Consumption Of Fava Beans Research Articles

Simultaneous Equations Models For Fava bean Crop in Egypt

Despite the importance of the fava bean crop for leguminous crops in Egypt, its production has been decreasing in the past years, as it decreased from about 305 thousand tons in 2007 to about 101 thousand tons in 2019. And that there is a significant change in the percentage available for consumption to obtain fava beans, as the average consumption of fava beans crop increased from about 395.0 thousand tons in 2010 to about 964.0 thousand tons in 2019. The food gap in Egypt from the fava bean crop during the period (2010-2019) fluctuated between high and low, and the food gap of the fava bean crop during the period (2010-2019) . By comparing the results of the forecast using the simultaneous model by predicting using the general direction equations, the credibility of the results of the model is shown, where by estimating the standard deviation of the variables under study, it is found that the value of the deviations of the values of the variables under study using the model is low using the general trend equations Thus, an increase towards the use of standard models in prediction, due to their importance in clarifying the interchangeable and intertwined relationships between variables, which is difficult to clarify models with a single equation, the expected values of the model variables are more realistic and logical than those that are estimated using other methods of estimation.

Seizure following acute hemolysis caused by Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Deficiency

Background: Storage of platelet concentrates (PCs) at room temperature (20-24°C) limits its storage time to 5 Background: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most common inherited enzyme deficiency of the human red blood cells . Most of G6PD deficient individuals are asymptomatic, but acute hemolytic anemia may be presented with nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, jaundice, pallor, discoloration of the urine, chills, and fever. Seizure is reported as a rare symptom, as well. The present study aimed to investigate seizure following acute hemolysis caused by Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Material and Methods: This analytic cross-sectional study was conducted on all consecutive patients aged 1-12 years with G6PD deficiency hospitalized for hemolysis in 17 Shahrivar children hospital, Rasht, Iran, in 2016. Demographic characteristics and other variables such as place of inhabitants, type of drinking water, history of seizure in the patients and family, cause of hemolysis, hemoglobin level and hemoglobinuria on admission, and infection history prior to hemolysis were recorded. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test and Fischer Exact Test. P-value < 0.05 indicated statistical significance and data were assessed by SPSS (version 20). Results: The youngest patient was one year old and the oldest was 11 years old. Most of them were males (68.9%). Out of 244 patients, 8 ones (3.3%) experienced seizure. There was a significant correlation between seizure occurrence and family history of seizure (p=0.03) as well as fava bean consumption (p=0.019) as the causes of hemolysis; but not with infection as the cause of hemolysis, hemoglobin or hemoglobinuria level on admission, types of drinking water, place of living, and gender. Methemoglobinemia was considered as the main cause of the seizure. Conclusion: Although the rate of seizure was not so high (3.3%), it seems that seizure can be a critical and potentially life-threatening complication in these patients. Environmental factors may also play a role in the pathogenesis of the seizure in these patients.

Favism in an Elderly Female Associated With Low Pulse Oximetry Saturation And A History of Normal Prior Consumption of Fava Beans

Background: G6PD deficiency is common in Meditteranean countries and can cause favism, i.e. hemolysis after consumption of fava beans. Given the x-linked inheritage of the disease, favism is uncommon in female heterozygotes. Case report: A 74-year-old female presented to the emergency department due to abdominal pain, jaundice and dark urine. The symptoms began after consumption of fava bean, despite uneventful consumption in the past. The patient was hypoxemic on pulse oximetry at presentation, despite normal saturation in concurrent arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis. Laboratory test revealed a negative-coombs hemolytic anemia. Further testing revealed reduced G6PD activity in the patient’s blood (6.7U/g Hb, normal range 7-16). She was managed with intravenous hydration and transfusions, which resulted in resolution of the hypoxemia. She was discharged after a few days of in hospital stay with instructions to avoid fava beans and medications associated with hemolysis. Discussion: The occurence of favism in this elderly female, despite normal consumption of fava beans in the past, may be explained by the skewed X-chromosome inactivation with aging, resulting in a higher proportion of circulating red blood cells being G6PD-deficient. The low pulse oximetry saturation with normal ABG saturation may be explained by methemoglobinemia associated with favism.

What G6PD‐deficient individuals should really avoid

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency affects over 400 million people worldwide 1, 2. Although most individuals are asymptomatic, it can lead to acute haemolytic anaemia with malaise, neonatal jaundice and haemoglobinuria in the presence of oxidative triggers. We recently conducted a systematic review that evaluated the herbs and dietary supplements that should be avoided by G6PD-deficient individuals 3. In our study, we also noted that there was no synthesized evidence on the roles of food and chemicals these individuals. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic review up to June 2016 using five databases (PubMed, CINAHL Plus, AMED, CENTRAL and EMBASE) to identify foods and chemicals which are associated with harm in these individuals. We considered all study designs as long as they reported clinical outcomes along with indicators of haemolysis. The list of foods and chemicals identified were subsequently classified into one of the following categories: (i) should be avoided completely; (ii) caution should be exercised during use/consumption; or (iii) no evidence to contraindicate its use, based upon our initial classification 3. Overall, we found that there was scant literature describing foods or chemicals which triggered haemolysis in G6PD-deficient individuals. Only 38 articles, describing 14 different types of food or chemical, were found (a full list of the articles retrieved can be obtained by contacting S.W.H.L.; Table 1). We noted that only the consumption of fava beans or food cross-contaminated with fava beans 4, as well as the use of naphthalene and aniline dyes, were consistently associated with haemolysis. However, there was only one isolated case report describing haemolysis when G6PD-deficient individuals consumed: fenugreek, unripe peach or smoked synthetic cannabinoid, or consumed beans within the same genus as fava beans – namely, Vicia sativa (common vetch) and Vicia faba (broad bean). Reports of haemolysis have also been noted when G6PD-deficient individuals came into contact with flower pollen, the plant Hoya carnosa, silver sulfadiazine, aluminium phosphide and menthol products (including menthol powder and medicated plaster). Considering the scarcity of such reports, there is insufficient evidence to reach a clear conclusion regarding the risks of the substances mentioned in causing haemolysis in G6PD-deficient individuals in general. However, there have been several reports of haemolysis in G6PD-deficient individuals, linking the use of food coloured with the reddish-orange agent 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol-6-sulphonic acid, which is found in food colouring agent, Orange-RN 5, 6. This food additive has subsequently been banned in many countries, which may account for the paucity of report on it in recent years. Nevertheless, we urge caution while consuming any food which contains a high concentration of this agent in view of the potential for haemolysis and toxicity 7. Naphthalene Aniline dyes Unripe peaches Vicia sativa Fenugreek seeds Flower pollen Synthetic cannabinoids Silver sulfadiazine Hoya carnosa Menthol Aluminium phosphide Vicia faba In summary, we found only a limited number of publications describing foods or chemicals which are known to increase the risk of haemolysis in G6PD-deficient individuals. Our review confirms the association between commonly implicated agents, such as fava beans, naphthalene and aniline dyes, and haemolysis in affected people, although the overall quality of the evidence is low. We hope that this report will increase the level of discussion and reporting on foods as well as chemicals, and their possible association with G6PD deficiency, given the paucity of publications on this topic over the past 30 years. The authors have indicated they have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose. S.W.H.L. conceived the study, developed and tested the data collection forms, conducted the analysis, drafted the initial manuscript and approved the final manuscript as submitted. N.M.L. and N.C. conducted the data analysis, reviewed and revised the manuscript and approved the final manuscript as submitted. All authors approved the final manuscript as submitted and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

An increase in renal dopamine does not stimulate natriuresis after fava bean ingestion

Fava beans (Vicia faba) contain dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa), and their ingestion may increase dopamine stores. Renal dopamine regulates blood pressure and blood volume via a natriuretic effect. The objective was to determine the relation between dietary fava beans, plasma and urinary catechols, and urinary sodium excretion in 13 healthy volunteers. Catechol and sodium data were compared by using a longitudinal design in which all participants consumed a fixed-sodium study diet on day 1 and the fixed-sodium diet plus fava beans on day 2. Blood was sampled at 1, 2, 4, and 6 h after a meal, and 3 consecutive 4-h urine samples were collected. Mean (±SD) plasma dopa was significantly greater 1 h after fava bean consumption (11,670 ± 5440 compared with 1705 ± 530 pg/mL; P = 0.001) and remained elevated at 6 h. Plasma dopamine increased nearly 15-fold during this period. Fava bean consumption also increased urinary dopamine excretion to 306 ± 116, 360 ± 235, and 159 ± 111 μg/4-h urine sample compared with 45 ± 21, 54 ± 29, and 44 ± 17 μg in the 3 consecutive 4-h samples after the control diet (P ≤ 0.005). These substantial increases in plasma and urinary dopa and dopamine were unexpectedly associated with decreased urinary sodium. The failure of fava bean consumption to provoke natriuresis may indicate that dopa concentrations in commercially available beans do not raise renal dopamine sufficiently to stimulate sodium excretion, at least when beans are added to a moderate-sodium diet in healthy volunteers. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01064739.

Simultaneous Determination of Levodopa and Carbidopa from Fava Bean, Green Peas and Green Beans by High Performance Liquid Gas Chromatography

According to many studies, sprouted fava beans are a rich source of levo-dihydroxy phenylalanine (L-dopa) the precursor of dopamine, and they are now being investigated for use in the management of Parkinson's disease. The addition of Carbidopa (C-dopa) can reduce the daily use of the L-dopa dosage requirements and it can also reduce the side effects which are associated with the L-dopa administration. The present research was conducted to find the levo-dihydroxy phenylalanine (L-dopa) and Carbidopa (C-dopa) in fava beans, green peas and green beans by High Performance Gas Chromatography (HPLC). Carbidopa (C-dopa) is a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor. As a substitution therapy, it used in combination to treat Parkinson's disease. We obtained L-dopa and C-dopa from fava beans which were in the fresh and dry sprouted form, whose concentrations were 1.4,1.5 and 2.6,2.4 mg/ml respectively. The maximal stimulation of the L-DOPA content was seen on day 8 for the fava beans, which was 100% higher than that of the control level. The results of this study indicate that faba beans are a good source of natural L-dopa and C-dopa. The quantification of this capacity according to the stage and the plant part could be suitable for applications in the food industry and in plant medicine. The consumption of fava beans can increase the levels of L-dopa and C-dopa in the blood, with a marked improvement in the motor performance of the patients with parkinson disease, without any side effects.

Association between ACP1 genetic polymorphism and favism

An association between favism (a hemolytic reaction to consumption of fava beans), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD(-)) and acid phosphatase locus 1 (ACP(1)) phenotypes has been reported; the frequency of carriers of the p(a) and p(c) ACP(1) alleles was found to be significantly higher in G6PD(-) individuals showing favism than in the general population. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that favism is caused by toxic Vicia faba substances, which in some ACP(1) phenotypes cause increased phosphorylation and consequently increased glycolysis, with strong reduction in reduced glutathione production, resulting in hemolysis. It has been demonstrated that ACP(1) f isoforms have physiological functions different from those of s isoforms and are responsible for most of the phosphatase activity, in addition to being less stable in the presence of oxidizing molecules. Thus, the C, CA and A phenotypes, characterized by lower concentrations of f isoforms, could be more susceptible to damage by oxidative events compared to the other phenotypes. To test this hypothesis, the (f+s) enzymatic activity of different ACP(1) phenotypes with and without added V. faba extract was analyzed. Enzymatic activities of ACP(1) A, -CA, -C groups (low activity) and -B, -BA, -CB groups (high activity) were significantly different after addition of V. faba extract. Phenotypes A, CA and C had extremely low enzymatic activity levels, which would lead to low levels of reduced glutathione and bring about erythrocyte lysis.

An unusual syncope cause in the ED: Favism

Favism is an acute hemolytic syndrome occurring in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)-deficient individuals after the consumption of fava beans. The highest incidence is in boys aged 2-6 years. We report a 56-year-old man presented to the emergency department (ED) with recurrent syncope attacks due to favism. In our knowledge, this is the first report of favism-caused syncope in an adult patient without a G6PD deficiency diagnosis in the past and diagnosed in ED.

The Efficacy of a Neonatal Screening Programme in Decreasing the Hospitalization Rate of Patients with G6pd Deficiency in Southern Iran

To investigate whether a neonatal screening programme for G6PD deficiency has decreased hospitalization for acute haemolytic attack in the Fars province of southern Iran. A total of 850 patients registered with G6PD deficiency were included in the study. Variables including age, sex, time and cause of hospitalization, cause of haemolytic crisis, positive history of blood transfusion, G6PD enzyme deficiency, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were recorded based on a standard questionnaire. All patients were analysed for G6PD enzyme level based on a quantitative test. Five hundred and fifty-three patients were hospitalized before the introduction of the neonatal screening programme (2001-2004) and 297 afterwards (2005-2008). Of those patients hospitalized after the introduction of the screening programme, 237 were wrongly classified as normal and 60 were recorded as having G6PD enzyme deficiency by the neonatal screening programme. The main causes of haemolytic crisis in G6PD-deficient patients were fava bean consumption (88.2%), underlying infection (10.9%) and drugs (0.8%). Our study showed the effectiveness of the neonatal screening programme in decreasing the hospitalization rate.

Acute Hemolysis Related to Consumption of Fava Beans: a Case Study and Medical Nutrition Therapy Approach

Acute Hemolysis Related to Consumption of Fava Beans: a Case Study and Medical Nutrition Therapy Approach

Influence of pharmacogenetics on drug disposition and response.

1. Pharmacogenetics deals with clinically significant hereditary variations in the response to drugs due to altered drug disposition and abnormal action in affected persons. In general, two types of pharmacogenetic conditions can be differentiated. Genetic conditions transmitted as a single factor altering the way drugs act on the body (altered drug action) or genetic conditions transmitted as single factors altering the way the body acts on drugs (altered drug metabolism). These pharmacogenetic conditions can occur either as rare defects or as polymorphisms. 2. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD) is the most common inherited enzymopathy affecting approximately 400 million people. The main clinical complication associated with G6PD deficiency is haemolysis after ingestion of oxidant drugs (anti-malarials, sulfonamides, analgesics, nitrofurans) and consumption of fava beans. 3. The activity of drug metabolizing enzymes is a major determinant of both the intensity and duration of drug action. The discovery of genetic polymorphisms of drug metabolizing enzymes (e.g. N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT 2) and cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2D6 and CYP2C19) has provided an explanation as to why some patients do not obtain the expected drug effects or show exaggerated drug response and serious toxicity after taking the standard and safe dose of a drug. These polymorphisms are expressed in two phenotypes in the population, the extensive (EM) and poor metabolizer (PM). The prevalence of PM is different among different populations. The gene coding for CYP2D6 is highly polymorphic and several mutations have been identified in PM, which all lead to the absence of functional CYP2D6. Poor metabolizers of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 quite frequently experience exaggerated drug response and side effects when they receive standard doses. If a metabolite is the active therapeutic moiety, PM show no therapeutic response, as demonstrated for the analgesic effect of codeine mediated by its CYP2D6-formed metabolite morphine. The other extreme are the so called ultra-rapid metabolizers who do not respond to standard doses. Recently, the molecular basis of ultra-rapid metabolism has been identified to be due to CYP2D6 gene amplification.

Common G6PD Variant from Saudi Population and its Prevalence

Biochemical characterization of erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase from 18 unrelated deficient Saudi Subjects from Al-Hassa and Al-Qatif areas of the Eastern Province was carried out according to WHO procedures. This had led to the identification of one genetically determined common variant, "G6PD Mediterranean". The overall prevalence rate of this deficiency in these areas was determined to be in excess of 42%. None of the subjects studied displayed any sign of favism, a condition usually associated with G6PD Mediterranean, which is characterized by a very low intracellular enzyme activity.

Resistance of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency to malaria: effects of fava bean hydroxypyrimidine glucosides on Plasmodium falciparum growth in culture and on the phagocytosis of infected cells.

The balanced polymorphism of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD-) is believed to have evolved through the selective pressure of malarial combined with consumption of fava beans. The implicated fava bean constituents are the hydroxypyrimidine glucosides vicine and convicine, which upon hydrolysis of their beta-O-glucosidic bond, became protein pro-oxidants. In this work we show that the glucosides inhibit the growth of Plasmodium falciparum, increase the hexose-monophosphate shunt activity and the phagocytosis of malaria-infected erythrocytes. These activities are exacerbated in the presence of beta-glucosidase, implicating their pro-oxidant aglycones in the toxic effect, and are more pronounced in infected G6PD- erythrocytes. These results suggest that G6PD- infected erythrocytes are more susceptible to phagocytic cells, and that fava bean pro-oxidants are more efficiently suppressing parasite propagation in G6PD- erythrocytes, either by directly affecting parasite growth, or by means of enhanced phagocytic elimination of infected cells. The present findings could account for the relative resistance of G6PD- bearers to falciparum malaria, and establish a link between dietary habits and malaria in the selection of the G6PD- genotype.

Haemoglobin-E in the presence of oxidative substances from fava bean may be protective against Plasmodium falciparum malaria

A case-control study was carried out at a community hospital in eastern Thailand in order to study the association betwen haemoglobin E and Plasmodium falciparum malaria; 271 P. falciparum cases and 271 controls were enrolled. After adjusting for age, sex, time since last malaria attack, history of mosquito net use, and history of fava bean consumption in the previous month, neither heterozygous nor homozygous haemoglobin E provided significant protection against P. falciparum infection, with odds ratios (OR)=0·91 (95% confidence limits=0·61, 1·36) and 0·78 (0·34, 1·82) respectively when compared to persons with haemoglobin A who were not consumers of fava beans. However, haemoglobin E carriers who ate fava beans were significantly protected against P. falciparum malaria with OR=0·26 (0·09, 0·76) and OR=0·001 (0·00, 1120·59) for subjects with heterozygous and homozygous haemoglobin E, respectively. The study suggests a possible synergistic protective effect of haemoglobin E on the risk of P. falciparum malaria in subjects who have consumed fava beans.

Intercultivar difference with respect to mutagenicity of fava beans ( Vicia faba L.) after incubation with nitrite

The incidence of gastric cancer in some areas in Colombia is positively correlated with the consumption of fava beans. Incubation of fava beans in nitrite-containing acidic solutions (simulated gastric conditions) resulted in the formation of mutagens as detected with the Salmonella/microsome assay. More than 15-fold differences in mutagenic response were observed for the various cultivars tested. In general, brown cooking cultivars exhibited less mutagenic activity than white cooking cultivars. Introduction of cultivars of fava beans with a low mutagenic activity might result in a reduction in the incidence of stomach cancer.

Diet and Gastric Cancer: Nutrition Survey in a High-Risk Area<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">2</xref><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn3">3</xref>

A nutrition survey was done in four Colombian villages situated in the rural area of Nariño, previously identified as exhibiting different levels of risk for gastric cancer and its precursor lesions. The survey was based on personal visits by trained interviewers to a random sample of families in each village. The major findings of the survey reflected a higher consumption of fava beans in villages with high indices of gastric cancer risk and a higher consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables in villages where such indices were lower. Excessive salt intake and lower potassium intake in villages with a high risk of gastric cancer were suggested, but further work is required to test this preliminary observation. A generally low intake of animal proteins and a high intake of cereals in Nariño did not discriminate between villages at different levels of risk to gastric cancer and its precursors.

Part three: Fava bean consumption and biocultural evolution

Abstract A biocultural evolutionary approach to dietary behavior provides a basis for examination of fava bean consumption in the circum‐Mediterranean region. Favism, an hemolytic response to fava ingestion associated with the X‐linked trait for G6PDMed deficiency, has been extensively reported from this area. G6PD deficiency, in turn, is associated with resistance to serious malaria infection. This paper explores the various links between malarial resistance, G6PD deficiency, and fava consumption, in an effort to develop a biocultural model to examine and explain the evolutionary significance of the interrelationships between these variables.