well as the diseases of this world and the hereafter. But not everyone is able and has the ability to do healing with the Koran. If the healing treatment is carried out properly for the disease based on trust and faith, full acceptance, definite belief, and fulfilled the conditions, then no single disease can fight it. The purpose of this study was to determine the implementation of Ruqyah Syar'iyyah Alternative Medicine in Gowa Regency.&#x0D; The type of research used by the researcher is qualitative research. This research was conducted by the Heart Rehab Foundation of Gowa Regency. The approach used is a psychological approach, guidance and da'wah. The instrument used was an interview guide that was conducted by the researcher directly. Deductive to inductive data analysis. The result of the research is that the community can carry out the implementation of Ruqyah Syar'iyyah Alternative Medicine independently at home. The stages of implementing rugyah are in addition to rugyah the patient is given an understanding of getting closer to the Koran and delivering material about tazkiyyah an-nafs. The technique of implementing syar'iyyah ruqyah treatment carried out by the Heart Rehab Foundation in Gowa Regency, namely through the preparation stage, the implementation stage of ruqyah, the practices of care after ruqyah and consumption of sunnah herbal medicines.

Valuasi Pasar Obat Herbal: Textual Network Analysis dan Social Network Analysis Berbasis Corpus

This article aims to explore how the symbolic assessment of actors in the phytopharmaca herbal market arena in Indonesia uses one of the market assessment criteria, namely the symbolic value of cognitive anchoring. Based on digital research of the phytopharmaceutical market, The primary data obtained was then visualized using Gephi software and analyzed using a mixed method technique in a corpus-based TNA and SNA to map actor positions and network characteristics between actors. The results show that the consumption of phytopharmaca is a social behavior that manifests in meaning. This reflective process becomes the basis for deciding the community choosing phytopharmaca as medicine. In addition, knowledge and decisions to consume phytopharmaca are influenced by practical considerations, both the influence of individual and group reviews, personal experience, and information that forms a specific understanding. Therefore, the conclusion of this research is that network position visualization pattern actors, including companies, government institutions, educational institutions, and communities that develop research on phytopharmaceutical products to compete in the global market. The impact of the increase in the consumption of phytopharmaca herbal medicines in Indonesia during the covid-19 pandemic. Keywords: market valuation, cognitive anchoring, actor position, TNA, SNA, Phytopharmaceuticals

Meningkatkan Imunitas Keluarga Melalui Penanaman Toga (Tanaman Obat Keluarga)

The Covid-19 case has major impact on Indonesia people, especially on health and economy. Increasing in Covid-19 cases in Bengkulu shows that prevention of Covid-19 is still not optimal. Family medicinal plants (toga) can be an alternative treatment to prevent the spread of Covid-19. This is because toga can increase the body's immunity such as consumption of herbs, herbal medicines and others. However, cultivation and efforts to provide toga in Bengkulu have not been maximized. The purpose of this service activity is to encourage public awareness to develop household toga cultivation as an immunity drug to prevent the spread of Covid-19. The results show that the community is aware of the importance of planting toga in the household environment.

MEDICINAL PLANTS’ STRESS FACTORS: EFFECTS ON METABOLITES AND NOVEL PERSPECTIVES FOR TOLERANCE

Medicinal plants are rich in secondary metabolites representing different chemical classes and synthesized by various biochemical pathways. However, these compounds are susceptible to potential herbal predators and to environmental influences. Several factors induce different biotic and abiotic stresses (drought, cold, salinity, heat) that lead to fluctuations in the biogenesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites by which plants react to overcome the threatening stress conditions. This contribution aims to give an overview of the various medicinal plant defense mechanisms against imminent threats and their impact on secondary metabolites profiles in the most effective medicinal plant species such as the levels of vincristine in Catharanthus roseus which is affected by salinity and drought stress, sage (Salvia officinalis) that showed fluctuations in terpenes level under drought stress and mineral contents in the soil and Papaver somniferum that exhibited a decrease in alkaloids content under cold stress. From a wider perspective, the aim of this study is to present novel tools and strategies used for the preservation of some plant species from extinction by minimizing as much as possible the risk of exogenous influences on phytochemicals levels and on plant bio genome and manipulating the stress factors to ensure plants quality and safety. It also aims to raise awareness about the consumption of herbal medicines without respecting the herbal monographs information about the safe dose, the interactions with drugs, and the side effects, in addition to the necessity of performing toxicity studies by pharmaceutical industries, especially on herbal medicines raised under various stress factors because of the risk of SMs (secondary metabolites) accumulation in these plants at a critical level that may be toxic to consumers.

Evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons content of herbal medicine products in Korea by HPLC-FLD.

The objective of this study was to quantify four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH4) in herbal medicine products in Korea. The PAH4 (benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, chrysene, and benzo[a]pyrene) were analyzed in 70 popularly used herbal medicine products without containing essential oil and containing essential oil matrices, using 3-methylcholanthrene as the internal standard. Ultrasonication and liquid-liquid extraction were followed by HPLC-FLD analysis. Satisfactory linearity (R 2 = 0.99), limit of detection (0.05-0.18μg/kg), limit of quantification (0.14-0.54μg/kg), recovery (85.72-112.18%), and precision (0.22-2.90%) of PAH4 were acquired. PAH contamination was detected in all herbal medicine products without containing essential oil and containing essential oil matrices types. In 44 samples of herbal medicine products, all PAH4 were detected, and in two samples of the other herbal medicine products, only benzo[b]fluoranthene was detected. The average concentration of PAH4 was 3.88μg/kg. The validated analytical method was used for preventing human health risks related to the consumption of herbal medicines.

Review Article A Comprehensive Review: Development on Phyto-pharmacological Studies of Pedalium murex Linn

In the present review, the research progress of the plant Pedalium murex Linn. has been rationalized in the diverse aspects of studies like its cytomorphology, traditional uses, pharmacognostic studies, and phytochemical studies, biological studies, etc. In the modern era, the consumption of herbal medicines has amplified greatly due to their effective results. Therefore, it is essential to develop herbal medicine like more effective drugs with fewer side effects and determine their efficacy. Pedalium murex is one of the traditional medicinal plants that belong to the family, Pedaliaceae, a magical source of many bioactive compounds like terpenoids, lipids, phenolic acids, steroids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, vitamins, carbohydrates, reducing sugars, proteins, etc. with a variety of biological activities viz. antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, anti-nephrolithiasis, aphrodisiac, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antimicrobial antiproliferative, insecticidal, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, etc. It is widely distributed in tropical Africa, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, and Mexico. In this review, all the scientific findings of Pedalium murex are explored from Google Scholar, Google web, Science Direct, Pubmed, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Abstracts (MAPA), etc. This review will be very fruitful for those scientists who are doing or planning to do research work on this plant.