Final Consumption Goods Research Articles

Engel curves on outsourcing and foreign environmental taxes: A valued‐added approach

AbstractThis paper estimates Engel curves on the foreign content (outsourcing) and the foreign environmental taxes embedded in the consumption of final goods and services in the United States (U.S.). We estimate Engel curves using U.S. household income and consumption information from 1996 to 2011 and find that they are concave and shift down over time. Importantly, our results suggest a coherent picture where the foreign content and the foreign environmental taxes in U.S. household consumption bundles decreased on average over time primarily because of a composition effect where the significant income increase has led to a shift in consumption towards goods and services with lower foreign content and lower foreign environmental taxes. Both effects represent a movement along their respective Engel curves. Consequently, other effects besides income changes play a minor role in the evolution of consumer decisions and their relationship with foreign content and environmental taxes.

Supply Chain Interconnectedness in Times of Crises: A Gravity Model with DiD Analysis of COVID-19 Effects on Central and Eastern European Trade

This paper explores the impact of COVID-19-induced disruptions on supply chains, specifically focusing on the interconnectedness of supply chains and the transmission effects they cause. The gravity model framework, together with difference-in-differences analysis, is employed to analyze monthly trade patterns among Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, Western European countries, and other trading partner countries. The model presented accounts for the country’s roles in global value chains (GVCs) by incorporating data related to exports, imports of intermediate and capital goods, and imports of final consumption goods. CEE countries have demonstrated a certain resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, they were not immune to adverse consequences due to disrupted supply chains, primarily in the imports of intermediate and capital goods. We find that the countries that suffered from the COVID-19 pandemic the least demonstrated remarkable resilience against disrupted GVCs. The findings of our study enrich the literature on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, specifically for the CEE region, by providing a framework for understanding the pandemic’s impact on international trade. The results show that supply shock might be greater than demand shocks on production and trade dynamics. Furthermore, our results suggest that policymakers seek adaptability to changing supply and demand patterns, while enterprises should consider broader diversification both within the region and locally.

Survey Based Risk Assessment for Advancing the Safe Industrial Railway Transportation

The linkage between producers of raw materials and final consumption goods producers is an end-to-end procedure involving transport machines, equipment, and technological influence. After producing final consumption goods, they are not left idle in the company; instead, they are transported to various market utilization parts. To familiarize and evaluate risks involved in the transportation system between suppliers of raw materials to producers of goods than to final consumers of such goods, Railway transport seemed more secure and confidential. We hypothesized the value of management of possible collision risks. The outcomes herein validate this hypothesis bearing in mind possible shipping of hazardous or perishable goods for quite a more extended period. A closer consideration of the new Train Control System (TCS) in train controls can be a better idea for new market entrants.

Building a Macroeconomic Simulator with Multi-Layered Supplier–Customer Relationships

This study constructs an agent-based model suitable for analyzing the propagation of economic shocks based on a macroeconomic agent-based model structure that covers major economic entities. Instead of setting an upstream and downstream structure of firms in the inter-firm networks, our model includes a mechanism that connects each firm through supplier–customer relationships and incorporates interactions between firms mutually buying and selling intermediate input materials. It is confirmed through the proposed model’s simulation analysis that, although a firm’s sales volume temporarily falls due to an economic shock of the type that causes a sharp decline in households’ final demand, the increase in assets held by households as they refrain from spending rather expands their capacity for consumption. As a result, after the economic shock ceases to exist, the firm’s sales volume tends to be even greater than that of the preceding periods of the shock. Furthermore, we found that when the sales volume of products in a final consumer goods sector falls during the shock, the falls in sales in the non-final consumer goods sectors are suppressed due to replacement demand, and the increase in sales volume for the non-final consumer goods sectors is moderated after the shock ceases to exist.

Income Elasticity of Imports and External Constraint in Periods of Commodity Export Boom: Evidence for the Brazilian Economy

The work proposal includes verifying: i) whether the increase in the income elasticity of demand for imports (IEDI) in Brazil (between 1997q1 and 2018q4 ) can be explained by the increase in exports; ii) whether this could have occurred as a result of the increase in commodity exports; iii) the mechanisms by which the increase in IEDI occurred, whether through final consumption goods or through intermediate goods; iv) whether this should be considered in models that explain economic growth through the performance of the balance of payments (Thirlwall's Law). Then, to test this, we propose estimates a modified version of the multi-sectoral Thirlwall Law (MSTL). The vector autoregressive (VAR) methodology and the vector error correction model (VECM) were used in the estimations. The results showed that the growth of commodity exports has a significant impact on the increase in the IEDI in the analyzed period, which limits the possibilities for the Brazilian economy to reach a balanced growth trajectory with a higher growth rate in the long term.

International immigration and final consumption expenditure composition

Focusing on EU countries, we analyze the influence of immigration flows on the demand for different aggregate categories of final consumption goods. Using the cross-country heterogeneity in immigration flows and preference structures, we find that when people move from a country to another, the sectoral preferences characterizing the origin country affect the preference structure of the host country. Furthermore, we find evidence that the transmission mechanism is reinforced by both the intensity of the immigration flows and the share of immigrants already living in the host country, suggesting a higher propensity to assimilate different consumption standards in more pluralistic countries. Our contribution is twofold. First, differently from most of the literature that analyzes the supply-side consequences of immigration, this study focuses on the impact of immigration on the demand side at the aggregate level. Second, we show that sectoral consumer preferences, even if elicited only residually, represent aggregate variables that can be transferred across countries.

Sanctions Pressure on the Russian Economy: Ways to Overcome the Costs and Benefits of Confrontation within the Framework of Import Substitution

The sustainable development of the national economy, taking into account the creation of mechanisms for ensuring economic security, technological sovereignty and preventing threats to the localization of import supplies of final and intermediate consumption goods, is one of the priority directions of economic policy in the conditions of systemic restrictions formed under the pressure of sanctions. In this regard, the study of the key externalities generated within the framework of the sanctions confrontation is an extremely popular task, both for science and practice. In this paper, the authors pay attention to both the actualization of the problem posed and an overview of some of the costs and benefits that can be extracted in the new reality for the national economic system of the Russian Federation. The main purpose of the study is to systematize and analyze the key parameters of economic growth in the Russian Federation under the sanctions pressure of the 2022 model and substantiate the policy of intensification of import substitution as a key mechanism for ensuring sustainable development in the medium and long term in the new reality. The subject of the study is the restrictions imposed by a number of Western countries in relation to the Russian economy, the costs they generate and the opportunities for building a new model of economic growth. As the main results of the study, it is necessary to highlight the systematization of sanctions and restrictions imposed on Russia in 2022; identified trends in the formation of key macroeconomic parameters of the Russian economy, revealing the features of labor market development, GDP formation, investment and business activity, etc.; systematization of risks and prospects of economic growth, including the projection of theoretical models of economic dynamics (IS-LM, AD-AS) on the received estimates; identification of the dependence of the national economy of the Russian Federation on the import of technologies and intermediate/final consumption goods, followed by justification and development of a model to stimulate the policy of import substitution within the framework of the activation of NTR.

УПРАВЛЕНИЕ РАЗВИТИЕМ РЕГИОНА НА ОСНОВЕ СИСТЕМНОГО ПОДХОДА: ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ

The modern development of Russian regions is characterized by many systemic transformations. Unprecedented economic sanctions, restrictions on trade and financial transactions require not only the development of solutions that adapt to new conditions, but also strategic directions for the further economic development of both the regions and the country as a whole. For the theory and practice of regional management, the methodological consolidation of a systematic approach is becoming a priority, designed to integrate the plurality of possible scenarios for further regional development, adapted to emerging threats and taking into account limitations, risks and emerging opportunities. The processes of import substitution of technologies are complex, high-cost and backbone. Achieving priority strategic goals aimed at overcoming the problem of import substitution of technologies and products requires the concentration of capital, resources and an increase in innovation and investment activity. In this regard, an important task is to find and justify areas that ensure the processes of import substitution of technologies and foreign final and intermediate consumption goods used in production cycles. A systematic approach to the development of a regional development strategy makes it possible to take into account the potential and economic conditions of each individual region. The transition to a new technological paradigm is impossible without creating sustainable competitive advantages realized through our own competitive products and technologies. The policy of import substitution implemented by the regions is a consequence of the impact of both external political factors and reasonable strategic goals aimed at ensuring the competitiveness of the region. The creation of own innovative technologies, products, services contributes to the digitalization of the economy, the growth of production results and the improvement of the effectiveness of production processes, the efficiency of the economic activity of enterprises is growing, the welfare of the population is growing, and the sustainable development of the economy of the region and the state is achieved.

FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF UKRAINE: PRE-WAR TRENDS AND CURRENT CHANGES

Introduction. In a globalized world, foreign economic processes have a significant impact on the state of the national economy. The level of integration into global value chains changes the level of development of the business environment and the structure of the economy. The publication analyzes Ukraine's international trade activity in 2018-2021 and its current state. Ukrainian companies ensure integration into global value chains. However, the low degree of processing of export-oriented goods remains a significant problem. The study of current trends in Ukraine's foreign economic activity is relevant for overcoming current challenges and identifying key growth priorities. Purpose. The aim of the article is to study the volume and structure of export-import operations and foreign trade processes of the Ukrainian economy within the framework of global value chains (GVC). Research methods. The article uses the methods of analysis and synthesis, systematization and generalization, abstraction, data presentation, and formal logic. Results. The study confirms the positive dynamics of Ukraine's foreign trade in 2018-2021. Ukrainian companies export mainly low value-added goods and import high value-added goods. The development of Ukraine's economy requires successful integration into global supply chains. This is possible if we move from exporting raw materials to increasing the volume and depth of their processing in the national economy, and further exporting high value-added goods. The study showed that economic relations between Ukraine and its trading partners demonstrate a significant increase in foreign trade within global value chains. Ukrainian companies are involved in the development of global integration processes mainly in sectors that consume agricultural products, metallurgy, and IT-services. Agricultural and industrial products exported from Ukraine account for about 40% of total international sales. Against the backdrop of Russia's full-scale military invasion, a negative trend is the decline in Ukraine's foreign trade turnover by almost 30% (exports by 35% and imports by 25%). The largest decline in exports occurred in the metallurgical and chemical industries. The share of agricultural products in exports increased, while the share of fuel, equipment, and vehicles in imports increased. Conclusion. Foreign economic activity determines the business activity of business entities, their integration into the system of international economic relations, and creates essential preconditions for the transformation of the national economy, improving the living conditions and living standards of the population. Ukrainian exports are dominated by a high share of intermediate goods used as raw materials for the production of other final consumer goods. Therefore, it is advisable to stimulate deep processing of raw materials in the domestic market, the finished products of which can become competitive on the foreign market. With Ukraine's integration into global and regional business services in the context of global value chains, it is possible to ensure positive effects from foreign economic activity. The basis for successful integration into global value chains is to stimulate the development of international cooperation between enterprises on global business platforms, as well as local innovation ecosystems that will facilitate the creation of innovative industries, both through public and private investment. Keywords: global (regional) value chains, foreign economic activity, exports, imports, foreign trade balance, foreign trade, innovations.

The circular economy and the optimal recycling rate: A macroeconomic approach

This paper studies the economic implications of the circular economy and recycling activities from a macroeconomic perspective. The paper incorporates the circular economy into an otherwise standard neoclassical dynamic general equilibrium linear economy model, in which the production function depends on capital, labor, and raw materials. Raw materials are a composite of natural resources (the linear economy) and recycled material (the circular economy). Waste is a function of consumption but can be incorporated back into production activities through recycling. We find the existence of a positive S-shaped relationship between the optimal recycling rate and economic development, indicating that increasing the circularity of the economy is a necessary condition to augment social welfare in a growing economy. The optimal recycling rate depends positively on the pollution damage and waste content of final consumption goods. Simulation of the model supports the existence of a steady-state Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) relationship between the stock of waste and the output in the presence of a circular economy. Finally, we find that while a permanent improvement in recycling technology has positive effects on output, expanding the circularity of the economy, an increase in the cost of natural material has harmful effects on output, increasing waste accumulation and reducing recycling.

Глобальные рынки передового производства — новая возможность для технологического обновления России

New technologies, including Industry 4.0, are rapidly changing traditional and high-tech industries, and forming the advanced manufacturing sector within the industrial complex. By now Russia has been characterized by a modest presence in the world advanced manufacturing markets – Russia’ share is less than 0.6% in certain markets and less than 0.4% in global advanced manufacturing. This is partially explained by the scarce commodity range in the Russian export basket, which determines weak representation of Industry 4.0 goods. Large part in the Russian advanced manufacturing exports is traditional for the Russian economy goods — airplanes, turbojet engines, fuel rods. However, we observe positive structural changes in Russian exports caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Russia has increased exports of goods with bio- and additive technologies, optoelectronics. It seems that the entry to new advanced manufacturing markets for Russia can form the basis for long-term growth. International experience shows that advanced manufacturing exports are often supported by advanced manufacturing imports. We find that Russian economy significantly underutilizes this channel. Although Russian advanced manufacturing imports are gradually growing, it is focused primarily on final consumer goods. We consider industrial robots as a case of advanced manufacturing imports that deserves special attention as a widespread cross-cutting technology that can significantly transform the technological level of industries. Our estimates show that, although the robotics market in Russia is relatively small and has low growth rates relatively to investment in fixed assets, companies importing industrial robots are larger and more productive. This evidence allows us to determine the import of industrial robotics as one of the priority directions of modernization of the Russian manufacturing. Based on the analysis we identify and discuss three growth opportunities for Russia in global advanced manufacturing: 1) support of exports of services in optoelectronics and ICT through the use of accumulated human capital and competencies and taking into account fast transformation of business models in industry, 2) support of exports of biotechnology products, taking into account positive reputational effects and expanding Russian pharmaceutical exports under the COVID-19 pandemic; 3) support of technology companies in wide number of advanced manufacturing taking into account current favorable environment for the birth of tech startups in Russia.

Дискуссионные аспекты налоговых отношений: авторский взгляд

TInterpretation of the tax as a «gratuitous payment» impoverishes (narrows) the role and place of tax relations in the economic system, causes a variety of negative processes at the stage of its formation and payment. This issue is one of the debatable in the field of tax relations and is important for the formation of an adequate perception of the tax system by business and the population. The source of all taxes is the value added. The latter contains factors that formally belong to a legal entity, but in fact are the merit of the labor collective. This is where the complexity of the unambiguous division of taxes between different categories of taxpayers arises. In the phase of final consumption of goods and services, the division of the tax burden between legal entities and individuals loses its meaning, because it completely falls on the well-being of the population. The essence of the value added tax is not obvious not only to the public, but also to practitioners. The explanation of profit in terms of «entrepreneurial ability» as a factor of production is far-fetched. Three classical factors: labor, land and capital fully explain the origin of profit. Also, the unique role of the businessman in the formation of profits is undeniable. A businessman (owner) and employees combine their efforts to conduct business more efficiently and improve the well-being of all participants in the production process. Progressive income tax embodies the principle of fair taxation and mitigates social inequality in the society. The introduction of an additional rate in Russia from 2021 is considered as the introduction of a progressive scale, but does this fully implement the principle of social justice? The author critically examines all these issues in the article, gives his interpretation and argumentation of processes and phenomena.

Дослідження цільових сегментів ринку легкої промисловості України в період пандемії COVID-19

This article aims to improve the theoretical and applied bases of activating the development of the light industry market in Ukraine by determining the factors that influence this process. Design / methodology / approach — In the article, authors use a set of scientific methods that ensured the conceptual integrity of the study, in particular: logic — to study the evolution of development of the light industry market; system аnd observation -to highlight the conceptual foundations of the light industry market; methods of dialectical reasoning, induction, deduction — to justify principles of development; statistical analysis — to study the peculiarities of the development of the light industry market in Ukraine (under the influence of the COVID pandemic — 19). The concept of sustainable development of the industry is adhered to in the work. Ukraine’s light industry is a multi-segment industry for the production of final consumer goods with rapid capital turnover. This industry has significant production potential in the process of meeting the domestic needs of consumers in non-food products. Nevertheless, the demand of the domestic market is predominantly met by imports. Only certain segments of light industry (for example, textile, etc.) have a promising growth in terms of entering foreign markets, but with a high share of tolling operations in Ukrainian exports. The light industry market needs to overcome the high dependence of imported raw materials; increase price competitiveness of domestic goods, reduction of illegal imports and shadow production of goods in the domestic market of light industry. The analysis of the influence of factors on the development of the light industry market revealed the following main trends in the industry: reduction of aggregate demand and production of goods (through consumers’ appeals to meet basic needs during the pandemic); consolidation of participants in the domestic market of light industry and exit from the market of weak counterparties; high dependence on world prices for raw materials, which has a low level of quality; growth of consignments of groupage cargoes; emergence of logistical and transport problems; deepening outsourcing in value chains; development of contactless delivery of goods to home; intensification of intra-industry competition and a significant share of the shadow sector; low productivity in the industry and shortage of qualified personnel. The industry needs to gain a highly competitive status through the production of high quality goods and increase supplies of products for export with a high share of value added, reduce the flow of used clothing, government support for the development of the sector. Prospects for the development of the sector are supported by the high adaptability of Ukrainian enterprises to changing market conditions, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The development potential of the light industry market should be realized in terms of ensuring the competitiveness of Ukrainian products: by improving the quality of raw materials imports, improving the production structure, taking into account the innovative potential of the industry and the prospects for expanding the capacity of the light industry market, through the formation of industrial technology parks, clusters, vertically integrated structures with the involvement of representatives small and medium-sized businesses, as the most adaptable to the light industry market, as well as improving logistics chains for creating added value, a network of wholesale and branded trade, strengthening the marketing and logistics departments of light industry enterprises.

The true cost of trade among neighbors: the role of Japanese imports in waste generation in China

China’s rapid economic development has caused considerable environmental problems in waste generation and treatment. One important reason for this is China’s manufacturing exports to other countries such as Japan, a major trading partner. However, the contribution of such importing countries has not yet been fully explored. This study quantitatively examined how final demand in trade between China and Japan affects both countries’ economies and waste generation. The results show that imports of final consumption goods from China to Japan induced enormous waste generation in China, while the wastes induced in Japan were negligible. Even if final demand exports from China to Japan are significantly economically beneficial to China, the cost to China from addressing the induced waste generation seems too much to make these exports worthwhile. To encourage constructive discussions, improvement of reliability and transparency of waste statistics in China that allows comparison with other countries would be significant.

TRANSFORMATION OF THE MACROECONOMIC MARKETING ENVIRONMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES IN THE CONDITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION

The article examines the transformation of the macroeconomic marketing environment of agricultural enterprises in the context of globalization. Globalization is one of the key factors in changing the macroeconomic marketing environment. It is noted that the following macroeconomic factors are the most effective for the agricultural segment: mobility of resources and final consumption goods within the world economy, which increases the importance of socio-demographic factors in terms of marketing assessment of promising market segments, as well as the implementation of technical and technological and product innovations as an element of gaining competitive advantages in the long run; natural and climatic components that change the geography of areas suitable for agricultural production, and hence the structure of the competitive environment, as well as the efficiency of agricultural production, which has a significant variation gap depending on the region. The main macroeconomic factors of the marketing environment of agricultural enterprises are: 1. Socio-demographic - is of great interest to marketers, because they attract people and people make markets. The world's population is growing at an explosive rate. 2. Natural - greatly affect the marketing activities of agro-industrial organizations. With the growing shortage of certain raw materials, rising energy prices and rising environmental requirements, this is increasingly affecting this activity. 3. Economic - from an economic point of view, marketing decisions are influenced not only by the number of customers, but also their purchasing power. 4. Political and legal - also affect the market situation and marketing activities of the company and includes laws and other systems of legal behavior that regulate business activities, as well as political and legal institutions that formulate these legal documents and monitor their implementation. 5. Technological - have a great influence on production technology, fixed assets, products and, finally, on the emergence of new products and services. 6. Information - agro-industrial enterprises and agricultural companies should be aware of the changes in this environment in order to make reasonable decisions about the activities and opportunities for the introduction of new equipment and new technologies to ensure the competitiveness of their products and increase profitability. Key words: marketing, globalization, transformation, macroeconomic environment.

Capability accumulation and product innovation: an agent-based perspective

This paper studiesthe relevance of productheterogeneity and relatedness for the accumulation ofcapabilities in firms, as well as their implications for innovation dynamics. The existing literature has produced extensive evidence on the relevance of capability accumulation for innovation processes. Yet, an assessment of prior attempts to model these processes indicates that when it comes to the final consumption good sector, the evolutionary macroeconomic literature has focused on process rather than product innovation. To facilitate the consideration of empirical and microeconomic insights on product innovation in these models, this paper introduces a simple agent-based model, which may later serve as an innovation module in macroeconomic models. In the model, firms accumulate capabilities to produce final consumption goods that are heterogeneous in terms of their complexity and differ in their relatedness to each other. The model is used to study theoretical implications of different topological structures underlying product relatedness by conducting simulations with different ‘product spaces’. The analysis suggests that the topological structure of the product space, the assumed relationship between product complexity and centrality, as well as the relevance of product complexity in price setting dynamics have significant but nontrivial implications and deserve further attention in evolutionary macroeconomics.

The 2020 trade collapse: Exporters amid the pandemic

International trade collapsed sharply during the 2020 global recession. This paper provides the first evidence of the response of exporting firms to the 2020 trade collapse. Based on customs and balance sheet data on Colombian firms, I establish that despite a large and sudden drop in the number of exporters, most of the decline in exports is accounted for by an intensive margin adjustment. Multinational affiliates experienced a milder decline in exports, while producers of intermediate inputs and capital goods faced a stronger collapse in exports relative to producers of final consumer goods.

Сировинна орієнтація аграрного сектору та її соціально-економічні наслідки для України

The purpose of the articles is to determine the socio-economic consequences of the raw material orientation of the agricultural sector of the domestic economy and to outline the priority areas of regulatory nature aimed at mitigating risks in the field of employment and the labor market in rural areas. Research methods. The research was based on general scientific and economic methods, the work of Ukrainian and foreign scientists on foreign trade, regulations, data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, electronic resources and other sources. Monographic and systematic approaches are used to analyze the structure of foreign trade in agri-food products. The principle of systems thinking helped to clarify the socio-economic consequences in the field of employment, labor market and rural migration. A number of techniques of abstract-logical tools made it possible to formulate intermediate final conclusions and determine conceptual ways of solving the problems raised. Research results. Considered from critical positions the commodity structure of Ukraine's foreign trade by groups 1-24 UCG FEA for 2000-2020. It was found that the main factors for increasing the export of raw materials were: liberalization of foreign trade relations, the termination of cooperative ties between agricultural production and processing enterprises and the creation of protectionist conditions for investment in agriculture. This was successfully used by the owners of speculative, financial, shadow, including foreign capital in the form of agricultural holdings with offshore jurisdictions. Thanks to the favorable situation in the global commodity markets, these organizations have significantly increased the production and export of grain crops, seeds and fruits of oilseeds and sunflower oil over two decades. During the same period, the export of finished food products has been reduced. If in 2000. The negative trade balance of the mentioned subgroup of goods amounted to 65 million, then according to the results of 2020 it increased to 392.2 million US dollars, or more than 6 times. Structural imbalances have led to the formation of a rental economic model in Ukraine, which has limited potential for further growth in added value. Ultimately, this negatively affects the well-being of households, social and labor relations, which have become especially aggravated in the field of employment, the labor market and population migration. In 2020, there were 1,783 thousand informally employed in rural areas, which amounted to 44.7% of the total in the economy and 36.2% of the total rural population aged 15-70. This is almost 4 times more than all employees in agriculture. Among the priority measures it is proposed: to revise the regulatory policy in the field of foreign trade in raw materials of this subgroup of goods; promoting the export of end-use products; stimulation of vertical and horizontal integration of agricultural producers, processors of raw materials and trade on mutually beneficial terms; creation of territorial production clusters; reanimation of all types of cooperation in rural areas from the standpoint of reducing risks to the balanced development of the agricultural sector and the country's economy. Scientific novelty. A comprehensive vision of the negative socio-economic consequences of the dominance of an archaic model of the economy, which in the conditions of a market turnover of rights to land plots, can become aggravated, has received further development. In contrast to the existing raw material exploitation of the agrarian sector and the rural population, the increase in the export of final consumption goods will contribute to the well-being of households and balanced rural development. Practical significance. Positioning the agricultural and food sector of Ukraine as a world leader in the export of end-use goods will contribute to solving the socio-economic problems of the rural population and balanced rural development. Tabl.: 2. Figs.: 2. Refs.: 26.

Операторська компанія на ринку мультимодальних перевезень

The multimodal transportation development is one of the main directions of the transport system development of a particular country and the whole world, as it significantly reduces obstacles to the free movement of final consumer goods. Accordingly, the article considers the issue of the conditions generalization of operating companies entry into the multimodal transportation market and the directions formation for improving economic and legal relations between market participants on this basis. Based on the position of B2B relations between the multimodal transport participants, the article analyzes the main conditions for the relevant markets functioning and the operating companies participation in modern conditions; trends and directions for transformations of multimodal transportation markets and structures provided by operating companies are summarized; the guidelines for the multimodal transportion market participants are substantiated in order to increase demand for their services.

Da fábrica sorocabana ao conglomerado nacional: uma análise da história do Grupo Votorantim (1891-1980)

A Votorantim, um dos principais grupos empresariais atuando na economia brasileira, tem sua origem que remonta ao ano de 1891, quando o banco União de São Paulo criou a Fábrica Têxtil Votorantim no município paulista de Sorocaba. Com a falência do banco União em 1917, a empresa foi leiloada e, nos anos subsequentes, seu controle acionário foi adquirido pelo português Antonio Pereira Ignácio, um importante industrial do setor têxtil paulista e que fez da Votorantim a principal firma do ramo têxtil algodoeiro de São Paulo nas décadas de 1920 e 1930. Todavia, a partir dos anos 1930, o Grupo Votorantim passou a concentrar esforços no setor de bens intermediários – cimento, produtos químicos, alumínio, aço e ferro – através da constituição das seguintes empresas: Fábrica de Cimento Santa Helena (1936), Siderúrgica Barra Mansa (1937), Cia. Nitro-Química (1937) e a Cia. Brasileira de Alumínio (1955). Tendo em vista a escassez de análises sobre como teria se dado a conversão do Grupo Votorantim do setor de bens de consumo finais à indústria de base, o artigo aborda esta guinada realçando: a correlação entre o Grupo e o projeto industrializante do presidente Getúlio Vargas, os recursos produtivos preexistentes e a expertise industrial de seus dirigentes. A pesquisa calca-se em documentação primária constituída de: relatórios da diretoria do Grupo Votorantim, demonstrações de lucros e perdas e balanços patrimoniais. Como resultado, o artigo traz uma contribuição ao debate sobre a formação de grupos econômicos em economias periféricas, ao demonstrar que, no caso da Votorantim, a geração de receitas pelo próprio Grupo foi o instrumento principal de financiamento à criação das novas empresas no setor de bens intermediários do Brasil.