Consumption Of Construction Materials Research Articles

Economic, Societal, and Environmental Impacts of Available Energy Sources: A Review

The impacts that the available energy sources have had on society, the environment, and the economy have become a focus of attention in recent years, generating polarization of opinions. Understanding these impacts is crucial for rational evaluation and the development of strategies for economic growth and energy security. This review examines such impacts of the main energy resources currently exploited or in development, including fossil fuels, geothermal, biomass, solar, hydropower, hydrogen, nuclear, ocean, and wind energies on society through analysis and comparison. It is essential to consider how high energy demand influences energy prices, the workforce, and the environment and to assess the advantages and disadvantages of each energy source. One significant finding from this review is that the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) may vary substantially depending on the energy source used and show substantial ranges for different applications of the same energy source. Nuclear energy has the lowest LCOE range whereas ocean energy has the highest LCOE range among the nine energy sources considered. Fossil fuels were found to have the most substantial societal impacts, which involved on the positive side providing by far the largest number of jobs and highest tax revenues. However, on the negative side, fossil fuels, biomass, and nuclear energy sources pose the most significant health threats and social well-being impacts on communities and societies compared to other energy sources. On the other hand, solar, ocean and wind energy pose the lowest risk in terms of health and safety, with solar and wind also currently providing a substantial number of jobs worldwide. Regarding environmental consequences, fossil fuels generate the highest greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and have the highest adverse impacts on ecosystems. In contrast, nuclear, ocean, solar and wind energies have the lowest GHG emissions and low to moderate impacts on ecosystems. Biomass, geothermal and hydropower energy sources have moderate to high ecosystem impacts compared to the other energy sources. Hydropower facilities require the most materials (mainly concrete) to build per unit of energy generated, followed by wind and solar energy, which require substantial steel and concrete per unit of energy generated. The lack of substantial materials recycling causes associated with solar and wind energy sources. All the energies that use thermal power generation process consume substantial quantities of water for cooling. The analysis and comparisons provided in this review identified that there is an urgent need to transition away from large-carbon-footprint processes, particularly fossil fuels without carbon capture, and to reduce the consumption of construction materials without recycling, as occurs in many of the existing solar and wind energy plants. This transition can be facilitated by seeking alternative and more widely accessible materials with lower carbon footprints during manufacturing and construction. Implementing such strategies can help mitigate climate change and have a positive impact on community well-being and economic growth.

Characterization and Environmental Evaluation of Recycled Aggregates from Construction and Demolition Waste in Belgrade City Area (Serbia).

Sustainable consumption of construction materials is an important segment of sustainable development goals towards reducing climate change. Since the consumption of natural aggregates raises environmental concerns, there is an increasing demand for use of recycled aggregates (RAs), as it enhances social and environmental benefits and creates a market opportunity. This paper presents the practice of using recycled construction and demolition waste (CDW) in the Belgrade city area (Serbia) as a resource. Two groups of CDW from Vinča landfill site near Belgrade are analyzed: raw material before, and RAs after, construction of a recycling facility on site. Comprehensive characterization is performed (including particle size distribution, density, water and organic pollutants content, various mechanical resistances, flakiness index, etc.) and compilation of samples analyzed and compared to show a holistic overview. The test outputs in both groups show acceptable values and meet required standards, indicating that recycled CDW generated in the Belgrade area can be used as a substitute to natural aggregates. In addition to that, the environmental and economic benefits from this use as a substitute are analyzed and discussed, proving the substantial income from sold Ras and the landscaping benefits, as well as ecological and economic benefits from energy savings.

Research on rural landscape garden planning and plantscape construction method based on digital twin technology under rural revitalization strategy

Abstract This paper integrates the landscape information model, designs the digital twin rural landscape architecture, and analyzes the advantages of the digital twin rural landscape model. The practical application of digital twin technology is examined from the planning and design stage to the construction stage. Considering the actual construction site layout and the consumption of construction materials, the NSGA-II algorithm is selected to optimize the dynamic layout of temporary facilities by combining multi-objective optimization theory. Using the digital twin to drive the dynamic layout of the construction site, a digital twin-driven construction site layout mechanism is proposed in combination with BIM technology. The actual construction scheduling tasks are used to analyze the feasibility of the construction site layout scheme generated using digital twin technology. Analyze the construction of rural landscape gardens planned using digital twin technology in terms of ecological, social, and economic benefits. The convergence minimum is achieved at 0.15 and 0.09 when comparing the number of iterations between the initialized layout and the digital twin-driven layout. The corresponding scheme reaches its optimal state during the construction stage and can provide the most suitable site arrangement scheme during that stage. The rural landscape garden planned by the digital twin technology can generate an economic return value of 71.756 yuan/m² per year, which can further promote rural revitalization.

Pozzolanic attributes of hydraulic cement paste hybridized with agricultural by-product and Nano-carbon

The increased consumption of construction materials has created a global movement toward the use of eco-friendly materials, including agricultural and industrial by-products. Similarly, research on nano-particles for improving concrete performance and lowering clinker impact has intensified. The primary objective of this research is to examine the pozzolanic reactivity and microstructure analysis of cement paste fortified with Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNPs) and rice husk ash (RHA). The Fratini test and strength activity index are used to assess the pozzolanic reactivity of RHA burnt at different temperatures, and the microstructure of RHA with exceptional pozzolanic reaction is further examined. RHA burnt at high temperature (750ºC) shows poor pozzolanic activity than RHA burnt at 500ºC. For the development of a sustainable cement matrix, 15 % of RHA is substituted with cement, and GNPs are added in varying proportions, such as 0.1 %, 0.2 %, and 0.3 %. The chemical properties and changes in the microstructure of the hybrid composites are determined using SEM, XRD, and FTIR. A series of experiments are conducted to evaluate the fresh and mechanical performances of graphene and rice husk ash reinforced cement. It is observed that the GNP-reinforced cement showed a compressive strength enhancement of up to 19.4 % and a maximum strength improvement of 28.7 % is attained in the composite blended with 0.3 % GNP and 15 % RHA.

Experimental and Theoretical Justification of the Foam Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Application Expediency in Earthquake-Resistant Construction

Introduction. Based on the evolutionary approach to the analysis of the lightweight concrete application expediency in earthquake-resistant construction it has been revealed that development of the above mentioned technologies fosters the reduced material consumption in construction and the increased durability of buildings under the seismic loads. The efficient solutions for constructing the earthquake-resistant buildings are constantly searched for, and the reasons for reducing the range of energy-efficient products made of the autoclaved aerated concrete are noticed. The research is aimed at compiling an inventory of modern technological methods of increasing the buildings seismic resistance.Materials and Methods. The list and properties of raw materials used for single-stage technology manufacture of the foam concrete mixtures have been provided. The list of equipment used for assessing the studied materials’ mechanical properties has been defined.Results. The new experimental data confirming the significant influence of the individual properties of fiber on the value of the dispersedly reinforced foam concrete ultimate deformability and bending tensile strength has been obtained. The positive effect of the length of fiber on the foam concrete mechanical properties has been confirmed. The considerably positive effect of the dispersed reinforcement on the homogeneity of mechanical properties observed in the foam concrete mass has been distinguished.Discussion and Conclusions. The work performed has elucidated the importance of the individual properties of fiber as a tool for managing the operational properties of foam concrete. The ultimate properties of the aerated rock material are influenced by the length of fibers and their ultimate deformability. The length of fiber is important for the bending tensile strength, whereas the values of this parameter in the composite material are regulated by the ultimate extensibility.

Prediction of Compressive Strength and Elastic Modulus for Recycled Aggregate Concrete Based on AutoGluon

While the civil construction industry brings great convenience to life, the large amount of waste concrete also poses a significant problem of construction waste disposal. As one of the effective ways to utilize waste concrete, recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) can improve the environment while reducing the consumption of construction materials. This study aims to use AutoGluon (AG), an automated machine learning platform, to predict both the compressive strength and elastic modulus of RAC. Then the performance of AG is compared with traditional empirical formulas and multiple linear regression models. The determination coefficient (R2) is chosen as one of the evaluation standards for predicting values. The results demonstrate that the WeightedEnsemble model of AG performed best in predicting both the compressive strength and elastic modulus, which provides a new method for the rapid and accurate prediction of the properties of RAC in engineering construction.

Influence of load partial factors adjustment on reliability design of RC frame structures in China

The partial factor method has been widely used in building design and the partial factors to ensure the safety of structures are specified in the adopted codes. The load partial factors in the design expressions have been increased in the lasted code in China, which leads to theoretically increment in reliability and a growth in the consumption of construction materials. However, the influence of load partial factors adjustment on design of building structures arises different points among scholars. Some believe that it has a great impact on the design, some think the influence is small. This makes designers have doubts in the safety of structures and investors are also confused about the cost. In order to illustrate the influence of load partial factor adjustment on safety level and material consumption of RC (Reinforced Concrete) frame structures, reliability analysis and material consumption analysis are performed using First Order Reliability Method (FORM). The approach is carried out according to the load partial factors in Chinese codes of (GB50153-2008) and (GB50068-2018), respectively. Then, the influence of load partial factors adjustment is demonstrated with a case design of RC frame structures with different load partial factors in codes. The results show that the partial factor has a noticeable influence on the reliability index. The adjustment of load partial factors in design leads to an increase of the reliability index, which is about 8–16%. The increase of material consumption used in RC structures is about 0.75–6.29%. And the case indicated that the adjustment of load partial factors mainly result in the increase of reinforcement consumption, while have little effect on the concrete consumption. This study provides an analytical and conclusive insight into the influence of load partial factor adjustment on safety level and material consumption, which is can be applied to a wide range of structures.

Impact of urbanization on construction material consumption: A global analysis

AbstractUrbanization is considered a main driver of building material consumption. Nevertheless, statements on links between urbanization and resource consumption remain qualitative. This study aims to globally quantify the links between urbanization and non‐metallic mineral resource consumption at the level of nations. Based on hypotheses, we have investigated the relationship between construction material consumption and urbanization and further impact variables. Data were examined using descriptive and analytical statistical methods, by developing step‐by‐step regression models and representing them in a path diagram. The results show that urbanization alone does not adequately explain consumption of construction materials. Prosperity has a strong impact, too, but also does not have sufficient explanatory power in itself. Only the combination of both variables reveals their complex interrelationships. In principle, more prosperous societies consume more construction materials than less prosperous ones, regardless of the degree of urbanization. With low prosperity, however, material consumption per capita rises with increasing urbanization; with high prosperity, the effect is reversed. Developed societies are the problem today. However, with increasing urbanization and prosperity, dynamically growing societies will dramatically exacerbate the carrying capacity problem in the future. Then again, this is by no means inevitable. Rather, the key is to move from linear to consistently circular models of urbanization. These models must be comprehensive and spatially specified in order to develop sufficient clout in terms of effective resource protection through “circular urbanization.”

Analysis of types of technologies for the processing of building materials by carbon footprint indicators

With the increase in the rate of civil construction and the growth of socio-economic development, there is a significant increase in the consumption of construction materials based on natural raw materials, which makes research in the search for an alternative raw material base for the construction industry as a whole relevant. Rational solution in terms of ecology and economy becomes the recycling of construction materials and the use of industrial waste. The trend of using construction waste as aggregates for concrete products and structures, is currently the most effective solution to reduce the negative impact on the environment, and also has a number of economic advantages, when choosing the optimal processing technology. This article considers the state, trends and problems of development of the construction sector of the economy in the direction of energy-efficient technologies and principles of sustainable development that help to reduce the negative impact of the construction sector on the environment in urban conditions. The main reasons for the increased interest in the research of environmentally friendly methods of recycling construction materials are indicated. The characteristics and unique properties of raw materials subjected to various methods of recycling are described. The advantages offered by the innovative system of "green" construction with the introduction of construction waste recycling technologies are given. The authors present an analysis of the most common technologies and methods of recycling concrete scrap into secondary aggregate, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each method of regeneration of concrete scrap. The experience of researches of innovative methods of recycling concrete in foreign countries, the prospects and problems of further development of "green" technologies in the Russian building industry, and also priorities and prospects for entering the market of domestic producers of concrete products on the basis of secondary aggregate, which will allow to provide decrease in extraction and production of natural raw materials are revealed. Formulated further research directions of the problems of development of green technologies in the construction sector of the economy.

Performance of modified nano carbon blended with supplementary materials in cement composite – An interpretive review

• Properties of various graphene derivatives. • Techniques adopted and surfactant used to disperse graphene in cement pore solution. • Workability of cement composite blended with functionalized graphene. • Effects of SCMs with functionalized graphene in cement composite. • Strength and durability properties of functionalized graphene blended with cement composite. Nano carbon is reported as a novel material with enhanced properties such as larger specific surface area, tensile property, and filling property. Nano carbons are modifies into two forms carbon nano tubes and carbon nano sheet termed as ‘graphene’, which improves the properties of cement composite than carbon nano tubes. The performance of cement matrix admixed with graphene is substantial in terms of mechanical, durability and other properties. Notably, many studies focus on reinforcing functionalized graphene in cement composites to understand the behavior and reduce the consumption of construction materials. This review examines the effectiveness of carbon nano sheet (Graphene) in cement matrix blended with supplementary materials such as fly ash, silica fume and rice husk ash. The elemental behavior of graphene blended supplementary materials in cement matrix is studied. The performance of cement composite is analyzed by comparing the fresh, mechanical and durability properties. In addition, the properties of graphene, especially its structural forms and dispersing ability, are discussed in depth. A polymer-based polycarboxylate superplasticizer improves graphene dispersing ability in cement composites. Graphene oxide in the range from 0.02% to 0.1%, and graphene nanoplatelets in the range from 0.5% to 2% improve cement composite's mechanical and durability properties. Nano-filler property of graphene particles significantly enhances the durability of cement composites in terms of water permeability, chloride penetration, and carbonation effects.

The Effect of Technological Damage on the Properties and Reliability of Construction Materials and Structures

The effect of the quantitative and qualitative composition of mixed binders on the physical and mechanical properties of cement compositions has been experimentally established. A cement stone with a different amount and dispersion of mineral fillers was considered. The research results showed that the plastic strength of the hardening system depends on its initial composition. The defects embedded in the material during its technological processing into the product determine the local stress-strain state of the structure, the nature of cracking and the fracture surface. The effect of technological damage on the mechanical characteristics and the nature of cracking of cement compositions are shown. The possibility of reducing the material consumption of construction materials by 15-21 wt.% due to the use of fillers that are optimal in appearance and quality composition has been proved.

Amending excavated soft marine clay with fine incineration bottom ash as a fill material for construction of transportation infrastructure

The fast development of transportation infrastructure has increased the consumption of construction materials, resulting in overexploitation and depletion of natural aggregates. Meanwhile, the increasing amount of solid wastes is another rising problem due to the growing economy and rapid urbanization. Instead of using natural aggregates as fill materials for transportation infrastructure, the solid wastes can be treated and reused as alternatives, which can reduce the reliance on natural resources and landfill. Therefore, in this study, the mixture of two solid wastes, i.e., excavated soft marine clay (MC) and fine incineration bottom ash (IBA) of municipal solid waste, was studied as a fill material for construction of transportation infrastructure. Mixtures of IBA and MC (IBA-MC) with different IBA/MC mass ratios (0/10, 1/9, 2/8, 3/7, 4/6, 5/5, 6/4, and 10/0) were prepared. The Atterberg limits, compactability, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), leaching of heavy metals, mineralogy, and microstructure of IBA-MC were studied. The results showed that, as the content of IBA/MC ratio increased, the water content, liquid limit, and plastic limit of IBA-MC decreased, changing it from plastic paste to semi-solid/solid granular material. The compactability and UCS of IBA-MC were improved when the IBA/MC ratio increased from 1/9 to 5/5. For the IBA-MC with IBA/MC ratio of 1/9 to 5/5, the leaching of heavy metals satisfied the criteria for construction material. In summary, IBA improved the compactability and strength of MC, while MC reduced the leaching of heavy metals from IBA, and IBA-MC with proper ratio could be compacted as a fill material for construction of transportation infrastructure.

Reliability as a Key Driver for a Sustainable Design of Adaptive Load-Bearing Structures

The consumption of construction materials and the pollution caused by their production can be reduced by the use of reliable adaptive load-bearing structures. Adaptive load-bearing structures are able to adapt to different load cases by specifically manipulating internal stresses using actuators installed in the structure. One main aspect of quality is reliability. A verification of reliability, and thus the safety of conventional structures, was a design issue. When it comes to adaptive load-bearing structures, the material savings reduce the stiffness of the structure, whereby integrated actuators with sensors and a control take over the stiffening. This article explains why the conventional design process is not sufficient for adaptive load-bearing structures and proposes a method for demonstrating improved reliability and environmental sustainability. For this purpose, an exemplary adaptive load-bearing structure is introduced. A linear elastic model, simulating tension in the elements of the adaptive load-bearing structure, supports the analysis. By means of a representative local load-spectrum, the operating life is estimated based on Woehler curves given by the Eurocode for the critical notches. Environmental sustainability is increased by including reliability and sustainability in design. For an exemplary high-rise adaptive load-bearing structure, this increase is more than 50%.

Use of concrete formulations based on dredging sand in the fabrication of tetrapods for protection of harbour dykes

The construction and realization of port structures (quays and dykes) require a huge consumption of materials, especially concrete, this material consumes a large amount of materials including large quantities of sand, and to overcome the shortage of materials used in the formulation of concrete, We have considered the development of alternative solutions including the replacement of ordinary sand by dredged sand from the port of Agadir in the formulations of concrete, each year millions of cubic meters of dredged sand are dredged from Moroccan ports, without ever trying to valorize them.After having demonstrated in a previous work the possibility of using the dredged sand of the port of Agadir in concrete formulations [4], the present work consists in showing the possibility of using this dredged sand of the port of Agadir in concrete formulations able to be used in the construction of tetrapods and this to play the role of concrete port protection works, The concrete formulation studied for the realization of the tetrapods will be based on dredging sand, more precisely 50% of the sand entering in the formulation is dredging sand extracted from the port of Agadir. The possible use of dredging sand in the concrete of the tetrapods will allow to realize enormous gains on the quantities of sand entering in the concrete formulations and thus a lesser consumption of construction materials, and it will also play a more important role in the preservation of the marine environment by avoiding the trapping of the dredging materials.

Foundation Piles-A New Feature for Concrete 3D Printers.

Foundation piles that are made by concrete 3D printers constitute a new alternative way of founding buildings constructed using incremental technology. We are currently observing very rapid development of incremental technology for the construction industry. The systems that are used for 3D printing with the application of construction materials make it possible to form permanent formwork for strip foundations, construct load-bearing walls and partition walls, and prefabricate elements, such as stairs, lintels, and ceilings. 3D printing systems do not offer soil reinforcement by making piles. The paper presents the possibility of making concrete foundation piles in laboratory conditions using a concrete 3D printer. The paper shows the tools and procedure for pile pumping. An experiment for measuring pile bearing capacity is described and an example of a pile deployment model under a foundation is described. The results of the tests and analytical calculations have shown that the displacement piles demonstrate less settlement when compared to the analysed shallow foundation. The authors indicate that it is possible to replace the shallow foundation with a series of piles combined with a printed wall without locally widening it. This type of foundation can be used for the foundation of low-rise buildings, such as detached houses. Estimated calculations have shown that the possibility of making foundation piles by a 3D printer will reduce the cost of making foundations by shortening the time of execution of works and reducing the consumption of construction materials.

Using Satellite Data to Analyse Raw Material Consumption in Hanoi, Vietnam

In this work, we provide an innovative route for analysing urban expansion and population growth and their link to the consumption of construction materials by combining satellite data with material consumption analysis within the Hanoi Province (Vietnam). Urban expansion is investigated with the use of landcover maps for the period 1975–2020 derived from satellite. During this period, artificial surfaces and agricultural areas have increased by 11.6% and 15.5%, respectively, while forests have decreased by 26.7%. We have used publicly available datasets to calculate and forecast the construction materials consumption and measure its statistical correlation with urban expansion between 2007 and 2018. Our results show that official figures for sand consumption are currently underestimated, and that by 2030, steel and sand and gravel consumption will increase even further by three and two times, respectively. Our analysis uses a new method to assess urban development and associated impacts by combining socio-economic and Earth Observation datasets. The analysis can provide evidence, underpin decision-making by authorities, policymakers, urban planners and sustainability experts, as well as support the development of informed strategies for resource consumption. It can also provide important information for identifying areas of land conservation and ecological greenways during urban planning.

АНАЛІЗ УШКОДЖЕНОСТІ МАТЕРІАЛУ КОНСТРУКЦІЙ

The ability of materials to retain the required set of properties under the action of operational loads on the structure is determined by the structural changes that occur under such loads. From the first days of operation, under the influence of force factors, the environment and time, the strength and deformation properties of structures of buildings and structures change. The solution to the main task of construction science - reducing material consumption in construction, is inextricably linked with the need for constant study and refinement of the strength and deformation characteristics of building materials and structures, as well as a change in their bearing capacity over time and an assessment of the working capacity (resource) reserve when setting an external power load. Based on the fundamental position that under the action of a load, a deformation process occurs in the construction material, which is accompanied by irreversible processes of their appearance, development and accumulation of damage to the structure of the material, and, as a result, leads to destruction, we come to the conclusion that it is necessary to carefully study the strength of wooden designs taking into account this phenomenon. There is a need to comprehensively study the issues of damage accumulation in wooden structures under the action of loads and the related processes of changing the cross-sectional area and bearing capacity, to use the research results when calculating structures. This makes it possible to reduce material consumption and make the sections of wooden structures more economical and avoid excessive safety margins. Therefore, an important manifestation is the fixation of cracks and internal interfaces, which allows one to quantify the integral damage of the structure material to predict their safe functioning. The authors considered analytical dependences for the description of disseminated injuries that follow from physical considerations or are constructed from some mechanical models of the process of long-term damage. Three main types of models have been identified: force, deformation and energy. Experimental studies of normal stress diagrams make it possible to visually record the formation of folds in the compressed zone, as well as calculate the value of the instantaneous elastic and viscoelastic components of total deformation. A measure of the accumulation of damage in a material is damage. In this work, the damage was calculated based on the known specific parameters of the material: deflections, relative deformations and changes in the number of acoustic emission signals. The graphs of the dependence of damage on the load were built: - on the development of deflections; - on the development of fibrous deformations; - on the development of deflections and acoustic emission (relative load); - on the development of fibrous deformations (relative load); This scientific work is a logical continuation of previous studies of damage to wooden structures. The article presents the results of experimental studies of the strength, deformability of wooden beams under the influence of a static load. The direction of improving the methodology for designing wooden structures and determining the residual resource has not been reflected in the technical literature. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive study of them.

Use of concrete formulations based on dredging sand in the fabrication of tetrapods for protection of harbour dykes

Port structures (quays and dykes) need an enormous consumption of materials, in particular concrete and its components, as well as sand, hence the need to develop alternative solutions using port dredging sand, estimated at thousands of tonnes through its use in the concrete that forms the blocks of the quay walls. After having demonstrated in a previous work the possibility of using the dredged sand from the port of Agadir in concrete formulations, the present work consists in showing the possibility of using the dredged sand from the port of Agadir in concrete formulations that can be used in the construction of concrete tetrapods from a concrete formulation based on dredged sand, more precisely 50% of the sand entering in the formulation is dredged sand extracted from the port of Agadir. The eventual use of dredged sand in the concrete of the tetrapods will lead to enormous gains in the quantities of sand and thus to a lower consumption of construction materials, and will also play a more important role in the preservation of the marine environment by avoiding the trapping of the dredged materials.

Determination of the structural efficiency of quadric and cylindrical surfaces when used as reinforced concrete roof structures

Modern architecture of civil engineering structures made of reinforced concrete is demanding solutions to problems related to design and construction of roofs shaped as creative forms which require an adequate combination of arts and physical-mathematical models. In that sense, the quadric and cylindrical surfaces offer an attractive based on their volumetric expression, historicity, and mathematical feasibility. In this work, seven cylindrical and quadric surfaces named elliptic cylinder, parabolic cylinder, elliptic cone, elliptic paraboloid, hyperbolic paraboloid, ellipsoid and hyperboloid of two sheets have been analysed to find out which of them show to be more efficient when used as reinforced concrete roof structures. To do so, the configuration of each structure hase been adjusted in terms of similar stiffness, strength parameters and enclosed volume. The structural efficiency was computed using the results of weight/load ratio, available strength, material consumption and relative stiffness. The solution of the model has been achieved using a combination of exact solutions and numerical methods. To compute the model results a Matlab® code was written and validated using the structural software SAP2000®. The best structural efficiency in terms of stiffness, strength, and materials consumption was obtained for roofs configurated using surfaces built from parabolas, i.e., elliptic paraboloid, hyperbolic paraboloid, and parabolic cylinder. The results of this work can be used in future studies and applications related to arhitectural comfort, structural behaviour and material consumption in construction of roofs.

Experimental data on compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity properties of sustainable mortar made with high content of GGBFS and CKD combinations.

The development in the construction sector and population growth requires an increase in the consumption of construction materials, mainly concrete. Cement is the binder in concrete, so increasing cement production will increase the energy consumed, as well as in the emission of carbon dioxide. This harmful effect of the environment led to the search for alternative materials for cement, as the waste or by-products of other industries is a promising solution in this case. Among these common materials are ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and cement kiln dust (CKD). This dataset describes the compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity of mortar consisted of high content of GGBS and CKD combinations as a partial substitute for cement (up to 80%) at the ages of 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 56, 90 and 550 days. This dataset can help the researchers to understand the behaviour of GGBS and CKD in high replacement levels for cement during early (1 day) and later ages (550 days). According to this understanding, the authors believe that the data available here can be used to produce more environmentally friendly mortar or concrete mixtures by significantly reducing the amount of cement used by replacing it with waste or by-products of other industries.