Cement Consumption Research Articles

High temperature calcined red mud-cement mortar: Workability, mechanical properties, hydration mechanism, and microstructure

To efficiently utilize red mud (RM) in cement-based materials, this study employed high-temperature calcination to enhance RM's pozzolanic activity. Calcined RM replaced cement in RM-cement mortar, examining the effects of different calcination temperatures and RM addition amounts on the workability and mechanical properties of the mortar. Additionally, XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDS, TAM-Air, and TG were used to explore the hydration mechanism and microstructure of RM-cement mortar. Research showed that as the calcination temperature increased, minerals like Calcite, Hematite, and Cancrinite in RM began to decompose, and the glassy structure increased. At 800 °C, the serrated and amorphous diffraction peaks significantly increased. Calcined RM positively influenced the setting and hardening of cement mortar but negatively affected its fluidity. The optimal calcination temperature for RM was 800 °C, with an optimal addition amount of 10%. The compressive strengths of RM-cement mortar at 3, 7, and 28d, with optimal conditions, are 9.62, 29.94, and 40.12 MPa, respectively, showing increases of 4.25, 1.72, and 1.39 times over untreated RM-cement mortar. When RM was calcined to 800 °C, the diffraction peak intensities of Portlandite, C–S–H, and Ettringite in the RM-cement paste were the highest, and the hydration products interwove to form a dense microstructure. Adding calcined RM extended the induction period of cement, increased the rate of heat release, shortened the acceleration period, and further accelerated the rate of heat release. Nevertheless, the alkaline components in calcined RM pose a certain hindrance to the later stages of cement hydration. In summary, calcining RM to 800 °C enhanced its pozzolanic activity, improved the workability, early hydration, and early strength of cement, and reduced cement consumption and CO2 emissions.

STUDY OF THE PROPERTIES OF MODIFIED BINDER OBTAINED ON THE BASIS OF BENEFICIATION WASTE OF THE MINING AND PROCESSING PLANT

The introduction of active mineral additives into cement makes it possible to obtain concrete with high physical, mechanical and operational characteristics, namely, they increase the density, water resistance, frost, sulfate, alkali resistance and salt resistance of concretes and mortars, while reducing the consumption of clinker cement. The scale of construction of facilities using cement concrete is growing every year, which raises the question of reducing the consumption of clinker cement, due to the high energy intensity of production using active mineral additives. The use of active mineral additives in the form of waste from enrichment has high economic and environmental significance. The article examines the ways of using waste tailings of polymetallic ore enrichment in cement as a complex modified binder with an active mineral additive. To select the optimal ratio of silica and Balkhash GOK enrichment waste, their pozzolan activity was determined, which is 3.8-4 times higher for silica than for BGOK waste. The pozzolan activity of Balkhash GOK enrichment waste 16 hours after mixing with lime solution is 24 mg/g, and microsilicon is 114 mg/g. The pozzolan activity of a complex mineral additive for cements consisting of 60% of Balkhash GOK enrichment waste and 40% of microsilicon is 48 mg/g. The introduction of 40% silica into the Balkhash GOK enrichment waste increases the pozzolan activity of the complex additive by 2 times. This made it possible to obtain a modified binder using a complex mineral additive of up to 20%.

Influence of processing methods on the strength activity index for sludge as a supplementary cementitious material

Utilizing activated sludge as a partial substitute for cement can both curb cement consumption and address sludge reuse in an economically and environmentally-friendly manner. This study delves into the pozzolanic activity of mechanically-thermal (MT) activated sludge and alkali-mechanical-thermal (AMT) activated sludge, employing the strength activity index (SAI) method. Microscopic insights provided by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and laser particle size analysis aid in the interpretation of observed phenomena. The findings underscore the superiority of MT activation over AMT activation, with an SAI of 97 %. Optimal pozzolanic activity is achieved through a 2-hours holding time, slow heating at 10 °C/min, and rapid cooling. A calcination temperature of 800 °C effectively promotes the decomposition of active minerals and enhances the sludge's pozzolanic activity. Additionally, a ball milling time of 2 minutes proves sufficient to meet practical demands, as prolonged ball milling has a limited impact on sludge pozzolanic activity.

The synergistic effect of recycled glass fiber reinforced plastic and silica fume on cement mortar properties

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the generation of glass fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP) waste. Traditional disposal methods have led to the wastage of resources and elevated carbon emission rates. Therefore, recycled glass fiber reinforced plastic powder was utilized to synergistically substitute a portion of the cement with silica fume, aiming to produce green cementitious composites. The study focuses on crucial properties such as strength, drying shrinkage, and fluidity. XRD, TG/DTG, and FT-IR analyses were conducted to clarify the hydration process of the composites, while MIP and water porosity measurements assessed the modifications in pore structure across various sample groups. The results demonstrate that the compressive strength of the new composite substantially increases by approximately 40 %, while cement consumption decreases by 30 %. This study presents a pioneering utilization of recycled glass fiber-reinforced plastic (RGFRP) and an innovative method for producing eco-friendly cementitious composites.

INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS ON CONCRETE EFFICIENCY INDICATORS

The article presents the results of studies of the influence of technological factors (clinker factor of cements, grain composition of aggregates, cement consumption in concrete, modifier additives) on technical and environmental indicators of concrete efficiency. It has been shown that in combination, the parameters of clinker and CO2 intensities characterize the clinker efficiency of concrete, which can be improved by replacing part of the clinker in mixed cements with active mineral additives. Optimization of the granulometric composition of fine and coarse aggregates and the use of superplasticizers of the polycarboxylate type ensure the formation of a dense microstructure of the cementing matrix, which allows to increase the strength of concrete by 1-2 classes with an unchanged cement consumption and helps to reduce the CO2 emission rate. With the correct combination of various technological factors affecting concrete mixtures, a real opportunity is created to produce modern low-carbon concrete that meets the requirements of sustainability.

Study on the Long-Term Durability and Leaching Characteristics of Low-Consumption Cement Backfill under Different Environmental Conditions

The high consumption and high cost of cement are the bottleneck problems that limit the development of cemented tailings backfilling technology. The low-consumption cement backfill is immersed in a weak acid/alkaline groundwater environment for a long time. Reducing the consumption of cement can easily lead to problems such as a sudden decrease in strength and the leakage of heavy metals. Through the monolithic leaching test in static and uniaxial compressive tests, the heavy metals’ leaching concentration and the compressive strength of low-consumption cement backfills in different pH soaking solutions were measured at different soaking times. Results show that a lower cement concentration will result in a lower CTB compressive strength and a higher rate of heavy metal leaching. Long-term exposure to an acidic/alkaline environment will lead to the instability and destruction of the CTB structure. A microscopic examination reveals that the creation of hydration products can improve the structure’s compactness while also lowering the internal porosity of CTB but can also solidify heavy metal ions in various ways. A first-order reaction/diffusion model (FRDM) can better evaluate the leaching behavior of CTB. This study helps to improve backfilling technology, thereby contributing to the creation of sustainable mining geotechnologies.

Properties and microstructure of soil solidified by titanium slag-flue gas desulfurized gypsum-Portland cement composites as solidifiers

Using Portland cement for soil solidification has sustainability issues due to high energy-consumption and carbon emissions. An innovative approach suggests using titanium slag and flue gas desulfurized gypsum as substitutes for Portland cement for soil solidification. This study systematically evaluates the effects of titanium slag-flue gas desulfurized gypsum-Portland cement composite (TS-FGD-OPC composite) solidifier on the performance of solidified soils. The evaluation includes assessing the unconfined compressive strength (UCS), elastic modulus, moisture content, and leachate pH value. Additionally, the hydration process and microstructure development of the solidified soils are characterized through the XRD, TG-DSC, BET, and SEM tests. The results indicate that the although its compressive strength is much lower, TS-FGD-OPC composite can be used as soil solidifier. With the titanium slag content increase, the TS-FGD-OPC composite solidifier brings the solidified soils to have lower UCS, elastic modulus and leachate pH value, and higher plastic deformation and moisture content. However, to get the same UCS, the utilization of the TS-FGD-OPC composite solidifier can bring the significant reduction of the Portland cement consumption. At the same dosage, the TS-FGD-OPC composite incorporating 50 % titanium slag and 20 % flue gas desulfurized gypsum yields an UCS achieving up to 92.5 % of that in pure Portland cement solidified soil. This is attributed to the filling of pores between soil particles with hydration products and unhydrated particles, resulting in the densification of the solidified soils and the cohesion increase of soil particles. The findings confirm the feasibility of substituting Portland cement with titanium slag and flue gas desulfurized gypsum to prepare an effective and environmentally friendly soil solidifier, to reduce the demand for Portland cement in soil solidification.

Strain-rate-dependent performance of alkali-activated binder-based ultra-high strength concrete

Ultra-high performance concrete(UHPC) is a superior protective material in impact and blast resistance, but negatively influences the environment due to the large amount of cement consumption and CO2 emissions during the preparation process. Alkali-activated binders were invented as a promising alternative to Portland cement for preparing UHPC in a method that saves energy and emits less CO2. However, the strain-rate-dependent performance of alkali-activated binder-based ultra-high strength concrete (AAB-UHSC) is still unknown. Therefore, this work focused on the strain-rate-dependent performance, e.g., dynamic mechanical properties, energy absorption and failure patterns, of AAB-UHSC materials incorporated with different steel fiber contents, as well as the microdamage at different strain rates. The quasi-static compression test, split Hopkinson pressure bar test, the sieving test and the scanning electron microscope test were carried out. The results indicated that the AAB-UHSC material is a strain rate-dependent material, the different stress-strain curves corresponding to different failure patterns vary with the strain rate, and an obvious strain rate transition zone existed for different failure patterns, as did the energy for different failure patterns. Additionally, the addition of steel fibers could effectively enhance the dynamic macromechanical performance and reduce the microdamage. An impact toughness index suitable for AAB-UHSC was defined. Eventually, a modified ZWT dynamic constitutive model with a new damage evolution equation for the AAB-UHSC material was proposed, and results show that this model can well describe the stress-strain relationship of the AAB-UHSC under impact load.

A Comprehensive Approach for Designing Low Carbon Wood Bio-Concretes.

This paper presents a method for designing low carbon bio-based building materials, also named bio-concretes, produced with wood wastes in shavings form (WS) and cementitious pastes. As the aggregates phase of bio-concretes is composed of plant-based particles, known as porous and high water-absorbing materials, the bio-concretes cannot be designed by using the traditional design rules used for conventional mortar or concrete. Then, the method used in the current paper is an adaptation of a previous one that has been developed in a recent paper where bio-concretes were produced with a cement matrix, three types of bio-aggregates, and a proposal of a design abacus. However, when that abacus is used for designing WBC with low cement content in the matrix, the target compressive strength is not reached. In the present paper, the method is extended to low cement content matrix (up to 70% of cement substitution) and also considering the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission of the WBC. To obtain data for proposing a new design abacus, an experimental program was carried out by producing nine workable WBCs, varying wood volumetric fractions (40-45-50%), and water-to-binder ratios. The bio-concretes produced presented adequate consistency, lightness (density between 715 and 1207 kg/m3), and compressive strength ranging from 0.64 to 12.27 MPa. In addition, the GHG emissions of the WBC were analysed through the Life Cycle Assessment methodology. From the relationships obtained between density, compressive strength, water-to-binder ratio, cement consumption, and GHG emissions of the WBC, calibration constants were proposed for developing the updated and more complete abacus regarding an integrated mix design methodology.

Recycling of coal gasification fine ash as a cement cleaning substitute: Performance, microstructure, and sustainability assessment of blended cement

Coal gasification fine ash (CGFA) is a large amount of solid waste produced by the coal chemical industry and has a broad prospect of recycling in building materials. This paper aims to investigate the effect of CGFA on the flowability, rheological behavior, hydration properties, and sustainability of blended cement. CGFA contains mineral components similar to fly ash (FA) and has morphological and physical filling effects that promote the flow of cement pastes. However, water absorption by the residual carbon component in CGFA resulted in severe deterioration of the rheological properties and flowability of the paste. As levels of CGFA replacement increase, the blended cement shows a pattern of decreasing early hydration rate, reducing flowability, and a significant increase in dynamic yield stress. The characteristic hydration reaction peak indicating the transformation of ettringite (AFt) to kuzelite (AFm) was little observed in the mixed samples of CGFA and cement. This phenomenon is attributed to the low content of reactive minerals (mainly aluminates) in CGFA. The residual carbon in CGFA almost did not participate in the hydration reaction of the blended cement system. It also limited the accumulation of hydration products, significantly reducing the strength of the mortar. Considering multiple factors such as cost, carbon emission, embodied energy, and cement consumption, the combined sustainability assessment of the (15%CGFA + 15%FA) combination replacing cement is 14.5% higher than that of pure cement mortar. This study can provide theoretical and technical support for the sustainable development of the coal chemical industry and the construction industry.

Study on the fatigue life and toughness of recycled aggregate concrete based on basalt fiber

This paper studies the influence of basalt fibers on the mechanical properties, fatigue life, and toughness of Mechanically Recycled Aggregate Concrete (MRAC). Basalt fibers of varying volume fractions and lengths, along with quantified amounts of mineral powder and fly ash, are incorporated into MRAC to prepare Basalt Fiber Mechanically Recycled Aggregate Concrete (BFMRAC). The results of basic mechanical tests and fatigue tests showed that mineral powder and fly ash reduce cement consumption, achieve the effect of green construction, and basalt fibers improve the mechanical properties and toughness of concrete. The results of the response surface method (RSM) model indicate that the volume fraction of basalt fibers has a greater influence on the mechanical properties of BFMRAC compared to fiber length. The fatigue test results indicate that under different fiber volume fractions and lengths, the uniaxial compressive fatigue life (N) of specimens for each mix proportion is consistently improved. When the length of basalt fibers is 12 mm and the volume fraction is 0.3 %, the uniaxial compressive fatigue life of BFMRAC reaches its maximum (231638), which is twice that of MRAC. When the survival rate (P) is set to 0.5, with a basalt fibers volume content of 0.3 % and a length of 12 mm, the fatigue limit strength (Se) attains its maximum (0.8648 fc). When stress levels (S) reach 0.75 and the basalt fibers length is 12 mm, the relative CI Intensifying Coefficient achieves its maximum (1.133), resulting in optimal fatigue toughness. When the basalt fibers length is 6–12 mm, Se generally increases with the increase of fiber length, and the enhancement effect is best at 12 mm.

Exploring alkali-source, pore-filling and cementation damage effects in cemented clay with typical industrial waste binders

Various industrial waste binders (IWBs) are being recycled in soil stabilization to save cement consumption. However, the coupled effects brought out by combined IWBs on stabilized soils are still unclear. IWBs are categorized into two typical categories (IWB-A and IWB-B) referring to their chemical role in this study. The alkali-source effect, pore-filling effect and cementation damage effect by IWBs in soil stabilization are explored. A series of mechanical and microscopic tests is performed on stabilized clay with different proportions of IWB-A and IWB-B. Moreover, initial water contents and cement contents of cement-stabilized clay are varied to examine the evolution of coupled effect with void ratio and cementation level. The results indicate that the alkali-source effect strengthens the cementation bonds and increases the early strength by 0.5–1.3 times, whereas the pore-filling effect improves the microfabric especially for the specimen with a large void ratio. The alkali-source effect increases soil cohesion cu at the pre-yield stage, and the pore-filling effect increases frictional angle φu at the post-yield stage. The cementation damage effect is remarkable at a low void ratio, which may result in many extruded pores among soil aggregates. The strength evolution with IWB proportions can be well stimulated by considering the coupled alkali-source effect, pore-filling effect and cementation damage effect. The optimal proportion of IWBs corresponds to an optimal combination of coupled effect.

Study on Sugarcane Bagasse Biochar in Concrete for Carbon Sequestration

Abstract: Embodied carbon from manufacturing of cement is increasing day by day as constructions are happening everywhere so the consumption of cement is increasing by default. In next decade there are much more constructions are going to takes place that will lead to Increase in GHG’s emissions from cement manufacturing. It is supposed to be a threat to climate . To reduce this increase in embodied carbon there is need to reduce cement consumption by partially replacing cement with other suitable options. biochar which is a by-product of pyrolysis of biomass and is effective in carbon sequestration activity and results in high water and carbon dioxide holding capacity. In this study Sugarcane bagasse biochar is used in concrete and mortar as partial replacement of cement for carbon sequestration. Strength characteristics of materials are supposed to be interlinked with pozzolanic activity hence pretreatment is done with 0.1 N HCl to enhance pozzolanic property activity of biochar. This pozzolanic activity is calculated by considering Ca(OH)2 fixation during the titration in chapelle test. From the study results its is observed that pretreatment with 0.1 N HCl at room temperature is sufficient to increase the pozzolanic activity of biochar also this Sugarcane bagasse biochar is observed to be sequestering carbon dioxide and it is increasing with increase in biochar. But compressive strength of concrete is decreasing with increase in sugarcane bagasse biochar. Hence it is not suitable to be used in construction work but can be used in plaster mortar where no much compressive strength is required . Sugarcane bagasse biochar can act as carbon sequestering media in concrete but it can’t be recommended in concrete or mortar for construction work.

Biochar Enriched Concrete for Carbon Sequestration

Abstract: In upcoming years , a lot of construction is going to happen leading to more cement consumption and more GHG’s emissions by default as an embodied carbon. Reduction of cement consumption is possible by partially repacing it with biochar which is a by-product of pyrolysis of biomass or adding it as an additive in cement mortar and concrete for carbon sequestration. Biochar is effective in carbon sequestration activity and results in high water and carbon dioxide holding capacity. Increase in biochar lead to increase in carbon sequestration . As pozzolanic activity lead to strength gaining characteristics and durability of concrete, this study focusses on investigating pozzolanic activity of biochar. Biomass considered in this study were walnut shells and pretreatment was done with 0.1 N HCl and and pozzolanic activity is checked by chapelle test by observing Ca(OH)2 fixation during the titration. It was observed that increase in temperature or Normality of HCl in pretreatment does not enhance pozzolanic activity of biochar . Hence pretreatment with 0.1 N HCl at room temperature for an hour is sufficient to enhance the pozzolanic activity of biochar with much high carbon dioxide sorption as compared to usual concrete without compromising with the strength of concrete. This study reclaims the potential use of biochar in concrete is reliable for carbon sequestration.

Compressive Strength and Water Absorption Capacity on Brick Interlock with Fly Ash Addition

Interlock brick is an environmentally friendly substitute for house wall materials because the manufacturing process is not burned like red brick. This method of installing interlocking walls, like Lego, can function as a structure for sluice gates, columns and ring beams without the need for plastering or painting, so it is more effective and efficient and can reduce cement consumption. Several actions must be taken to minimize the use of cement by using environmentally friendly materials. One of the environmentally friendly materials that will be researched is Interlock bricks made from a mixture of Fly Ash . This research aims to determine the compressive strength and water absorption capacity of Interlock bricks mixed with Fly Ash. The research method begins by looking for interlock brick parameter data in the form of compressive strength and water absorption capacity. Compressive strength is a parameter of the mechanical suitability of interlock bricks , while water absorption is the ability of a material to absorb water. There are 3 variations of the mixture, namely with the ratio Fly Ash : Sand: Cement, mixture I (3: 3: 1) Fly Ash 43% , mixture II (4 : 3 : 1) Fly Ash 50% , and mixture III (5 : 3 : 1) Fly Ash 56% calculation divided based on the percentage of the amount of Fly Ash , obtained the compressive strength value of Interlock brick from the Fly Ash mixture in mixture I 16.0 kg/m2 and water absorption capacity 20%, mixture II 24.7 kg/m 2 and strength water absorption 17.5%, mixture III 10.3 kg/m 2 and water absorption 21.8%. According to SK-SNI-S-04-1989-F Interlock brick mix II with a Fly Ash composition of 50% is close to class K25 (25 kg/m 2 ) and has an absorption capacity value of <20.0% according to the absorption capacity limit based on SNI 15- 2094-2000.Keywords: Interlock Bricks, Fly Ash, Compressive Strength, Water Absorption.

Mix design of FA-GGBS based lightweight geopolymer concrete incorporating sintered fly ash aggregate as coarse aggregate

Geopolymer concrete (GPC) is emerging as a sustainable alternative to conventional Portland cement-based concrete due to its significantly reduced carbon footprint and enhanced durability. To mitigate the environmental hazard posed by the disposal of fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) waste and reduce cement consumption, effective promotion of the geopolymerization technique is necessary. Incorporating sintered fly ash coarse aggregate (SFA) in GPC makes the concrete light in weight. This study involves the synthesis of geopolymer technology using FA and GGBS, as the primary source material. Due to the lack of an appropriate mix design method for using SFA in GPC, their application as a structural concrete is scanty. By using FA and GGBS with 100% SFA, a novel mix design methodology that offers greater simplicity and consistency is established in the present study. The proposed method is further verified by developing different concretes with alkali content to binder (AC/B) ratios ranging from 0.3 to 0.8. Fresh densities range between 1860 and 1930 kg/m3 and maximum compressive strength of nearly 50 MPa was attained after 28 days of ambient curing. The binder penetration and internal curing in SFA indicate that GGBS and FA have a superior synergistic effect on the efficacy of lightweight GPC using SFA.

Enhancing sustainability in self-compacting concrete by optimizing blended supplementary cementitious materials

Within concrete engineering, the uptake of self-compacting concrete (SCC) represents a notable trend, delivering improved workability and placement efficiency. However, challenges persist, notably in achieving optimal performance while mitigating environmental impacts, particularly in cement consumption. However, simply reducing the cement content in the mix design can directly compromise the structural-concrete requirements. Towards these challenges, global trends emphasize the utilization of appropriate waste materials in blended concrete. This study explored a promising strategy by integrating supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) to contribute to the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in addition to the engineering contributions. It suggests an optimal combination of Metakaolin (MK) and Limestone Powder (LP) to partially substitute cement. The research methodology employs the response surface method (RSM) to systematically explore the ideal ingredient ratios. Through a comprehensive analysis of orthogonal array of 16 mixes, encompassing both mixture and process variables, this study aims to explain the effects of MK and LP addition on the rheological and mechanical properties of SCC with varying cement replacement levels. In terms of mixture constituents, the total composition of cement, MK, and LP was fixed at 100%, while coarse aggregate (CA), fine aggregate (FA), and the water-to-binder ratio were held as process variables. In order to assess the rheological properties of the mix-design, various tests including slump flow, L-box, and sieve segregation were conducted. Additionally, to evaluate mechanical strength, samples were tested for compressive strength at both 7 and 28 days. Findings from the experiments reveal higher concentrations of MK result in reduced workability and hardened properties. Through RSM-based designed experimentation covering both rheological and mechanical aspects, it is observed that the optimal cement replacement level lies between 40 and 55%. The findings of this study contribute to the advancement of sustainable and structurally robust concrete practices, offering insights into the optimal utilization of SCMs to meet both engineering requirements and environmental sustainability goals.

Utilization of high fly ash dosage to reduce cement consumption in concrete formulations

The concrete production is responsible for high proportion of total carbon dioxide emission due to enormous consumption of Portland cement. This traditional binder system is due to high autogenous emission during calcination the main carrier of such negative environmental impact. The effective way to reduce the use of Portland cement is to replace that this binding material exhibiting lower energy demandingness. This paper deals with the utilization of fly ash as Portland cement replacement, which is frequently applied in concrete industry. The paper deals the highest replacement level in accordance with valid regulations. The experimental program was focused on the properties of fresh concrete mixture and basic physical and mechanical properties of hardened concrete. The attained results confirmed good potential of this approach, however the increase of plasticizer dosage was necessary to maintain a similar consistency of fresh mixture. That is why the fresh mixture exhibited lower level of air content.

Production of low-CO2 ternary binder using red sandstone, cement, and granulated blast furnace slag: A comprehensive performance analysis

Red sandstone is rich in reserves, and using it as a mineral admixture to partially replace cement can save cement consumption and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. This study uses spectral characterization, electron microscopy image analysis, mechanical property testing and other methods to study the fluidity, compressive strength, heat of hydration, carbonation degree, microstructure and thermal damage of composite cement-based materials containing red sandstone and slag. The experiment results showed that in ternary mixed cement, the composite cement mixed with 5% slag and 10% red sandstone shows similar flow properties to cement paste. Moreover, as the mineral content (red sandstone and slag) increases, the dissolution peak of the Al phase appears earlier, and the degree of carbonation increases. Furthermore, the CO2 emissions per unit strength gradually decrease. After 28 days of curing, thermal damage experiments demonstrated that the strength of the sample increases by more than 3.6% when the mineral content is greater than 15% at 200℃. Samples were subjected to 600 °C and 900 °C, and the strength of the red sandstone sample with a content of 15% decreased significantly. Moreover, as the temperature increases to (600 °C and 900 °C), the lattice of CnS becomes more and more ordered.

Effect of titanium dioxide on fresh and mechanical properties of Mortar: A review

Nanotechnology-based engineering approaches are rapidly developing throughout the world. Modern, cutting-edge nanotechnology has proven useful in a variety of technical applications. In emerging and developed countries, increasing infrastructure needs a considerable amount of cement, which has a significantly impact on the environment and human health, resulting in greenhouse gas emissions and severe acute respiratory illnesses (asthma and silicosis, respectively). To overcome such difficulties, cement consumption in building materials must be reduced. Several novel extra materials have lately been introduced to improve the performance of mortar. Nano-titanium dioxide (NT) in cement mortar is widely used in green building construction because NT capable to the degradation of air pollution, self-cleaning, and enhancing mechanical, microstructural, and durability properties. In this paper, the effect of NT on fresh and hardened properties of cement mortar has been discussed. For the collection, screening and implementation of data for review paper PRISMA analysis and VOSviewer technique was used. Existing literature indicates that the reduction in workability 15% − 20% whereas improvement in compressive strength (CS) up to 15% and tensile strength up to 45% was noted with NT in mortar. Current research supports using NT as a cement replacement in mortar. Aside from the key findings, some identified gaps, problems, and future scope challenges have been presented in order to develop NT based mortar as a sustainable material in the building sector.