Heat Consumption Research Articles

Improving the thermal performance of PVC windows with pultruded thermoplastic reinforcement

Today, composite profiles of constant cross section are widely used in advanced engineering structures. The use of composite profiles in window and door structures can reduce thermal bridging and reduce energy consumption for heating and cooling. This article focuses on the production of new, thermoplastic-based structural pultruded profiles and their application in a PVC (polyvinylchloride) window structure as a reinforcement. The heat transfer model was developed to determine die temperature and pulling speed for pultrusion of the 30 × 20 × 3.5 mm tube and a 31.5 × 25.0 × 3.5 mm channel from tapes. The microscopy results demonstrated full consolidation of all tapes in the material, thus confirming proper selection of pultrusion parameters. The mechanical tests results of the welded angle joint show that the window structure with composite reinforcement can be twice as strong as the steel reinforced one. This was achieved by welding the composite reinforcement simultaneously with welding of the PVC frame on a butt welding machine. The results of the hot box test show that the U-value of the window sash and frame with the composite reinforcement is 12% lower than that of a window with a steel reinforcement. The U-value of the window with composite reinforcement is 1.47 W/(m2·K), and that of the steel reinforced window is 1.55 W/(m2·K). Thus, the windows with composite reinforcement have low thermal transmittance complying with building regulations in various countries, and their use is permitted in northern climatic zones.

Radiative Warming Glass for High-Latitude Cold Regions.

Traditional window glazing, with inherently adverse energy-efficient optical properties, leads to colossal energy losses. Energy-saving glass requires a customized optical design for different climate zones. Compared with the widely researched radiative cooling technology which is preferable to be used in low-altitude hot regions; conversely in high-latitude cold regions, high solar transmittance (Tsol) and low mid-infrared thermal emissivity (εMIR) are the key characteristics of high-performance radiative warming window glass, while the current low-emissivity (low-e) glass is far from ideal. To address this issue, Drude's theory is used to numerically design a near-ideal film with specified electron density (ne) and electron mobility (µe). The fabricated hydrogen-doped indium oxide (IHO) could achieve high Tsol (0.836) and low εMIR (0.117). Energy-saving simulations further reveal a substantial decrease in annual heating energy consumption up to 6.6% across high-latitude regions (climate zones 6 to 8), translating to a corresponding reduction in CO2 emissions (20.0kg m-2), outperforming 1165 high performance commercial low-e glass. This radiative warming glass holds the promise of making a significant contribution to sustainable building energy savings specifically for high-latitude cold regions, advancing the goal of carbon neutrality.

Comparison of Heat Transfer from Flue Gas Waste Heat in a Charcoal Kiln Using Heat Transfer Oil in a Helical Tube Heat Exchanger

This paper presents an approach that utilizes waste heat from the exhaust of Biomass Cookstoves (BCS), which is dominantly used for food grilling in tropical Asian countries, Thailand's fish grilling stoves were used as a case study. The study involves designing and comparing computationally the exergy quantities from four types of spiral heat exchangers— (H01, H02, H03, and H04) - using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) within a flow rate range of 0.5-2.5 l/min with heat transfer oil as the working fluid. Subsequently, the economic feasibility was analyzed using the Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) methods, and the carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere were evaluated across four helical coil configurations, C01, C02, C03, and C04. The results from the CFD analysis under specified conditions demonstrate that the helical heat exchanger can reclaim up to 2900W of exergy from BCS exhaust, which is transferred to water used by coffee machines for commercial use. This system can reduce electricity consumption for water heating by 38.48%, equating to a cost savings of 22,311.81 THB (621.50 USD) per year, with a maximum NPV of 20,195.49 THB (562.55 USD). The investment in upgrading BCS can be recouped within 4.6 years. On the environmental conservation front, using waste heat from BCS exhaust can also reduce carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere by up to 3,606.04 kg CO2e per year per stove. The findings from this analysis can help restaurant operators make informed decisions on investing in BCS improvements and aligning business operations with environmental conservation efforts.

Developing a Passive Energy Consumption Reduction Solution

This study focuses on optimizing the energy efficiency of polyethylene tunnel greenhouses in Mediterranean climates using Design Builder and EnergyPlus software. The research examines the impact of different greenhouse orientations and opening configurations on energy consumption for heating and cooling. The east-west (90°) orientation was found to be the most effective in reducing cooling needs during summer while slightly increasing winter heating requirements. Various opening configurations were tested, including 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%, with openings positioned at the bottom on one side and the top on the opposite side. The 20% opening configuration was identified as optimal for annual energy management. However, a monthly adaptive planning strategy was developed to further enhance energy efficiency. This planning involves keeping the greenhouse closed during winter, using 100% openings in summer, and 20% openings during transitional months. The proposed monthly planning resulted in a significant reduction in energy consumption, decreasing daytime usage by 27.3%, night time usage by 29%, and overall annual energy consumption by 27.6%. This research demonstrates that strategic orientation and adaptive opening management can substantially improve the energy efficiency of greenhouses in Mediterranean climates.

Root-zone Heating in Winter Using N.RECS is Effective for Promoting Growth and Flowering of Pot Flowers and Reducing Energy Consumption for Heating

Root-zone Heating in Winter Using N.RECS is Effective for Promoting Growth and Flowering of Pot Flowers and Reducing Energy Consumption for Heating

Cement-MgO synergetic stabilized earth-straw mix: From material performance to building simulation

The production of traditional building materials like cement, lime, and common fired bricks consumes considerable energy and resources and causes atmospheric pollution. Thus, it’s essential to develop more eco-friendly materials for new construction. This research focuses on an earth-straw mixture stabilized hybridly with cement and active MgO. Three aspects scaled from material mix design and mechanical performance to building energy-saving simulation were examined. Three types of earth were considered, and the effects of MgO on M−ME were studied through compression strength, thermal conductivity and TGA tests. The best compressive strength achieved was 12.5 MPa (about 167 % of the standard for non-burned bricks and 125 % of the standard for minimum fired bricks), and the best thermal conductivity was 0.371 / (m·K) (only 44.2 % of that of common fired bricks). Using Design Builder software, energy load differences between M−ME and fired clay brick walls were simulated under given conditions, and the indoor thermal environment was analyzed. Based on the amount of wall earthwork used in the project, the M−ME wall (YC3) can theoretically capture approximately 12.80 kg/m3 of carbon from the air under natural curing conditions, mean while reducing heating energy consumption by 9.49 %. Overall, the utilization of soil and the presence of plant straw give M−ME advantages in carbon footprint and thermal performance over sintered and concrete bricks. As a new energy-saving material, M−ME significantly contributes to carbon reduction in production and operation phases, possessing great potential in decarbonizing the emission of the building sector.

PARAMETERS OF HOT WATER SUPPLY HEAT EXCHANGERS FOR HEAT STATIONS OF INSULATED BUILDINGS AT ONE-STAGE CONNECTION SCHEME

The peculiarities of functioning of centralized heat supply systems of residential microdistricts at carrying out works on ‘insulation’ of buildings in operation, namely, parameters of operation of hot water supply heating units are considered. The influence of the heating load reduction due to the works on increasing the heat transfer resistance of the building structures on the flow rate of network water and heat exchange area of hot water supply heaters has been analyzed. Estimates are made for conditions of use of one-stage parallel scheme connection for heat exchangers to heat distribution networks. The known relations for such most widespread in heat supply systems heat exchangers as plate apparatuses are used at calculations of a heat transfer surface. The range of change of the heat transfer surface of hot water heaters and the flow rate of network water depending on the ratio of the maximum heat loads of hot water supply and heating and the degree of insulation efficiency of the building is determined. Formulas for determining the parameters of hot water supply heat exchangers are proposed. The formulas are valid in the range of reduction of heat consumption for heating of the building from 0 to 35 %. Assessment of the heating load reduction is performed on condition that the thermal modernization of a building constructed in accordance with the building requirements in force several decades ago provides modern requirements for the thermal resistance of building structures. The temperature of water in the heating system of the insulated building is determined depending on the building insulation efficiency, provided that the water flow rate through the heating system of the building before and after its insulation is unchanged. The range of variation of the ratio of hot water supply and heating heat loads accepted for consideration is 0,6–1,2. The obtained results can be used at comparison of connection schemes of heat exchangers for hot water heating for installation on individual heat points of insulated buildings.

Effects of Retrofit Strategies on Thermal Comfort and Energy Performance in Social Housing for Current and Future Weather Scenarios

With growing concerns over energy and heat-related mortality/morbidity rates, enhancing building performances is key to improving the health and well-being of building occupants while reducing CO2 emissions, in line with the UK Government’s Net-Zero targets. This study investigates the impacts of different retrofitting scenarios on overheating risk and energy performance in social housing for current and future climate conditions. Dynamic thermal simulations were carried out using Design Summer Year (DSY) weather files in DesignBuilder software for selected case study buildings. Winter performance was analysed using the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) index, while summer results were assessed according to the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers Technical Memorandum 59 (CIBSE TM59) guidelines. The findings revealed that bedrooms, especially those facing south, were at high risk of overheating. Factors such as building construction, the number of exposed surfaces, and window area influenced the risks. External wall insulation outperformed internal wall insulation in improving summer comfort. In the winter, Passivhaus standards with natural ventilation ensured thermal comfort across all zones, with a 41–53% reduction in heating energy consumption under current weather conditions. The risk of overheating and associated health issues significantly increased for the future weather scenarios. Further investigation into ventilation strategies, occupant behaviour, and passive design is required to mitigate overheating risks while reducing energy consumption in buildings.

A Literature Survey on Advanced Insulation Material In Buildings

Insulating materials have an important role in maintaining the thermal efficiency of buildings by limiting heat transfer and energy consumption. This research explores the latest innovations in building insulation materials that can improve energy efficiency and sustainability. The aim of this research is to analyze the latest developments in building insulation materials, as well as explore the potential use of eco-friendly materials that have minimal environmental impact. The research method involved a comprehensive literature review of academic articles, research papers, and other relevant sources to gather information regarding innovative insulation materials being developed. The results show that insulating materials such as aerogels, vacuum panels, and phase change materials have high thermal performance and good durability. In addition, the use of sustainable materials such as recycled paper and natural fibers is gaining popularity among architects and developers. The application of advanced and environmentally friendly insulation materials is essential to improve the energy efficiency of buildings and reduce environmental impact. By utilizing innovative technologies and materials, we can create a more sustainable living environment for future generations.

A simulation study on the process design and optimization pressure swing separation of azeotropic mixture methanol and toluene

Pressure Swing Distillation (PSD) is the only advanced technology that does not require the addition of third components to the system to enhance the separation of azeotropic mixtures. It outperforms homogeneous distillation for separating pressure-sensitive azeotropic mixtures. In this study, we aimed to separate methanol and toluene using the Non-Random Two-Liquid (NRTL) and Aspen Plus thermodynamic calculation models to simulate a binary homogeneous azeotropic system. The standard PSD process was employed to separate methanol and toluene. Furthermore, multiple optimization sequences were utilized to sequentially optimize the process for obtaining higher purities of methanol and toluene while reducing the Total Annual Cost (TAC) and heat energy consumption. The effects of the optimization sequence on the TAC were investigated. The best optimization sequences for graphing in Origin or Aspen Plus were found to be RR1, NR, NF1, NF2, NT1, and NT2. Additionally, the Double-Effect Distillation (DED) optimization sequence is similar, with TAC as the primary function in the simulation and methanol and toluene purities up to 99.99%. In the DED simulation, the feed position and tray number were found to be sensitive to TAC by the order NR > NF1 > NF2 and NT1 > NT2. This study simulated PSD using the NRTL thermodynamic calculation model in Aspen Plus and generated visualizations using Origin software.

Modeling of Anthropogenic Heat Fluxes during the Heating Period in Major Russian Cities

Estimates of the anthropogenic heat flux (AHF) generated by megacities of the Russian Federation during the heating period are obtained. To calculate the AHF value, two-dimensional models were created taking into account the height, number of floors and the type of buildings for sixteen cities with a population of at least one million people. The source data is obtained from the OpenStreetMap open web mapping platform and the Yandex Maps website. Two algorithms for calculating AHF using building codes, thermophysical properties of enclosing structures and the difference between internal and external air temperatures are considered. The first algorithm uses the basic value of the required heat transfer resistance of the enclosing structure, the second – the calculated value of the specific characteristic of the consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of the building. The AHF is assessed from the territory of the city within the administrative boundaries and from the urbanized territory, which is defined by multi-store buildings. Maps of the spatial distribution of AHF density are provided for the four largest megacities: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk and Yekaterinburg.

Toward a Greener Building Envelope: Analyzing Sustainable Cladding Materials through BIM for Energy Efficiency

The proper building materials used in the building envelope provide better thermal and energy efficiency of the building by allowing for better thermal regulation between the inside and exterior. The scope of this research involves the optimization of the building envelope’s features to enhance the thermal ambiance and lower the energy requirements of residential structures in a specific environment. Critical design choices include the facade cladding system and building insulation materials. In order to select the most effective facade cladding system among widely used materials in the Black Sea climate conditions, this study attempts to develop sustainable design options by building information modeling of a sample site security cabin modeled with the BIM-based Autodesk Revit software, followed by a building energy model. Finally, building energy simulation was carried out with Green Building Studio, which can be integrated with the Autodesk Revit program. The heating, cooling, and total energy consumption of the sample site security cabin project were determined by the analysis. Seventy-two alternative designs resulting from eight different coating materials, three commercial insulation materials, and three different structural materials were evaluated. In terms of energy efficiency, EPS and siding were obtained as the most effective insulation materials and coating materials for Trabzon province. This way, it has been aimed to provide the designers with the information through the sample project for the buildings to be designed in the determined climatic conditions.

Segregation of Hourly Electricity Consumption: Quantification of Demand Types Using Fourier Transform

Although aggregate electricity consumption provides valuable information for market analysis, it does not provide demand composition, including industrial, residential, illumination, and other uses. The information for subconsumptions is required for the reliable and cost-effective operation of the power system. As a first step towards the segregation of hourly total electricity consumption into its components, we use spectral analysis (Fast Fourier Transform) to determine relative strengths of the harmonics of annual, weekly and daily variations, to quantify the share of electricity consumption for heating, cooling, illumination and industrial activities. The method is applied to the data of France, Sweden, Finland, Norway, Turkiye, Italy, Spain, Greece, Germany, Great Britain, Poland and the Netherlands. Quantitative results obtained via spectral analysis are supplemented by qualitative features observed via time-domain analysis. The consumption ratios for each demand type are calculated using daily, weekly and annual harmonics and the results are presented.

Investigation of Vapor Pressure and Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis of Phosphoric Acid Extract Evaporation after Desulfation with SrCO₃

Ammophos-Maxam JSC is renowned for the production highly concentrated phosphorus fertilizers such as ammophos, ammonium sulfate phosphate, and suprephos, using thermally concentrated phosphorites sourced from the Central Kyzylkums. The production process heavily relies on wet-process phosphoric acid (WPA), which typically contains 16–18 % phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5). However, converting low P2O5 WPA into these high-phosphorus fertilizers during the stages of evaporation, drying, and granulation stages significantly increases the heat and energy consumption per unit of the final product. To address these challenges, extensive initiatives are currently underway in the republic. These efforts are aimed at improving the production of various phosphorus fertilizers, including ammophos, suprephos-NS, ammonium sulfate phosphate, PS-Agro, enriched superphosphate, and feed ammonium phosphates. These products are derived from the processing of washed burnt phosphoconcentrate (WBP-26) obtained from Kyzylkum phosphorites. This paper describes the results of recent studies on the evaporation process of WPA at Ammophos-Maxam JSC. The research focuses on examining the boiling point of WPA solutions, vapor pressure, and the composition of the resulting precipitates. Additionally, infrared (IR) spectroscopy was conducted to provide deeper insights into the material properties. These investigations are crucial for optimizing production processes and reduce energy costs.

Life cycle assessment of the tiny house initiative in the United Arab Emirates

IntroductionThere has been a significant increase in global energy usage due to urbanization and population growth. The built environment is responsible for over one third of global energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, and over a quarter of greenhouse gas emissions. The United Arab Emirates building, and construction sector consumes 70% of the entire country’s electricity demand and uses large amounts of raw materials, accelerating resource scarcity. The tiny house offers several environmental and sustainability benefits that have contributed to its growing popularity.MethodsIn this study, the environmental impacts of a tiny house, built on the American University of Sharjah campus will be evaluated using life cycle impact assessment. A cradle-to-grave evaluation was conducted for the life cycle assessment of the tiny house, with a functional unit of 1 m2, using the ReCiPe 2016 V1.03 midpoint method.ResultsThe environmental impact associated with the production and operational phases was most severe, aligning with similar studies on residential buildings. In the material production phase, concrete and steel had the most significant environmental impacts, particularly in the climate change category. These results highlight the importance of focusing on sustainable innovations in material production and recycling to mitigate environmental impacts. The operational phase contributed to approximately 77% of the total carbon dioxide emissions over the 50-year lifespan of the tiny house, primarily due to energy consumption for heating and cooling.DiscussionWhile the findings align with previous studies on residential buildings, it is important to consider the context of a tiny house; its small size results in a significantly lower overall environmental impact compared to larger homes.

APPLICATION OF HEAT ENERGY ACCOUNTING DEVICES: PRIMARY ANALYSIS OF DATA

This article presents the primary analysis of data from the distribution accounting system of an apartment building, displays of individual groups of distributors, made a comparison between groups of consumers to identify factors affecting the accuracy of distribution, and formulated the main theses of further research. As part of the analysis, data from the distribution devices of the thermal energy distribution accounting system for heating an apartment building in Bila Tserkva were used. The distributed consumption of apartments and the indirect effect of the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation on the behavior of heating consumers regarding the individual regulation of heat energy consumption for heating were analyzed. The possible influence of the location of the premises in relation to the number of floors on the level of heating consumption was also analyzed. For the analysis, the collected readings from the distributors were used in the primary form, and interpreted in the distributed form as the distributed energy consumption for space heating, as well as the specific distributed consumption for comparison between apartments without the influence of the difference in area. The grouping of premises was carried out by apartment, by floor, by apartment risers, and the general household energy consumption for heating. During the analysis of the process of interpretation of the displays, it was found that the consumption of apartments with individual heating systems was not taken into account, as a result of which it is impossible to sufficiently draw conclusions about the behavior of consumers regarding heating regulation. Further research is needed to clarify the values ​​of the correction coefficients when interpreting the readings, in general, to identify the feasibility of using some correction coefficients, to develop changes to the method of distribution accounting of heat energy for heating, to study the behavior of consumers at a given level of individual control of energy consumption.

Multi-objective optimization of building envelope of rural housing in the severely cold region of China based on energy consumption, thermal comfort and cost-effectiveness

The performance of rural residential buildings has a great energy-saving potential due to the great spontaneity and ignorance of the rural residential construction. To solve this problem, this paper provides a multi-objective optimization model based on Chebyshev inequality. The model takes energy consumption, indoor thermal comfort, project cost as optimization objectives and considers operating conditions in winter and summer. This study taking a rural residential house as an example and analysed the influence of its envelope parameters on building performance using EnergyPlus. The parameters of the building envelope were optimized, which verified the superiority of the method. Optimization results showed that the heating energy consumption was reduced by 29%, and the air conditioning energy consumption was reduced by 6%. This study analysed the relationship between the building energy consumption, indoor thermal comfort and the cost by multi-objective optimization method, to provide a new research idea for rural residential research. Optimal design solutions were generated under various weighting coefficients. The model aimed to meet the climatic and economic conditions of northern China and similar regions. Therefore, based on these optimization results, decision-makers can choose optimal design and construction solutions according to their own will.

ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL TEMPERATURE ON THE SPECIFIC GAS CONSUMPTION OF HEAT SOURCES

The article examines the impact of outdoor temperature on the specific consumption of gas from heat sources, taking into account tariffs for district heating in the regions of Ukraine. The study is aimed at identifying patterns between external climatic conditions and gas consumption for heating, which allows optimizing energy consumption and increasing the efficiency of energy use. Data on district heating tariffs, population and area of Ukrainian regions were analyzed. The cluster analysis and hierarchical classification of regions were performed, which allowed us to identify groups with similar characteristics of gas consumption and heating tariffs. The ratio of population to area of regions and its impact on gas consumption and tariff policy is investigated.

Energy Planning and Optimization Model for Campus Buildings: A Case Study of Erciyes University

This study addresses energy consumption and climate change challenges in university campus buildings, focusing on Erciyes University. The research develops a multi-objective optimization model using GAMS software and NEOS Server to enhance campus energy efficiency. The model evaluates various energy-saving measures and their investment costs. Findings indicate that building envelope insulation can reduce heating energy consumption by 35%, while efficient hot water systems and energy-saving technologies can achieve savings up to 75.5%. Model calculations using SCIP and LINDO solvers demonstrate high accuracy, with results differing by only 0.2%. This research provides valuable guidance for university decision-makers in implementing targeted interventions for significant primary energy savings.

EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUSTAINABLE MATERIAL AND BUILDING DESIGN IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION WITH ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING

Products used in the building industry can be manufactured on-site using additive manufacturing techniques. Building production potential is high with additive manufacturing techniques. This potential accelerated building construction works in this regard. Building construction using additive manufacturing techniques draws attention because it requires less skilled labor, can be built in a shorter time, reduces costs, and contributes to sustainability. This technique enables the on-site production of buildings and the construction of complex building designs. In this study, the relationship between the use of sustainable materials in building production and building design was examined. The effect of using geopolymer, a sustainable material, on building energy performance in square and free-form buildings was investigated. Additionally, the buildings in these forms were modelled with single-layer and double-layer walls, and the impact of layers on energy consumption was examined. On the other side, the effects of building forms in different directions were also examined. As a result of the study, it was determined that the building form was effective in the energy consumption of the building. It was also found that in the free-form building, the exterior wall orientation affected the building energy consumption. When the exterior walls of buildings of the same form and orientation were made double-layer instead of single-layer, a 60% decrease in heating energy consumption and a 12% decrease in cooling energy consumption was observed. The study is important in terms of the relationship between free building form and energy consumption.