Consumption Of Antioxidants Research Articles

Circulating Nrf2, Glutathione, and Malondialdehyde Correlate with Disease Severity in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.

Oxidative stress (OS) plays an essential role in the pathophysiology of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). However, the actors that regulate OS need to be better studied. We aimed to evaluate whether NFE2-like bZIP transcription factor 2 (Nrf2), glutathione, malondialdehyde (MDA), and protein carbonyl concentrations change according to the disease severity in DMD patients. Moreover, we assessed whether OS correlated with muscle injury, clinical characteristics, physical activity, and antioxidant food consumption (AFC). A total of 28 DMD patients participated in this study. OS markers, metabolic indicators, and enzymatic markers of muscle injury were measured in circulation. Muscle injury was measured with clinical scales, and physical activity and AFC were evaluated with questionnaires. Nrf2 concentration was lower (p ≤ 0.01), and malondialdehyde concentration was higher (p < 0.05) in non-ambulatory patients than in ambulatory patients. Nrf2 correlated with age (rho = -0.387), Vignos scale (rho = -0.328), GMFCS scale (rho = -0.399), and Brooke scale scores (rho = -0.371) (p < 0.05). MDA correlated with Vignos (rho = 0.317) and Brooke scale scores (rho = 0.414) (p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, DMD patients with the worst muscle function had more significant oxidative damage and lower antioxidant function than DMD patients with better muscle function.

Role of antioxidants in disease prevention

Antioxidants can protect cells from free radicals, which contribute to heart disease, cancer, and other diseases. Antioxidants, due to their variety of benefits, such as their anti-aging and anti-inflammatory properties, have attracted the attention of scientists in recent years. Antioxidants are still prevalent in many fields today, such as food technology. In this field, antioxidants enhance the taste and safety of a wide range of foods. It's been shown that antioxidants protect cells from oxidative damage, in both controlled lab settings and observational epidemiological studies. Although there are conflicting findings from clinical studies, it's still a controversial topic. This study aims to summarize the findings that have been made so far regarding the benefits of antioxidant consumption. The importance of antioxidants as an effective tool for preventing diseases throughout the world is also highlighted in this article.

Identifying active and degraded phenolic antioxidants in aged PE with IR-microscopy

In recent decades several studies addressed the chemical consumption of primary antioxidants in polyolefins, however a generally accepted spectroscopic method to investigate the aging products of phenolic antioxidants separately from the aging products of PE have not been published. To address this issue FTIR-transmission spectra of chlorine dioxide aged PE cross-section samples were evaluated with principal component analysis (PCA). A decrease in the hydroxyl groups parallel to the increase of quinone groups with increasing aging time were observed. This indicates that the evaluation of FTIR-transmission spectra with PCA enables the monitoring of hindered phenolic antioxidants with the decrease of non-aged hydroxyl groups (∼3650 cm−1) and with the increase of quinone groups (∼1600 and 1640 cm−1) separately from the aging products of PE. Besides the qualitative analysis, conclusion regarding the relative amount of active AO molecules in given distance from the aging surface or after a certain aging time can be obtained with the aid of PCA.

Coenzyme Q10 treatment and diazinon exposure in parental male rats: effects of the exposure on their neonatal brains.

Prenatal acute and chronic exposure to organophosphorus pesticides may evoke physical and behavioral impairments in offspring development. However, the mechanism of antioxidant consumption repair to cure these impairments remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of COQ10 against DZN toxicity by measuring Malondialdehyde (MDA) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, the expression of MH2A, DNMT1, H2AZ, and HDAC3, and the histopathology in the brain of neonatal Wistar albino rats whose male parents were exposed to DZN and COQ10. The results showed that COQ10 could significantly decrease MDA level, histopathological alteration, and expression of DNMT1 and HDAC3 in the neonatal brain (P<0.05). Also, an increase in SOD activity and expression of MH2A and H2AZ were observed in the neonatal brain of this group (P<0.05). These investigations suggest that COQ10 can reduce the effects of DZN on neuronal oxidative stress and its damage to the neonatal brain.

Association between Dietary and Supplemental Antioxidants Intake and Lung Cancer Risk: Evidence from a Cancer Screening Trial

Previous studies provided inconsistent results on the effects of antioxidant nutrient intake on lung cancer prevention. We aimed to evaluate the association between antioxidant consumption from food and supplemental sources and lung cancer incidence. Data were obtained from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) cancer screening trial. A total of 98,451 participants were included in the data analysis. We used a multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between antioxidant intake and lung cancer risk. Dose-response assessments for individual nutrients were conducted. We also selected the model for the best combination of antioxidants for reducing lung cancer risk using machine learning methods. After the median follow-up of 12.2 years, 1642 new cases were identified. Intake of the calculated HRs indicated a trend for a higher quartile of food-based Composite Dietary Antioxidant Index (fCDAI) associated with a lower lung cancer risk after adjusting for covariates (HRQ4vs.Q1 = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.52, 0.79; P for trend < 0.001). Protective effects of dietary antioxidant intake were observed across all individual antioxidant micronutrients except magnesium. Random forests model suggested the dietary intake group of α-carotene, magnesium, vitamin C, vitamin E, lycopene, selenium, lutein, and zeaxanthin, and β-carotene had the most favorable effects on lung cancer prevention. Higher consumption of antioxidants from food sources has a protective effect against lung cancer, while no effects were shown in the supplemental group. It is recommended to consume a combination of various antioxidants due to the potential benefits from the interaction, while more research should be performed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of antioxidant synergic effects on lung cancer risk reduction.

A New Target in Inflammatory Diseases: Lycopene.

Inflammation is a response to various injuries, illnesses, and severe trauma. The primary function of inflammation is to combat pathogens, eliminate them from the body, and initiate wound healing. However, inflammation also contributes to numerous diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and asthma. As the importance of nutrition in maintaining human health has become increasingly recognized, the consumption of natural antioxidants has gained popularity, especially in developed countries. A growing body of research has shown that consuming foods rich in lycopene can protect individuals from a range of conditions, including cancer, heart disease, and other diseases. As a result, lycopene is gaining recognition as a potential protective antioxidant in the fields of medicine and pharmacology. This review aims to highlight the effects of lycopene on inflammatory diseases and provide a foundational understanding for researchers interested in further research on lycopene.

Antioxidant Properties of Selected Underutilized Fruit Species of Sri Lanka after Simulated Oral and Gastro-Intestinal Digestion

Background: High consumption of natural antioxidants, particularly phenolic compounds found in fruits and vegetables, makes a significant contribution to plasma antioxidant capacity. The impact of plant phenolics in terms of health benefits is strongly reliant on their level of bioaccessibility and bioavailability. Objectives: The study was conducted to determine the antioxidative properties and bioaccessibility in six underutilized fruit species, namely (Phyllanthus emblica, Elaeocarpus sirratus, Cynometra cauliflora, Aegle marmelos, Limonia acidissima and Flacoutia indica). Materials &amp; Methods: The total phenolic content (TPC) of fruit samples was determined after in-vitro simulated oral and gastro-intestinal digestion. The total phenolic content of dialysate and retentates were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu’s test. 2, 2-diphenyl-1-pycrylehydrazyl (DPPH) and the total antioxidant activity assay (2,2'azinobis3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS)) were used to assess radical scavenging activity (RSA) and total antioxidant activity (TAA), respectively. Results: The highest TPC (110.33 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g on dry weight (DW) basis), the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity as measured by IC50 value (0.09 mg of dried fruit/mL), and the highest percentage of TAA (90%) were exhibited by P. emblica while the C. cauliflora recorded the lowest. Among the tested fruit species, P. emblica also had maximum bioaccessibility of total polyphenols (83.66 %) and C. cauliflora had the lowest (40.16%). Conclusions: Phylanthus emblica had the highest TAA and RSA of the tested fruit species while lowest was recorded in C. cauliflora. The TPC, TAA and RSA of all fruit species increased after enzymatic digestion. Further in vitro and in vivo studies should be conducted to assess the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of individual phenolic compounds.

Associated factors with human papillomavirus infection in adult women from northwest Mexico

Research on the association between risk factors and HPV infection in adult women from Hermosillo does not exist, so a study of cases and controls (1: 2) matched by age was designed to analyze this public health problem at local level. Participants were 33 and 66 women with and without HPV, respectively (mean age = 41.8 ± 7.9 years). The difference in characteristics between groups was tested with conditional logistic regression (univariate). Antioxidant intake was adjusted by total energy using the residual method. Two multivariate logistic regression models were generated to identify factors associated with HPV. In both models, the higher consumption of lycopene (OR = 0.96, CI =0.95-0.99, p = 0.019) and the higher Plasma Total Antioxidant Capacity (TACp) (OR = 0.05, CI 95% = 0.03-0.7, p = 0.024), even adjusted by the number of pregnancies, number of sexual partners, and total number of sexual partners per year, reduced the risk of HPV. Multiple pregnancies and sexual behavior increased the risk of HPV, and higher consumption of lycopene and CATp reduced it in the women in this study. Sex education should be strengthened, as well as the consumption of antioxidants in women from Hermosillo to prevent the development of cervical cancer.

ACE-Vitamin Index and Risk of Glaucoma: The SUN Project

Previous studies regarding antioxidant consumption and glaucoma have shown contradictory results. The aim of this study was to analyze the combined effect of the consumption of three vitamins (A, C and E) on the incidence of glaucoma in the SUN Project. For this study, 18,669 participants were included. The mean follow-up was 11.5 years. An index including vitamins A, C and E (ACE-Vitamin Index) was calculated. Vitamin intake was extracted from participants' dietary data and vitamin supplements, if taken. Information on glaucoma incidence was collected by previously validated self-reported questionnaires. The association between glaucoma and vitamin intake was assessed by repeated-measures Cox regression using multi-adjusted hazard ratios. A total of 251 (1.3%) cases of glaucoma were detected. Participants with a higher ACE-Vitamin Index presented a reduced risk of glaucoma compared to participants with lower consumption (adjusted HR = 0.73; 95% CI, (0.55-0.98)). When each vitamin was analyzed individually, none of them had a significant protective effect. The protective effect of the ACE-Vitamin Index was higher in men and older participants (≥55 year). The consumption of vitamins A, C and E considered separately do not seem to exert a protective effect against glaucoma, but when these vitamins are considered together, they are associated with a lower risk of glaucoma.

Protective Effect of Natural Antioxidants on Reducing Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity.

The clinical application of cisplatin is limited by its adverse events, of which nephrotoxicity is the most commonly observed. In a cisplatin-induced pathological response, oxidative stress is one of the upstream reactions which inflicts different degrees of damages to the intracellular material components. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are also one of the early signaling molecules that subsequently undergo a series of pathological reactions, such as apoptosis and necrosis. This review summarizes the mechanism of intracellular ROS generation induced by cisplatin, mainly from the consumption of endogenous antioxidants, destruction of antioxidant enzymes, induction of mitochondrial crosstalk between the endoplasmic reticulum by ROS and Ca2+, and destruction of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) system in the endoplasmic reticulum, all of which result in excessive accumulation of intracellular ROS and oxidative stress. In addition, studies demonstrated that natural antioxidants can protect against the cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, by reducing or even eliminating excess free radicals and also affecting other nonredox pathways. Therefore, this review on the one hand provides theoretical support for the research and clinical application of natural antioxidants and on the other hand provides a new entry point for the detailed mechanism of cisplatin nephrotoxicity, which may lay a solid foundation for the future clinical use of cisplatin.

The Effects of Antioxidant Consumption on Inflammation and Muscle Soreness at Moderate Altitude in Collegiate Football Student-Athletes

Introduction: Athletics training and competition is associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation, especially at moderate altitude. This results from an increased formation of reactive oxygen species due to increased metabolic activity of working cells and tissues as well as decreased oxygen pressure. The oxidative stress can cause inflammation and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), which can be a serious problem for athletes training and competing at a high caliber, as it interferes with optimal sport performance and recovery. A diet intervention was developed to study the relationship between antioxidant-rich food consumption and implications per reduced inflammation and DOMS among athletes. Methods: During summer 2021, 32 NCAA Division 1 collegiate football student-athletes living and training at moderate altitude were recruited to participate in a seven-week nutrition intervention. Participants were assigned to either an intervention or control group. Participants in the intervention group consumed at least 10,000 Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) score units per day through an antioxidant-rich trail mix constructed by the research team. Participants consumed this trail mix in addition to their normal diet. Participants in the control group did not receive trail mix and continued their normal diet. Inflammation was measured pre- and post- intervention through blood biomarkers (high sensitivity C-reactive protein, hs-CRP; Interleukin-6, IL-6) and urine sample analysis (Isoprostane Creatinine ratio, F2/C). DOMS was measured through a pre- and post- survey (Numerical Pain Rating Scale, NPRS). Results: An independent samples T-test identified the change in mean ORAC scores for the intervention group (M±SD, 149121 units ± 18357 units) was statistically higher than the change in mean ORAC score for the control group (28391 units ± 15359 units): t(30)=-20.02, p&lt;.001. Paired samples T-tests indicated that hs-CRP and F2/C did not change significantly between time 1 (hsCRP: 1.31 mg/dL ±1.28 mg/dL) (F2/C: 0.41 ± 0.23) and time 2 (hsCRP: 1.50 mg/dL ± 1.92 mg/dL) (F2/C: 0.42 ± 0.11). Separate regression analyses identified pre- F2/C as a significant predictor of post- F2/C for the control group (B=0.399, p&lt;0.001) and mean ORAC score as a significant predictor of post- F2/C for the intervention group (B=-3.604E-6, p=0.028). Repeated measures ANOVA indicated no significant effect of time (F(1,27)=0.399, p=.533), or group by time (F(1,27)=0.521, p=.477) on DOMS. Conclusions: Antioxidant-rich food consumption had minimal impact on inflammation or DOMS induced by physical exercise at moderate altitude among this sample of collegiate football student-athletes. Future research is required to assess the relationship between antioxidant consumption and implications per reduced inflammation and DOMS for student-athletes participating in other collegiate sports.

Effect of Chronic Altitude Hypoxia on Redox Balance in Preadolescents and Adolescents

Introduction: Living at high altitude increases oxidative stress. Likewise, growth and maturation during adolescence can increase levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Changes in redox profiles have been evaluated in adults living at high altitudes; however, there are no studies on these changes in peripubertal populations living at moderate altitudes, we determine how living at moderate altitude affects the oxidative and inflammatory status of healthy preadolescents and adolescents. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in healthy male Colombian preadolescents and adolescents (9–18 years old, Tanner scale classification) who lived at low altitude (n = 26) or moderate altitude (n = 26). Plasma oxidative and inflammatory status was assessed via spectrophotometry. Oxidative markers included malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal, and carbonyl groups. Antioxidant markers included total antioxidant status, glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase, uric acid, and thiols. Inflammatory markers included interleukins-1, -6, and -10 and tumor necrosis factor. Results: Only uric acid levels were higher in adolescents (5.34 and 5.66 mg/dl) compared to preadolescents (3.85 and 4.07 mg/dl) in both moderate and low altitude groups, respectively. Participants who lived at moderate altitude presented significantly higher levels of malondialdehyde (4.82 and 3.73 nM/mg protein) and lower level of glutathione and thiols (1.21 and 1.26 μmol/mg protein) than in those at low altitude. Their inflammatory profiles did not differ. Conclusion: Oxidant profiles increased in peripubertal populations residing at moderate altitude; this could be owing to antioxidant consumption by ROS and active metabolism during puberty.

Study of the Antioxidant Properties of Filipendula ulmaria and Alnus glutinosa.

The demographic situation of the last few decades is characterized by the increased numbers of elderly and senile people, i.e., by the aging of the population. In humans, ageing is closely associated with the enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), development of systemic inflammation and related vascular atherosclerotic alterations and metabolic disorders, like obesity, diabetes mellitus and neurodegenerative diseases. As these age-related alterations are directly associated with up-regulation of ROS production and development of chronic oxidative stress, their onset can be essentially delayed by continuous daily consumption of dietary antioxidants—natural products of plant origin. Such antioxidants (in the form of plant extracts, biologically active complexes or individual compounds) can be supplemented to functional foods, i.e., dietary supplementations for daily diet aiming prolongation of active life and delay of the senescence onset. Thereby, use of widely spread medicinal plants might essentially improve cost efficiency of this strategy and availability of antioxidant-rich functional foods. Therefore, here we addressed, to the best of our knowledge for the first time, the antioxidant activity of the extracts prepared from the aerial parts of Filipendula ulmaria and Alnus glutinosa growing in the Kaliningrad region of Russia, and assessed the contents of the biologically active substances underlying these properties. It was found that the extract prepared with the leaves of Filipendula ulmaria and female catkins of Alnus glutinosa demonstrated high antioxidant activity, although the former plant was featured with a higher antioxidant potential. The highest antioxidant activity detected in the methanol extracts of Alnus glutinosa reached 1094.02 ± 14.53 µmol TE/g, radical scavenging of activity was 584.45 ± 35.3 µmol TE/g, reducing capacity at interaction with iron complex—471.63 ± 7.06 µmol TE/g. For the methanol extracts of Filipendula ulmaria the antioxidant activity reached 759.78 ± 19.08 µmol TE/g, antioxidant activity for free radical removal was 451.08 ± 24.45 µmol TE/g and antioxidant activity for restorative ability with iron complex was 332.28 ± 10.93 µmol TE/g. These values are consistent with the total yields of the extracts and their content of ellagic acid. The ethyl acetate extracts of the both plants showed just minimal antioxidant activity. Thus, the considered extracts have an essential potential. This creates good prospects for the further use of herbal extracts of Filipendula ulmaria and Alnus glutinosa as a source of natural antioxidants.

How do viruses use oxidative stress?

Oxygen is a vital element for all living beings to continue their life activities and is the main component of oxidant–antioxidant metabolism, which should be in balance. The free radicals formed as a result of this metabolic process in the organism constitute a source of oxidants; external factors (radiation, exposure to sunlight, environmental pollution, cigarettes, etc.), inflammation and microbial agents also cause the formation of oxidants. Oxidative stress occurs when the balance between free radicals and antioxidants (which have an eliminating effect against them) shifts in favour of free radicals. Many studies have reported that oxidative stress may affect the virulence of pathogens during infection. Viruses use a pathological pathway that causes the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the consumption of antioxidants. Thus, after viral infections, higher levels of ROS are often formed. Not only DNA-containing but also RNA-containing viruses were found to be associated with severe oxidative stress supporting DNA damage, high mutagenicity, initiation and/or progression of neoplasia. This review focuses on the relationship between oxidative stress and viruses.

Nutrition and mental health: A review of current knowledge about the impact of diet on mental health.

Applied psychopharmacotherapy and psychotherapy do not always bring the expected results in the treatment of mental disorders. As a result, other interventions are receiving increasing attention. In recent years, there has been a surge in research on the effects of nutrition on mental status, which may be an important aspect of the prevention of many mental disorders and, at the same time, may lead to a reduction in the proportion of people with mental disorders. This review aims to answer whether and to what extent lifestyle and related nutrition affect mental health and whether there is scientific evidence supporting a link between diet and mental health. A review of the scientific evidence was conducted based on the available literature by typing in phrases related to nutrition and mental health using the methodological tool of the PubMed database. The literature search yielded 3,473 records, from which 356 sources directly related to the topic of the study were selected, and then those with the highest scientific value were selected according to bibliometric impact factors. In the context of current changes, urbanization, globalization, including the food industry, and changes in people’s lifestyles and eating habits, the correlations between these phenomena and their impact on mental state become important. Knowledge of these correlations creates potential opportunities to implement new effective dietary, pharmacological, therapeutic, and above all preventive interventions. The highest therapeutic potential is seen in the rational diet, physical activity, use of psychobiotics, and consumption of antioxidants. Research also shows that there are nutritional interventions that have psychoprotective potential.

Stability of bioactive components in smoothies within an extended period of one year

The aim of the study was the colourimetric determination of polyphenols and antioxidative capacity in blueberry- and cranberry smoothies monthly over one year with high-throughput methods, i.e., total polyphenols (PPm) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). The main interest was directed to the smoothie storability in terms of light and temperature effects to prevent the consumption of antioxidants and the degradation of polyphenols. In this respect, smoothies from the same batch were stored under four conditions, i.e., room temperature (22 °C ± 2 °C) and light, fridge temperature (4 ± 2 °C) and light, room temperature (22 °C ± 2 °C) in the dark (glass bottles encased with tin foil) and fridge temperature (4 ± 2 °C) in the dark. Results showed a significant temperature-dependent effect in favour of fridge temperature (4 ± 2 °C) compared to room temperature (22 °C ± 2 °C). Thus, optimal storage conditions for the shelf life of blueberry- and cranberry smoothies were observed at fridge temperature (4 ± 2 °C). At the same time, the exclusion of light had a minor impact in the case of antioxidants. Regarding polyphenols, the low temperature was also a key factor preventing degradation in contrast to dimming, which did not provide additional benefit. Health-promoting bioactive phytochemicals and antioxidants might be well preserved in smoothies for almost an entire year, superior at fridge temperature (4 ± 2 °C) and exclusion of light.

Effect of spinach-derived glutathione against carbon tetrachloride-induced stress in rats

Background: Increased consumption of natural antioxidants found in vegetables and fruits has been linked to a lower risk of disease caused by oxidative stress.Objective: The current study's focus was to compare the antioxidant properties of synthetic glutathione and glutathione derived from spinach against CCl4-induced stress in female albino rats. Materials and Methods: Cold chloroform extraction was used to prepare the spinach leaf extract. Glutathione was then extracted from the spinach leaf extract using preparative HPLC afterward when the concentration of glutathione was measured in the extract. Biological preventive and therapeutic experiments were conducted, where laboratory rats were divided into 6 groups, the first group G1 (positive control group), the second group G2 (negative control group), the third group G3 preventive experiment 1 (group glutathione extracted from spinach + CCl4), the fourth group G4 therapeutic experiment 1 (Group CCl4+ Glutathione extracted from spinach), the fifth group G5 Preventive experiment 2 (Group of synthetic glutathione + CCl4), the sixth group G6 therapeutic experiment 2 (Group CCl4+ Glutathione extracted from spinach). Results: Treatment of rats with spinach-derived synthetic glutathione, before or after they were given CCl4 subcutaneous, improved the values of parameters near to normal levels in the positive control animals in groups treated with spinach-derived glutathione (G3 and G4) compared to treatment with synthetic glutathione (G5 and G6). Administration of milk with glutathione derived from Iraqi spinach leaves exhibited favorable effects on oxidative stress, greatly enhanced the antioxidant system, and protected rats from liver damage brought on by carbon tetrachloride compared to milk with synthetic glutathione. Keywords: Iraqi spinach, Functional food, Natural antioxidant, Oxidative stress, synthetic glutathione.

Purification and Identification of the Active Principles in Ethanol Extract Fractions of Phyllanthus Amarus Leaves

All organisms have their own antioxidant defense system that protects them against free radical damage by enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase or compounds such as ascorbic acid, tocopherol and glutathione. However, our body system sometimes cannot work efficiently to mop up these free radicals thus, leading to unavoidable damages caused by oxidation. As a result, consumption of additional antioxidants through herbs such as Phyllanthus amarus , foods or supplements (phytochemicals) are beneficial to the body system, defending it against these harmful ROS. This research is aimed at ascertaining the presence of various antioxidants in ethanolic extract fractions of Phyllanthus amarus leaves. Phyllanthus amarus leaves were collected from Federal University Wukari premise, Taraba State, Nigeria and dried. The dried leaves were crushed into a fine powder manually using mortar and pestle. The ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus amarus leaves was placed under fan to evaporate the ethanol before subjecting it to further assays. The results obtained from this study revealed that for beta carotene inhibition assay, fraction 4b (445.9459%) with the solvent combination Chloroform:ethyl acetate (50:50) has the highest bleaching inhibition capacity while fraction 4a (81.08109%) has the lowest bleaching inhibition capacity. Fraction 2a (56.9565 mg/mL) has the highest phenolic content while fraction 6b (7.608669 mg/mL) has the lowest phenolic content. The assay for total flavonoid content showed that fraction 3a (145.71428 mg/mL) has the highest flavonoid content while fraction 8a (121.42857 mg/mL) has the lowest flavonoid content. The results for anti-lipid peroxidation increased with increasing extract concentration. Fraction 3b (55.732 mg/mL) with the solvent combination (chloroform 100:00) has the highest antioxidant capacity while fraction 6a (2.775 mg/mL) with the solvent combination of ethyl acetate: ethanol (50:50) has the lowest antioxidant activity. The correlation between total antioxidants capacity and total Phenolic content and that of antioxidant and flavonoid was found to be weak negative (r 2 =-2.058, r 2 =-0.024 respectively), while the correlation between phenolics and Betacarotene and that of the total antioxidant capacity and total flavonoid content was found to be weak positive (r 2 =0.245 and r 2 =0.313 respectively). The results of the analysis revealed that Phyllanthus amarus leaves contain significant nutritional components that are good for human health, such as flavonoids which is a subclass of the phytochemical, polyphenols. It is reasonable to conclude that fractions 2a and 2b has the highest antioxidant activities which have good potentials for drug development, especially against diseases of oxidative stress origin. Keywords: Antioxidant, Flavonoids, Phyllanthus amarus, Ethanol extract DOI: 10.7176/ALST/94-01 Publication date: August 31 st 2022

Regular combined training and vitamins modulated the apoptosis process in diabetic rats: Bioinformatics analysis of heart failure's differential genes expression network correlated with anti-apoptotic process.

The apoptosis process could impose significantly by hyperglycemia. According to in silico language processing and high throughput raw data analysis, we recognized hub molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic hearts and suggested a new pharmaceutical approach for declining myocardial programed cell death. Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats were classified into five groups: healthy rats as control, diabetic rats, diabetic combined resistance/endurance training, diabetic rats which consumed supplementation vitamins E and C, and the combined supplementation and training. Here, we calculated changes in gene expression based on artificial intelligence methods and evaluated gene expression in apoptotic influencing combined training and antioxidants vitamins consumption in heart injured models by streptozotocin via Real-Time PCR. Moreover, we assessed the binding affinity of the 3D structure of small molecules on macromolecule SIRT3 to a new compound pharmaceutical suggesting the decline in cell death program. The computational intelligence surveys revealed that the apoptosis process was a remarkable pathomechanism in the abnormality function of heart tissue in diabetic conditions. Furthermore, we showed that synchronizing antioxidant vitamin consumption and regular combined training could significantly decrease irreversible myocardial cell death in diabetic myocardiopathy. Hence, levels of antiapoptotic mRNA were modified in the combined training/vitamin consumption group compared with other classifications. We found that regular combined exercise and vitamin consumption could reverse the apoptosis process to enhance the survival of cardiac muscle cells in diabetes conditions. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Machine learning and system biology indicated that the apoptosis process is a vital pathomechanism of hyperglycemia-induced heart failure. Sirt3/Fas/Bcl-2/Cycs and Bax, as a critical network of apoptosis, play an essential role in heart failure induced by hyperglycemia. Moreover, Type 2 diabetes and obesity increase the risk of heart failure by increasing high blood sugar levels. We calculated the binding power of the vitamins E and C on SIRT3 protein based on the drug software. In addition, this study assessed that regular combined training and vitamin consumption had an antiapoptotic effect. Also, our data might improve the hyperglycemia state.

Role of oxidative stress in angiogenesis and the therapeutic potential of antioxidants in breast cancer.

The escalation of cancer cases globally, especially breast cancer, is of concern. Angiogenesis is hallmark of cancer pathogenesis and plays an important role in cancer progression and metastasis. Pro-angiogenic agents, secreted by tumor cells, form new blood vessels, and produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS promote angiogenesis via two major pathways: namely Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) dependent and non-VEGF dependent pathways. As a consequence of unbalanced ROS overproduction and low antioxidants levels, oxidative stress occurs and promotes angiogenesis in breast cancer tissues. Thus, the potential use of antioxidants as a preventive therapy in breast cancer. Preclinical studies depict that vitamins A and E may counter oxidative stress resulting in reduction of metastasis and viability of breast cancer. Furthermore, clinical studies demonstrate a decline in breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women upon the consumption of antioxidants. Herein, we discuss various pro-angiogenic agents that may play an important role in breast cancer angiogenesis. Moreover, the contribution of oxidative stress in inducing the angiogenic process is extensively reviewed here. Furthermore, the findings of pre-clinical and clinical studies on the use of antioxidants, namely vitamins A and E, in breast cancer are deliberated upon, along with the role of angiogenesis in cancer therapy.