Consumption Of Freshwater Resources Research Articles

Optimization of the Coupling between Water and Energy Consumption in a Smart Integrated Photovoltaic Pumping Station System

Agricultural irrigation requires significant consumption of freshwater resources and energy. The integration of photovoltaic power generation into irrigation systems has been extensively investigated in order to save the cost of energy. However, current research often neglects the coupling relationship between photovoltaic power generation and irrigation schemes. This study presented a novel smart integrated photovoltaic pump station system to effectively address the issue associated with water and energy consumption in irrigation. An optimization model was proposed to synchronize the energy consumption of irrigation pump stations with photovoltaic power generation, accurately meeting the irrigation water demand while maximizing solar energy utilization. The optimization model incorporates power balance, grid-connected power, and total water demand as constraints while considering pump speed as the decision variable and aiming to minimize daily operational costs. Finally, a high-standard farmland was used as a case study to validate the efficacy of the optimization strategy through two photovoltaic grid-connected policies—one allowing for the sale of surplus power and the other prohibiting it. An improved dynamic programming method was employed to solve for optimal energy consumption schemes under different water demand conditions; the results were compared against traditional methods, revealing potential cost savings ranging from 6.2% to 30.5%. The optimization model and method propose a new operational concept for the irrigation system with photovoltaic generation, effectively utilizing the distinctive features of both irrigation and photovoltaics to optimize water and energy resources.

Performance evaluation of a wet air oxidation reactor with external circulation for high-chemical oxygen demand wastewater treatment

The presence of high-concentration organic contaminants in wastewater poses considerable risks to the health of both humans and ecosystems. Wet air oxidation (WAO) is an attractive treatment option, but current dilution and retreatment processes do not align with economic and environmental principles. Here we report an external circulation wet oxidation treatment process that utilizes oxidizing liquids to reduce feed concentration. By coupling energy consumption model with computational fluid dynamics model, we explore the optimal parameters for an industrial external circulation reactor. A 90 kt/a external circulation wastewater treatment system has been established, achieving a 21.6% increase in chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency and a 34.8% reduction in energy consumption. These findings provide a promising pathway for the efficient, low-energy treatment of high-concentration organic wastewater while minimizing freshwater resource consumption.

Water footprint assessment of wool products with a low-water footprint baseline

The wool industry contributes significantly to water consumption and discharge pollutants through the long and complex production chain of wool products. To date, limited research has been conducted to account for and assess the water footprint of wool products, with majority of studies focusing on single or multiple products and enterprises. This study aims to address this knowledge gap by establishing a low-water footprint baseline to assess wool products. Based on the ISO 14046: 2014 standard, this paper proposes the concept of low-water footprint wool products and the grading assessment method, and combines the requirements of “Norm of Water Intake” and “Water Pollutant Discharge Standard” to select wool fabrics for the quantitative and evaluation of low-water footprint wool products. Results show that the scouring and dyeing stages are the two stages with the largest water scarcity footprint (WSF) and water eutrophication footprint (WFeu). The WSF is mainly generated by the consumption of freshwater resources, while the main source of WFeu is the discharge of wastewater pollutants, with total nitrogen contributing the most, followed by ammonia nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand. The low-water footprint scores vary greatly from company to company due to different conditions such as production equipment and processing processes. Establishing the low-water footprint baseline for wool products can better leverage the quantification and evaluation tools to certify wool products with a low-water footprint.

Salt resistance study and molecular dynamics simulation of hydrophobic-association polymer with internal salt structure

The salt resistance of hydrophobically relating polymer fracturing fluid is one of the main indicators to meet the fracturing operation. Thus, a chain transfer agent was created in this study. Hydrophobically related polymer PDMA2 was synthesized in an aqueous solution through the RAFT approach. The salt resistance mechanism of the polymer was elucidated using molecular simulation software. The experimental results demonstrated that the salt resistance of the polymer can be enhanced by introducing long hydrophobic chain monomers via RAFT polymerization. Inorganic salt ions can improve the polymer skeleton and facilitate polymer chain bonding. The rotation radius of the hydrophobic polymer PDMA2 lowers as the salt concentration rises, allowing polymer molecule interaction. Combined with spatial conformation and fluorescence spectrum analysis, PDMA2 containing hydrophobic monomer was discovered to improve the association effect of polymer and produce more hydrophobic microregions. The radial distribution function results show that increasing the salt content compresses the polymer's main chain. On the polymer backbone, the radial distribution function between N-N atoms grows. This study demonstrates that the hydrophobic-association polymer can meet the service conditions of oilfield mineralized strata and lower the consumption of freshwater resources.

Identification of Major Inefficient Water Consumption Areas Considering Water Consumption, Efficiencies, and Footprints in Australia

Due to population growth, climatic change, and growing water usage, water scarcity is expected to be a more prevalent issue at the global level. The situation in Australia is even more serious because it is the driest continent and is characterized by larger water footprints in the domestic, agriculture and industrial sectors. Because the largest consumption of freshwater resources is in the agricultural sector (59%), this research undertakes a detailed investigation of the water footprints of agricultural practices in Australia. The analysis of the four highest water footprint crops in Australia revealed that the suitability of various crops is connected to the region and the irrigation efficiencies. A desirable crop in one region may be unsuitable in another. The investigation is further extended to analyze the overall virtual water trade of Australia. Australia’s annual virtual water trade balance is adversely biased towards exporting a substantial quantity of water, amounting to 35 km3, per trade data of 2014. It is evident that there is significant potential to reduce water consumption and footprints, and increase the water usage efficiencies, in all sectors. Based on the investigations conducted, it is recommended that the water footprints at each state level be considered at the strategic level. Further detailed analyses are required to reduce the export of a substantial quantity of virtual water considering local demands, export requirements, and production capabilities of regions.

Environment and human subsistence in Northern France at the Late Glacial to early Holocene transition

The Late Glacial and early Holocene (ca. 15,000–6,000 cal BP) witnessed major changes in the environmental conditions which led to the establishment of temperate vegetation and animal species, thereby offering new subsistence opportunities to the population of hunter-gatherers. Measurements of the relative abundances in 13C and 15N were applied to large herbivores from northern France to document the change in their habitat. During the early Holocene, red deer show a decrease in δ13C values most likely reflecting the effect of a dense canopy and an increase in δ15N values probably linked to the increased soil activity of soils in foraged territories. Aurochs and roe deer δ13C values also revealed a more densely forested habitat at the end of the Preboreal, while the δ13C values of the wild boar indicate dependence on fruits and underground tubers that were not affected by the canopy effect. Three human individuals from Val-de-Reuil and La Chaussée-Tirancourt dated to the Preboreal period provided relatively high δ15N values when compared with the local fauna and other early Mesolithic humans, which might have resulted from the consumption of freshwater resources especially at Val-de-Reuil. The δ34S values appear to depend more on the geographical location of the individual, as demonstrated by the difference among wild boar δ34S values between sites, rather than related to the protein source of the diet, namely, terrestrial versus aquatic. Our results confirm the influence of the forest ecosystem on the environment and diet of the considered early Mesolithic human of northern France, while the possible contribution of the aquatic ecosystem still needs to be documented.

Post-glacial hunter-gatherer subsistence patterns in Britain: dietary reconstruction using FRUITS

The diets of 85 individuals from 21 sites were modelled using FRUITS based on their bulk bone collagen C and N isotope ratio signatures. The sites, which occur in a range of environments, group into three distinct periods corresponding to the British ‘Late Upper Palaeolithic’, ‘Early Mesolithic’ and ‘Late Mesolithic’, respectively. The FRUITS models for three LUP sites dated to the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial suggest an emphasis on terrestrial (animal and plant) resources. The FRUITS predictions for the Early and Late Mesolithic suggest there was significant variability in diet between sites and occasionally between individuals from the same site. The Late Mesolithic coastal site of Cnoc Coig in western Scotland shows the expected emphasis on marine resources. In contrast, Early and Late Mesolithic coastal sites in South Wales show greater reliance on terrestrial food sources. In several cases, our model predictions differ from the interpretations of previous authors. A surprising outcome is the lack of evidence for the consumption of freshwater resources at sites near large rivers. We add the caveat that our model predictions are likely influenced by inadequate baseline δ13C and δ15N data for wild terrestrial plant and aquatic resources, in particular.

Maximum Removal Efficiency of Barium, Strontium, Radium, and Sulfate with Optimum AMD-Marcellus Flowback Mixing Ratios for Beneficial Use in the Northern Appalachian Basin.

Mixing of acid mine drainage (AMD) and hydraulic fracturing flowback fluids (HFFF) could represent an efficient management practice to simultaneously manage two complex energy wastewater streams while reducing freshwater resource consumption. AMD discharges offer generally high sulfate concentrations, especially from the bituminous coal region of Pennsylvania; unconventional Marcellus shale gas wells generally yield HFFF enriched in alkaline earth metals such as Sr and Ba, known to cause scaling issues in oil and gas (O&G) production. Mixing the two waters can precipitate HFFF-Ba and -Sr with AMD-SO4, therefore removing them from solution. Four AMD discharges and HFFF from two unconventional Marcellus shale gas wells were characterized and mixed in batch reactors for 14 days. Ba could be completely removed from solution within 1 day of mixing in the form BaxSr1-xSO4 and no further significant precipitation occurred after 2 days. Total removal efficiencies of Ba + Sr + SO4 and the proportion of Ba and Sr in BaxSr1-xSO4 depended upon the Ba/Sr ratio in the initial HFFF. A geochemical model was calibrated from batch reactor data and used to identify optimum AMD-HFFF mixing ratios that maximize total removal efficiencies (Ba + Sr + SO4) for reuse in O&G development. Increasing Ba/Sr ratios can enhance total removal efficiency but decrease the efficiency of Ra removal. Thus, treatment objectives and intended beneficial reuse need to be identified prior to optimizing the treatment of HFFF with AMD.

Analysis of dietary habits in a prehistoric coastal population from İkiztepe, North Turkey, using stable isotopes of Carbon, Nitrogen, and sulphur

This paper examines the dietary habits of a Late Chalcolithic-Early Bronze Age (ca. 3200–2800 BCE) population from İkiztepe. Intra-population issues of dietary habits such as possible social divisions (e.g. between sexes, ages, and socio-economic status) were addressed.The research utilises the results of stable isotope analyses of carbon (δ13C), nitrogen (δ15N) and sulphur (δ34S) from human and animal bone collagen in conjunction with published archaeological data. Analysis of sulphur was conducted to investigate possible marine and freshwater resource consumption. The sample population from İkiztepe consists of 38 adults: 19 males and 19 females. A total of 20 (12 males and 8 females) adult individuals were sampled for the δ34S analysis.For sulphur (δ34S) the range in the sampled adult population is from 6.8‰ to 11.5‰. The respective means for δ13C and δ15N are −20 ± 0.3‰ and 8.9 ± 0.5‰. There is a greater range in the values of δ13C (1.4‰ compared to 0.9‰) and δ15N (2.6‰ compared to 1.9‰) for females, and males predominantly have δ15N values above 9.3‰.The dietary habits of the population were terrestrial C3 based and lacked significant marine or freshwater input despite the proximity of the settlement to the Black Sea and estuary of the Kızılırmak River. Furthermore, males had a slightly greater protein input than females in their diet. Animal management strategies and the exploitation of secondary products are also suggested.

Water footprint analysis of wheat production

Water footprint (WF) is an indicator of the volume of freshwater resource consumption that incorporates direct and indirect water use. Global freshwater resources are prone to detriment due to water consumption in agriculture. Wheat production contributes considerably to the global water consumption burden. A life cycle assessment-based WF analysis of wheat production was conducted to quantify the water consumption during the entire life cycle of wheat systematically and scientifically. We quantified the temporal distribution of WF of wheat production in Shandong Province, China, from 2009 to 2015 and analyzed the spatial distribution of direct WF of wheat production in 2015. Soil testing and an on-site survey were conducted to examine fertilization overuse. Results showed that gray WF accounted for the largest proportion (nearly 46%), followed by green and blue WFs. Gray WF was mainly from aquatic eutrophication (over 96%), and its key substances were chemical oxygen demand and total phosphorus. Direct water consumption, direct emissions, fertilizer use, and diesel consumption exhibited high potential impacts. This study indicated that rational fertilization on the basis of the soil testing, improving the diesel consumption efficiency, and wheat straw returning to fields have great potential for intensifying water resource management.

The Blue, Green and Grey Water Consumption for Crop Production in Heilongjiang

Under the pressure of population growth and dietary structure change, Global consumption of freshwater resources has grown more than six fold in the past century, future demand for fresh water and food will increase significantly in the coming decades. It is necessary to research these to preserve food security in China. The water footprint theory provides methods and ideas to solve such problems. This paper takes Wheat, Maize, Rice, Alfalfa, Soybean, Sunflower, Alfalfa, Sugarbet, Tobacco, Vegetable, Sweet melon, Grass and Sorghum as the main research crops, measures water footprint of crops in cities and 10 climatological stations of Heilongjiang province by CROPWAT. The results showed that there are regional differences in water footprints quantity and types of the 13 crops, the areas with large amount of grey water footprint are mainly located in southwestern, southern and central Heilongjiang, which shows that these areas have a greater water demand for environmental restoration. The gray water footprint of maize is highest in 13 crops. And the total water footprint of grass is highest in 13 crops. Almost all crops have more green water footprint and fewer grey water footprint. By focusing on these issues, decoupling analysis of agricultural water use and crop production helps to build an “ecological, intelligent, low-carbon” agricultural production system.

The use of RP-HPLC\u2013Q-TOF\u2013MS as a powerful tool for wastewater composition profiling and selection of water pollution marker specific to wastewater contamination

Limited drinking water resources and water pollution are one of the main worldwide problems. To reduce the consumption of fresh water resources, the use of treated wastewater has been proposed. The farmlands have been irrigated with wastewater for centuries, but the composition of used sewage has changed over the years. Recent research has revealed the presence of hundreds of new organic contaminants in many environmental waters, including wastewaters and their receivers. For this reason, wastewater profiling and monitoring are of high importance and urgent need. In this study, the HPLC–Q-TOF–MS has been used for the profiling of wastewater composition and evaluation of the water pollution markers belonging to emerging contaminants. Three different solid-phase extraction approaches were applied to obtain the best results. Compounds such as acesulfame-K, caffeine, carbamazepine, cyclamate, ibuprofen, methyl paraben, paracetamol, or saccharin were detected in raw wastewater samples, whereas only acesulfame-K, carbamazepine, and sucralose were found in effluent samples. It seems that these particular compounds might be chosen as water pollution marker specific to Polish communal sewages.Graphical abstract

Isotopic analyses suggest mammoth and plant in the diet of the oldest anatomically modern humans from far southeast Europe

Relatively high 15N abundances in bone collagen of early anatomically modern humans in Europe have often been interpreted as a specific consumption of freshwater resources, even if mammoth is an alternative high 15N prey. At Buran-Kaya III, access to associated fauna in a secured archaeological context and application of recently developed isotopic analyses of individuals amino acids offer the opportunity to further examine this hypothesis. The site of Buran-Kaya III is located in south Crimea and has provided a rich archaeological sequence including two Upper Palaeolithic layers, from which human fossils were retrieved and directly dated as from 37.8 to 33.1 ka cal BP. Results from bulk collagen of three human remains suggests the consumption of a high 15N prey besides the contribution of saiga, red deer, horse and hare, whose butchered remains were present at the site. In contrast to bulk collagen, phenylalanine and glutamic acid 15N abundances reflect not only animal but also plant protein contributions to omnivorous diet, and allow disentangling aquatic from terrestrial resource consumption. The inferred human trophic position values point to terrestrial-based diet, meaning a significant contribution of mammoth meat, in addition to a clear intake of plant protein.

An overview of methods used for the detection of aquatic resource consumption by humans: Compound-specific delta N-15 analysis of amino acids in archaeological materials

The detection of aquatic resource consumption is important in paleodietary studies as it provides insights into the adaptive strategies of modern humans. Debate as to whether or not it is a recent innovation in hominid evolution also emphasizes its importance to the field. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of bulk collagen has been powerful tool for the investigation of ancient human diet, especially for the detection of marine food consumption. However, the nitrogen isotopic composition could significantly vary even within the same animal species depending on environmental conditions, making a dietary reconstruction based on human remains difficult without enough specimens of referential animal prey. Nitrogen isotope analysis of individual amino acids in bone collagen has recently been proposed as a potentially useful technique for the detection of not only marine resources in diets but also freshwater ones. In this paper, we further test its applicability to human populations in a variety of regions and chronological time periods in the world. We found that: (i) irrespective of climatic conditions, nitrogen isotopic compositions of glutamic acid and phenylalanine of terrestrial animals group similarly; (ii) these two amino acids are particularly useful to detect marine or freshwater resource consumption; (iii) a multinomial logistic regression based on some combinations of isotope indicators successfully distinguishes aquatic and terrestrial animals; (iv) detection of aquatic resource consumption by prehistoric humans could be possible based solely on the isotopic compositions of human remains, even in the absence of coeval potential prey. This approach is therefore promising for the paleodietary reconstruction of isolated human remains with few associated faunal remains from archaeological sites.

Environment and subsistence in north-western Europe during the Younger Dryas: An isotopic study of the human of Rhünda (Germany)

The human skull of Rhünda in Central Germany is one of the rare human remains belonging to the cold episode of the Younger Dryas or GS-1 based on direct radiocarbon dating (10,200±60 uncal BP GrA-15947). The return of periglacial conditions from northern France to northern Germany favoured the expansion of the reindeer herds, as testified by their numerous remains found at the Ahrensburgian sites. The isotopic composition of the collagen (δ13Ccoll and δ15Ncoll) of the Rhünda individual provides insight into the relative dietary contribution of terrestrial ungulates, such as reindeer, compared to the intake of aquatic resources. The systematic higher δ13Ccoll values found for reindeer compared to horse during the Younger Dryas in northern Germany, the Ardennes and south-western England result from a different diet specialization, i.e. the high consumption of lichen by reindeer. The isotopic pattern evidenced in the Pleniglacial reflects such a niche partitioning, while the isotopic pattern of the Late-Glacial Interstadial reveals overlapping ranges in 13C abundances in the different ungulates species, resulting most likely from a decrease in niche diversity. Despite their isotopic variability linked to trophic position and habitat, the freshwater fishes of the Belgian Ardennes show systematic higher δ15Ncoll values (6.6 to 11.7‰) than those of the terrestrial ungulates (<5‰) of the same region and surrounding areas. The high δ15Ncoll value of the Rhünda human (13‰) can thus be explained by an important consumption of freshwater resources, while the δ13Ccoll value (−20.5‰) is too low to consider a significant input of anadromous fishes and their marine-influenced isotopic signature. The application of a Bayesian model confirms this pattern with a minimum contribution of 40% of aquatic resources as protein source for the human diet. In contrast, the input of protein of terrestrial origin hardly exceeded 40% of horse and 20% of reindeer meat consumption. Although existing archaeological and isotopic evidence already suggests a significant use of aquatic resources during the Late-Glacial, the human of Rhünda illustrates an intensive exploitation of the freshwater ecosystem at a time and latitude where the access to palatable plants must have been challenging.

Compound-specific amino acid isotopic proxies for detecting freshwater resource consumption

Of central importance to palaeodietary reconstruction is a clear understanding of relative contributions of different terrestrial (i.e., C3 vs. C4 plants) and aquatic (i.e., freshwater vs. marine) resources to human diet. There are, however, significant limitations associated with the ability to reconstruct palaeodiet using bulk collagen stable isotope compositions in regions where diverse dietary resources are available. Recent research has determined that carbon-isotope analysis of individual amino acids has considerable potential to elucidate dietary protein source where bulk isotopic compositions cannot. Using δ13CAA values for human and faunal remains from Zvejnieki, Latvia (8th – 3rd millennia BCE), we test several isotopic proxies focused on distinguishing freshwater protein consumption from both plant-derived and marine protein consumption. We determined that the Δ13CGly-Phe and Δ13CVal-Phe proxies can effectively discriminate between terrestrial and aquatic resource consumption, and the relationship between essential δ13CAA values and the Δ13CGly-Phe and Δ13CVal-Phe proxies can differentiate among the four protein consumption groups tested here. Compound-specific amino acid carbon-isotope dietary proxies thus enable an enhanced understanding of diet and resource exploitation in the past, and can elucidate complex dietary behaviour.

Water footprint assessment considering climate change effects on future agricultural production in Mediterranean region

Climate change significantly affects every day’s human activities such as agriculture and tourism by altering the composition and parameters of global atmosphere over long period of time. In Greece, a substantial part of the national gross domestic product comes from agricultural production the efficiency (e.g. crop yield) of which mainly depends on adequacy and sufficiency of resources such as water and soil fertility. In this concept, the water footprint (WF) could be used as a monitoring indicator to evaluate applied agricultural schemes and potential adaptation measures in cultivated regions in Greece with respect to consumption of freshwater resources and deterioration of water receptors considering climate change scenarios. In the present paper, agricultural WF in two plains in Crete, Messara and Chania, are calculated in order to estimate the environmental impacts of the currently applied agricultural schemes on freshwater resources and soil productivity in the two plains. The analysis was based on a climate change scenario that has been developed up to 2100 to assess the effects of precipitation and temperature variability on crop yield and consumption of freshwater resources in the two plains. The results analysis showed that for all the crops in both Messara and Chania plains the two components of WF, blue and green have a substantial contribution to the overall WF of crops. However, the changes in mean annual temperature and precipitation as they are estimated in the examined climate change scenario may affect the evolution of blue and green WF till 2100 by alternating the source of consumed water between water reserves and rainfall. In both also Cretan plains is observed that an estimation of future water needs based on WF indicator could be obtained considering the particular climate scenario only for irrigated crops due to the similar trend that is followed by temperature and total WF. A similar estimation could not be made for rain-fed crops due to the high variability in future precipitation values (low R2). Finally, the impact of climate change with respect to WF estimation is considerably higher in water scarce areas like Messara plain. The crop yield sensitivity analysis for citrus demonstrated that there is no pattern by which it is possible to estimate their crop yield considering only mean monthly temperature and precipitation values. The crop yield is decisively influenced by the timing that the different rainfall and temperature events happened during the growing season. By concluding special concern should be paid on adaptation measures in local, regional, and national level in order to control the impact of climate change on crop yields.

Nitrogen isotopic composition of collagen amino acids as an indicator of aquatic resource consumption: insights from Mesolithic and Epipalaeolithic archaeological sites in France

Aquatic resource exploitations in human evolution have raised many questions related to cognitive abilities and subsistence developments. It has been pointed out that the evaluation of freshwater resource consumption based on conventional stable CN isotopic composition of bulk bone collagen faces some difficulties, primarily because isotopic distinction between terrestrial and freshwater animals can be ambiguous and, even worse, can show similar values. In this study we tested the potential of nitrogen isotope analysis of individual amino acids in this evaluation. Our preliminary results for archaeological human and faunal remains from Mesolithic and Epipalaeolithic sites in France (Noyen-sur-Seine and Pont d'Ambon) show that estimated trophic positions for terrestrial animals based on δ15N of glutamic acid and phenylalanine are more precise than the bulk collagen isotopic method, allowing human aquatic resource consumptions to be identified. However, since the ability to quantify is still limited, a combination of several approaches is recommended.

Isolation and Characterization of a Marine Microalga for Biofuel Production with Astaxanthin as a Co-Product

Microalgae have been considered as a promising biomass for biofuel production, but freshwater resource consumption during the scaled-up cultivation are still a challenge. Obtaining robust marine strains capable of producing triacylglycerols and high value-added metabolites are critical for overcoming the limitations of water resources and economical feasibility. In this study, a marine microalga with lipid and astaxanthin accumulation capability was isolated from Bohai Bay, China. The alga was named as Coelastrum sp. HA-1 based on its morphological and molecular identification. The major characteristics of HA-1 and the effects of nitrogen on its lipid and astaxanthin accumulations were investigated. Results indicated that the highest biomass, lipid and astaxanthin yields achieved were 50.9 g m−2 day−1, 18.0 g m−2 day−1 and 168.9 mg m−2 day−1, respectively, after cultivation for 24 days. The fatty acids of HA-1, identified in their majority as oleic acid (56.6%) and palmitic acid (25.9%), are desirable biofuel feedstocks. In addition, this alga can be harvested with simple sedimentation, achieving 98.2% removal efficiency after settling for 24 h. These results suggest that Coelastrum sp. HA-1 has several desirable key features that make it a potential candidate for biofuel production.

Water Resources Research in Henan Province Based on Ecological Footprint Model

Based on ecological footprint theory , analyzing the problems of the consumption of aquatic products, the consumption of freshwater resources , water pollution dilution water consumption and the local water resources and sewage recycling amount etc. and calculating 2005-2010 ecological footprint and ecological bearing capacity of water resources in Henan Province. The result shows that water ecological deficit of Henan Province is still higher , the utilization of water resources located in an unsustainable stage .