Animal Fat Consumption Research Articles

Study of Quality Indicators of Cooked Sausage Products with Components of Plant Origin

In various regions of the Far East, the nutritional status of the population suggests that the diet of Russians is characterized by excessive consumption of animal fats, as well as micronutrients. Based on this, it will be promising to enrich the macro-and micronutrients of ordinary food products such as boiled sausage products for the benefit of the consumer. The use of vegetable raw materials in the production of meat products enrich them with functional ingredients, increase their digestibility and get products that meet the physiological norms of nutrition, contribute to the improvement of their therapeutic and preventive properties and the stabilization of consumer properties. The results of the tasting evaluation of the presented samples allowed us to draw conclusions about the possibility of improving the organoleptic parameters by adding raw materials of plant origin in various combinations and mass fraction. The use of carmine made it possible to get a color familiar to the buyer and to abandon the use of artificial food additives. Partial replacement of animal fat with soybean oil allowed to give the product useful properties and improved the appearance of the product.

Results of the ECHO (Eating habits CHanges in Oncologic patients) Survey: An Italian Cross-Sectional Multicentric Study to Explore Dietary Changes and Dietary Supplement Use, in Breast Cancer Survivors.

The role of a healthy diet in cancer prevention is well recognized. Recent data indicate that following the same advices can also improve cancer survivors’ quality of life. Breast cancer (BC) patients are commonly concerned about diet and nutrition and frequently express the need to obtain health-related information and the will to change their diet and lifestyle. Hence, be aware of survivors’ dietary changes and information needs is crucial for healthcare professionals to guide them toward optimal lifestyle choices. In order to investigate eating habits changes in a BC survivors’ population, we conceived the cross-sectional multicentric study ECHO (Eating habits CHanges in Oncologic patients) Survey. Data were collected from 684 patients, diagnosed with invasive breast cancer, in order to investigate their changes in food consumption, use of supplements, or the beginning of a specific diet, after BC diagnosis. We also examined the sources of information used and if any modification in their diets was reported to the oncologist. We primarily observed that patients increased their consumption of vegetables, pulses, nuts, fruits, wholemeal bread/pasta, grains and fish; while decreasing red and processed meat, refined bread/pasta, baked good and animal fat consumption. Survivors also reported the use of dietary supplements, mainly vitamins, aimed at counteracting therapies’ side effects. Changes in nutritional habits were often adopted without asking or informing the oncologist. Despite BC survivors made some positive changes in their nutritional habits, those modifications were mostly pursued by less than half of them, while the majority of patients consumed nutritional supplements after diagnosis. These results, as well as the failure to communicate with the physicians, reinforce the need to both improve the patient-healthcare professional relationship and to develop tailored nutrition counselling and intervention programs for cancer survivors.

Potential effects of germinated legumes in dyslipidemic rats

Legumes have good nutritional value and are consumed by a lot of people all over the world and particularly the relatively low-income individuals. It is thus important to always try to further improve the nutritional value of these legumes using simple processing. In the present study, chickpea and soybean were soaked and germinated before involved in a diet given to animals suffering from dyslipidemia due to consumption of animal fat (Lamb fat). The generation of bioactive peptides after germination was followed by SDS PAGE. A feeding experiment was conducted where groups of albino rats were used, some were given the diet containing fat and the others were given a diet supplemented with either chickpea or soybean once non-germinated and the other germinated seeds. The produced dyslipidemia and the change in lipid parameters in all groups were biochemically and histopathologically assessed. The results proved that the deleterious effect of feeding lamb fat was corrected to a good extent when the diet contains germinated legumes. The conclusion is that germination of legumes generates bioactive peptides. This in addition to other compounds with bioactive action such as polyphenols possesses antioxidant power that helps to prevent the deleterious effect of dyslipidemia.

New grain concentrates with increased biological value in the structure of modern nutrition

Nutrition of modern people is the main controllable factor that determines their state of health, quality of life, efficiency and active longevity. It has been established that excessive consumption of animal fats, simple carbohydrates, table salt and a significant reduction in the diet of vegetables and fruits, which are sources of vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre and minor biologically active substances, results in the development of cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, cancer, etc. Thus, the priority task of scientists and practitioners is to develop products of high biological value as an important factor in preserving human health and disease prevention. The development, introduction into production, and popularisation of such products will optimise the nutritional structure of Ukrainians, overcome the adverse trends in the health of the nation caused by nutritional status disorders, improve the quality of life of the population, and improve the demographic situation in Ukraine. The research substantiates the expediency and necessity of establishing new products with improved properties and provides a list of used additives of natural origin, which are a source of essential nutrients. The results of the conducted tests confirm the optimisation of the chemical composition of new grain concentrates, improvement of their organoleptic properties, and prolongation of shelf life, which indicates the correct choice of prescription components, and their rational ratio. The characteristics of the nutritional and biological value of new grain concentrate Extrapolivitamix enriched with vegetable powders, wheat germ, iodine and raisins are presented. The properties of grain concentrates were explored, and it was proved that they can be included in the group of functional foods due to the correlation of chemical composition. The optimal concentrations of functional ingredients that can be used in new products were determined. New concentrates “Extrapolivitamix” are recommended for industrial production and use in the daily diet

Nutritional and Botanical Approaches for Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Nutritional and Botanical Approaches for Inflammatory Bowel Disease

To the health of the nation through multi-level educational programs for the population in the field of optimal nutrition

Introduction. Healthy nutrition is the most important component of the quality of life, which is understood as an integral indicator of the mental, physical and social functioning of a person. However, the diet of Russians is not enough vegetables and fruits, dairy products, excess sugar, salt, products containing animal fat and trans fats. Violations of the structure of nutrition, nutritional status lead to the development of alimentary-dependent diseases, primarily cardiovascular, and in particular, arterial hypertension.Goal. Study of alimentary risk factors for arterial hypertension.Materials and methods. The data of the survey of VTSIOM and the company Gideon Richter “Food habits of Russians”, September 2020”, conducted by telephone survey in at least 80 regions (1,600 respondents over 18 years old), are analyzed.Results and discussion. The diet of the adult population of Russia is characterized by a high consumption of animal fat (frequent consumption of fatty dairy products-52% of respondents, butter-61%, sausage products-48%), salt (pickles and marinades – 42%), added sugar (confectionery – 47%) with a lack of fruit, fish and seafood. 23% of respondents add salt to ready meals, and 43% use frying when cooking. Arterial hypertension was noted in 52% of respondents, who, compared to normotonics, less often (32-39%) include in their diet foods that are sources of potassium and magnesium (apricots, bananas, dried fruits, nuts, seeds, etc.), and more often-pickles, marinades (47%) and mayonnaise (45%), containing a large amount of salt, as well as add salt to ready meals (24%).Conclusions. In order to prevent arterial hypertension in Russians, it is necessary to increase their intake of potassium and magnesium, limit the content of table salt in the diet, which will be facilitated by the widespread introduction of educational programs on healthy nutrition.

Diet, adiposity, and the gut microbiota from infancy to adolescence: A systematic review.

Early life gut microbiota are affected by several factors that make identification of microbial-adiposity relationships challenging. This review evaluates studies that have investigated the gut microbiota composition associated with adiposity in infants, children, and adolescents and provides evidence-based nutrition recommendations that address microbiota-adiposity links. Electronic databases were systematically searched through January 2020. Eligible studies were published in English and analyzed gut microbiota and adiposity among individuals aged birth to 18 years. Abstracts and full-text articles were reviewed by three independent reviewers. Of 45 full-text articles reviewed, 33 were included. No difference in abundance was found for Bacteroidetes (n = 7/15 articles), Firmicutes (n = 10/17), Actinobacteria (n = 8/12), Proteobacteria (n = 8/12), Tenericutes (n = 4/5), and Verrucomicrobia (n = 4/6) with adiposity. Lower abundance of Christensenellaceae (n = 3/5) and Rikenellaceae (n = 6/8) but higher abundance of F. prausnitzii (n = 3/5) and Prevotella (n = 5/7) were associated with adiposity. A lack of consensus exists for gut microbial composition associations with adiposity. A healthy gut microbiota is associated with a diet rich in fruits and vegetables with moderate consumption of animal fat and protein. Future research should use more robust sequencing technologies to identify all bacterial taxa associated with adiposity and evaluate how diet effects these adiposity-associated microbes.

Recent Trends in Dietary Habits of the Italian Population: Potential Impact on Health and the Environment.

Population growth, globalization, urbanization, and economic pressures are causing changes in food consumption all over the world. The study’s aims are (1) to evaluate trends in food habits in Italy to highlight deviations from the traditional Mediterranean diet, (2) to analyze the features of the present Italian diet that should be modified to meet evidence-based global scientific targets for a healthy and sustainable diet proposed by the EAT–Lancet Commission. Trends in food availability for human consumption during the period 2000–2017 were assessed using the food balance sheets (FBSs). Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission was estimated according to life cycle assessment (LCA) analyses. During the study period, the availability of animal fat and beef meat greatly declined (−58% and −32%, respectively), followed by fruit, potatoes, vegetables, milk, and non-tropical oils (−20%, −15%, −13%, −14%, and −11%, respectively). A substantial increase has occurred for tropical oils, fish, and nuts (+156, +26%, and +21%, respectively). In order to meet the targets of consumption proposed by the EAT–Lancet Commission, the consumption of legumes and nuts should be almost doubled, whereas the consumption of meat, eggs, dairy products, animal fat, tropical oils, and sugars should be reduced by proportions ranging from 60% to 90%. If implemented, these changes would reduce the diet-related greenhouse gas emission by nearly 50%. In conclusion, these data call for nutritional education programs and interventions on the food system aimed at promoting a healthier and more environmentally sustainable diet. To this end, the availability and affordability of products with a better impact on human health and the environment should be promoted.

The Scope of Nutrition and Metabolism is Interacting More with Human Health

During the past decades, we have witnessed a rapid rise in nutrition and metabolism-related disorders such as obesity and chronic diseases. Obesity has become a worldwide health issue characterized by increased consumption of animal fat and protein, refined grains, and added sugar, coupled with a more sedentary lifestyle. According to the 2017-2018 survey of the US National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), the age-adjusted prevalence of obesity in adults was 42.4%, with no significant differences between men and women or by age group. In order to battle the causes of chronic diseases, the promotion of healthy eating and active lifestyles has become an important topic within the scientific framework of nutrition and metabolism [1]. Meanwhile, as worldwide human lifespan increased substantially in the past decades, aging has also become an important related issue. Now, knowledge from nutrition and metabolism has not only been used as the base to sustain human life, but also as critical scientific maneuvers to alleviate human diseases and to promote healthier lives. Several studies have indicated that Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) (Figure 1A) levels decrease with age and decline of NAD metabolism may induce several aging associated diseases, including metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases and various cancers [2]. It has been also discovered that compounds such as Sirtuins (SIRT) (Figure 1B), which are NAD+-dependent deacetylases, are involved in stress response, anti-oxidative defense, and longevity via posttranslational modifications [3]. The reduced sirtuin function and reduction of the cofactor NAD+ were found to be closely associated with aging. On the other hand, resveratrol (Figure 1C), a natural polyphenolic compound widely found in grapes and wines, was found to display beneficial properties such as cardio-protective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities [4]. These protective effects have been demonstrated through the activation of a NADdependent histone deacetylase family member Sirtuin-1 (SIRT-1) protein [5]. In addition, recent studies have shown that xanthohumol (Figure 1D) and its derivatives may improve obesity and metabolic syndrome in part by changing the gut microbiota and modulating bile acid metabolism [6]. Xanthohumol is an unique ingredient of hops (Humulus lupulus), also found in beer, which belongs to a class of compounds that contribute to the flavor of hops. Though being a beer-lover does not ensure weight loss or to healthy aging, a supplement may help. There is no doubt that a healthy lifestyle and good diet are the best means of sustaining life and alleviating various chronic diseases. The studies of the biochemical and genetic pathways that contribute to cellular damage accumulation over time have revealed many potential drug targets in dealing with aging and its related chronic diseases [7]. Currently, the discovery of the bioactive components from food ingredients can be accelerated by three major strategies: high throughput screening, phage display technique, and virtual screening techniques [8]. In silico target prediction and mass spectroscopy based proteomics, which are efficient strategies to identify and further validate the cellular targets, are also available. You may be aware that these powerful strategies still rely heavily upon the availability and completeness of libraries of potential drug candidates, especially the compounds from food ingredients. To achieve these very promising research goals, through the strategy of targeting the critical proteins involved in many chronic diseases, the establishment of an International Food Ingredients Consortium (IFIC) is thus proposed [8]. Taken together, now is the best time to discover the precious health-promoting ingredients hiding within food products. This endeavor may represent a great contribution for the ultimate goal of eating right and living a healthier life for people around the world.

Carcinoma Rectum with Prostate and Urinary Bladder Metastasis- A Rare Case Report

Tumours of the colon and rectum are one of the most common malignancies worldwide. In India, its incidence is less compared to the developed countries however,recently it has increased from past few decades due to sedentary lifestyle and more consumption of animal fats with less dietary fibre intake. The liver and lungs are most common sites of metastasis from colorectal carcinoma; however, it occasionally metastasised to atypical sites by making diagnosis difficult. Due to the high frequency of colorectal carcinoma, even infrequent metastatic sites are important to diagnose as early as possible. Hereby, authors present a case of 53- year-old male, with history of carcinoma rectum and treated with Abdominoperineal Resection (APR) with permanent colostomy three years back. Three years after the diagnosis of carcinoma rectum, the patient was diagnosed with metastasis of colorectal adenocarcinoma to prostate and urinary bladder which was proven histopathologically. Despite the fact that this condition is uncommon in clinical practice, the possibility of metastatic involvement of prostate and urinary bladder should always be considered when the diagnosis of other primary carcinoma is made.

Obesity Determinants and the Policy Implications for the Prevention and Management of Obesity in Indonesia

The prevalence of overweight and obesity in adult groups in Indonesia experience a surge compared to the previous year. The obesity determinants are classified as complex, and they can differ between regions. Appropriate policies, in accordance with determinants, play an important role in efforts to reduce the prevalence of obesity. This study aimed to identify the determinant factors for overweight and obesity in Indonesia and policies that supported a decrease in the prevalence of overweight and obesity based on the significant determinant factors found. The data sources were from the Ministry of Health, Statistics Indonesia, and the Ministry of Agriculture for 33 provinces in Indonesia. The literature regarding policy analysis was sought on Google, the IPB University repositories, related ministry websites, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and MEDLINE. The multiple regression analysis was performed to identify the determinants of overweight and obesity while the Five-E approach was used to analyze related policies. The simple regression analysis showed that the consumption of animal source foods (p=0.001), oil and fat consumption (p=0.006), the proportion of the population with low physical activity (p=0.01), the average study duration (p=0.001), total per capita expenditure (p=0.000), food (p=0.001) and non-food expenditure (p=0.000), and share of food expenditure (p=0.005) had significant effects on the proportion of adulthood overweight and obesity. Only oil and fat consumption (p=0.02) still had a significant positive effect on the proportion of overweight and obesity after performing the multiple regression analysis. Vegetable consumption (p=0.03) also had a significant negative effect on the proportion of overweight and obesity after being included in the multiple regression model. The Healthy Community Movement (HMC or known as GERMAS in Indonesia) policy and the inclusion of fat content into food labels are policies for preventing and managing overweight, which are conducted related to consumption of vegetables, fat, and oil. The effectiveness of the policy is still not optimal even though the policy is efficient. An improvement of the policy implementation needs to be conducted by optimizing the implementation of follow-up monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of program policies.

Trends and Associated Factors of Dietary Knowledge among Chinese Older Residents: Results from the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2004-2015.

Promoting a healthy diet of the elderly is an important task in the current “Healthy China Action”. This study aimed to describe the changing trends of the dietary knowledge elderly Chinese during 2004–2015 and to examine the associated factors of dietary knowledge. Elderly people aged ≥60 years were included as study subjects from the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2004–2015. A total of 15,607 samples were involved in the analysis. The correct rate of dietary knowledge items followed upward trends over time, except for two items regarding physical activity intensity (Question 11, Cochran-Armitage χ2 = 20.05, p < 0.001) and healthy weight (Question 12, Cochran-Armitage χ2 = 43.93, p < 0.001). Four of the twelve dietary knowledge items consistently followed the lowest correct rate between 2006 and 2015, regarding physical activity intensity (Question 11, 24.5%−25.8%), staple food consumption (Question 5, 36.6%−41.5%), animal product consumption (Question 6, 45.8%−59.5%), and fatty meat and animal fat consumption (Question 7, 63.6%−64.9%). Participants who had a lower educational level or lived in rural areas or western regions, did not know about the Chinese Food Pagoda (CFP) or Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents (DGCR), and did not proactively look for nutrition knowledge were less likely to have adequate dietary knowledge literacy. Targeted interventions should be developed to promote dietary knowledge level of the elderly.

3'quant mRNA-Seq of Porcine Liver Reveals Alterations in UPR, Acute Phase Response, and Cholesterol and Bile Acid Metabolism in Response to Different Dietary Fats.

Animal fats are considered to be unhealthy, in contrast to vegetable fats, which are rich in unsaturated fatty acids. However, the use of some fats, such as coconut oil, is still controversial. In our experiment, we divided experimental animals (domestic pigs) into three groups differing only in the type of fat used in the diet: group R: rapeseed oil (n = 5); group B: beef tallow (n = 5); group C: coconut oil (n = 6). After transcriptomic analysis of liver samples, we identified 188, 93, and 53 DEGs (differentially expressed genes) in R vs. B, R vs. C, and B vs. C comparisons, respectively. Next, we performed a functional analysis of identified DEGs with String and IPA software. We observed the enrichment of genes engaged in the unfolded protein response (UPR) and the acute phase response among genes upregulated in B compared to R. In contrast, cholesterol biosynthesis and cholesterol efflux enrichments were observed among genes downregulated in B when compared to R. Moreover, activation of the UPR and inhibition of the sirtuin signaling pathway were noted in C when compared to R. The most striking difference in liver transcriptomic response between C and B was the activation of the acute phase response and inhibition of bile acid synthesis in the latest group. Our results suggest that excessive consumption of animal fats leads to the activation of a cascade of mutually propelling processes harmful to the liver: inflammation, UPR, and imbalances in the biosynthesis of cholesterol and bile acids via altered organelle membrane composition. Nevertheless, these studies should be extended with analysis at the level of proteins and their function.

Differences in food consumption between patients with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis and healthy individuals

Food is considered as important environmental factor that plays a role in development of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). The goal of our study was to identify food groups, assessed by food frequency questionnaire, that differ in consumption frequency between 491 patients with HT and 433 controls. We also analysed association of food groups with the wealth of HT-related clinical traits and symptoms. We found significantly increased consumption of animal fat (OR 1.55, p < 0.0001) and processed meat (OR 1.16, p = 0.0012) in HT cases, whereas controls consumed significantly more frequently red meat (OR 0.80, p < 0.0001), non-alcoholic beverages (OR 0.82, p < 0.0001), whole grains (OR 0.82, p < 0.0001) and plant oil (OR 0.87, p < 0.0001). We also observed association of plant oil consumption with increased triiodothyronine levels in HT patients (β = 0.07, p < 0.0001), and, association of olive oil consumption with decreased systolic blood pressure (β = − 0.16, p = 0.001) in HT patients on levothyroxine (LT4) therapy. Analysis of food consumption between HT patients with and without LT4 therapy suggest that patients do not tend to modify their diet upon HT diagnosis in our population. Our study may be of relevance to nutritionists, nutritional therapists and clinicians involved in developing dietary recommendations for HT patients.

Oleogels and Their Contribution in the Production of Healthier Food Products: The Fats of the Future

Consumption of animal fats, calorie-dense and simple carbohydrate-rich diets along with a more sedentary life style have triggered the outcome of cardiovascular and obesity disorders. A worthy alternative is to replace these of saturated fats with healthier ingredients in a texturized oleogel. Oleogelation promises to decrease the incorporation of harmful fats granting good mechanical properties to food products by creating crystalline colloidal networks upon contact with a gelator. Thus, unsaturated fatty acids from oils are thus trapped and retained forming gels having microscopic self-assembled crystalline particles of different shapes. Currently, most oleogels have been developed with vegetable oils by applying gelators such as polymers, partial glycerides, waxes and fatty acids improving the mechanical and thermal properties of food products. This review is focused on the progress regarding oleogelation and the physical interactions responsible for the intermolecular conformation, physical properties, additives and microstructure required for the substitution of harmful saturated and trans fats. Likewise, the most recent advances, regarding their potential functionality and applications as the fats of the future are also discussed.

Effect of production system on growth performances and meat traits of suckling Messinese goat kids

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the production system on growth performances and meat quality of suckling Messinese goat kids. At birth, 102 suckling kids were divided into two homogeneous groups for sex and body weight (3.4 kg); animals of the SES group were fed exclusively with spontaneous pasture and kept in the stable during the evening; animals of the ES group were fed exclusively with spontaneous pasture, characterised by the presence of Quercus suber, and kept exclusively outdoors. From birth to weaning, kids were weighed every10 days. At slaughter, carcase yields and meat quality traits on the Longissimus dorsi muscle were studied. Data were subjected to ANOVA. ES group showed the highest final body weight (10.53 kg vs. 9.40 kg; p < .001). As regard the meat traits, ES group showed the lowest final pH (5.63 vs. 5.96; p < .001), the lowest value of Hue (46.24 vs. 62.64; p < .005) and the highest values of cooking loss (ES 25.53% vs. SES 19.60%; p < .05) and shear force (ES 5.04 kg/cm2 vs. SES 3.63 kg/cm2; p < .05). Chemical composition showed similar values in both groups. Meat fatty acid composition showed the highest values of MUFA (45.89% vs. 40.90%; p < .05) and PUFA (0.14% vs. 0.11%; p < .05) and the lowest of ω – 6/ω – 3 ratio (4.89 vs. 6.98; p < .05) and Thrombogenic Index (1.64 vs. 1.98; p < .05) in the ES group. The results confirm the favourable characteristics of goat meat and the relation between the typical production system of goats in the Nebrodi area and their performances. HIGHLIGHTS The production system did not affect the weight of kids at birth, while there were significant differences in kid’s performance in relation to the breeding system. The chemical composition of the LD muscle was not affect by the production system. The production system significantly influenced the fatty acid composition of the meat. The meat quality parameters studied reflect the modern guidelines for a healthy diet recommend, that reduce the animal fat consumption, especially if rich in saturated fatty acids, and could be a tool to identify and characterise a product with Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) as ‘capretto Messinese’.

Bladder Cancer in Iran: An Epidemiological Review.

PurposeBladder cancer is the sixth most common cancer in Iran. Information about the epidemiological situation of the disease and its risk factors is necessary for conducting a planning program to reduce the disease. This study is conducted with the aim of evaluating the epidemiological features of bladder cancer in Iran.MethodsThis is a systematic review of the published articles in both Persian and English in international and national journals during the years 2000–2019 with key words of Iran and bladder cancer. Articles were selected from the national information database (SID, Magiran) and international databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science). Articles related to the epidemiological aspects of the disease, including incidence, prevalence, mortality, and risk factors, were evaluated.ResultsThe incidence rate of bladder cancer was about 1.6–115; cumulative survival rate was 0.95, mortality rate was 0.5–0.84 and its prevalence in the Iranian population was between 4.10% and 12.8%. The risk of developing malignancy in major risk factor groups, including smoking and opium, was 6.2 (2.04–18.7), increases in protein and animal fat consumption were about 5- and 19-times higher than in the general population, respectively. In terms of occupational exposure, bus and heavy truck drivers were 11.3 (1.3–92.05) more at risk than others.ConclusionRegarding the increasing trend of this disease, changes in lifestyle to reduce risk factors can be effective in decreasing the incidence and mortality rate of this malignancy.

Animal Fat Plus Hydrogenated Fat in Association with Increased Odds of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder

There are some evidences on the relation between dietary fat intake and multiple sclerosis but no investigation has been done on Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) patients in this topic. In the present study we assessed the association between animal fat plus hydrogenated fat intake and NMOSD odds. We conducted a case-control study among 70 NMOSD patients with definite diagnosis based on 2015 international consensus criteria and 164 controls, in Sina hospital, Tehran, Iran. Data on usual dietary intakes of all participants in one year before study enrollment was obtained based on a validated 168-item semi-quantitive food frequency questionnaire. Anthropometric and demographic information was collected. To calculating odds of NMOSD, dietary intake of animal fat plus hydrogenated fat classified into quartiles and logistic regression was run. Dietary consumption of animal fat plus hydrogenated fat in case group was significantly higher than control group (30.29g vs. 20.70g; Pvalue: 0.02). After adjustment for age and gender a non-significant direct association between higher intake of animal fat plus hydrogenated fat with NMOSD odds was founded in the second (OR: 1.09) and, the third (OR: 1.60) quartiles compared with the first quartile. This association was significant in the fourth quartile with OR: 2.48 and, CI: 1.05-5.81(p-trend: 0.00). The present study suggests higher intake of animal fat and hydrogenated fat as a potential factor for NMOSD odds.

Health risk assessment for indigenous people of Сhukotka Autonomous Okrug exposed to persistent pollutants

The studies conducted in 2001 and 2010 included permanent residents of indigenous nationalities dwelling in the villages of Uelen and Kanchalan of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. We assessed health risks from exposures to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDT insecticides, lead, and mercury according to Guidelines R 2.1.10.1920–04 and U.S. EPA methods; a health survey was also conducted based on questionnaires. Health risks posed by ingestion of PCBs were mainly related to consumption of traditional foodstuffs contributing 84 % to the risk profile. Secondary contamination of food products from indoor surfaces accounted for 56 % of DDT-related health risks. For people of traditional occupations (hunters, fishermen, and reindeer herders) the risks of adverse health effects of PCBs were 5 times higher than for those of other occupations. Low income of the local population, high consumption of sea animal fat, alcohol abuse and ignorance of preventive measures resulted in 5–14 times increase in health risks posed by PCB exposures. Low socioeconomic status may significantly modify the health risks caused by bioaccumulation of persistent contaminants and heavy metals, its maximum impact being observed in the coastal areas of Chukotka and mainly in relation to PCBs. For the residents of Uelen, the predicted carcinogenic risk (up to 1.0 × 10–3) should be considered unacceptable.

From the Table to the Tumor: The Role of Mediterranean and Western Dietary Patterns in Shifting Microbial-Mediated Signaling to Impact Breast Cancer Risk.

Diet is a modifiable component of lifestyle that could influence breast cancer development. The Mediterranean dietary pattern is considered one of the healthiest of all dietary patterns. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet protects against diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Reported consumption of a Mediterranean diet pattern was associated with lower breast cancer risk for women with all subtypes of breast cancer, and a Western diet pattern was associated with greater risk. In this review, we contrast the available epidemiological breast cancer data, comparing the impact of consuming a Mediterranean diet to the Western diet. Furthermore, we will review the preclinical data highlighting the anticancer molecular mechanism of Mediterranean diet consumption in both cancer prevention and therapeutic outcomes. Diet composition is a major constituent shaping the gut microbiome. Distinct patterns of gut microbiota composition are associated with the habitual consumption of animal fats, high-fiber diets, and vegetable-based diets. We will review the impact of Mediterranean diet on the gut microbiome and inflammation. Outside of the gut, we recently demonstrated that Mediterranean diet consumption led to distinct microbiota shifts in the mammary gland tissue, suggesting possible anticancer effects by diet on breast-specific microbiome. Taken together, these data support the anti-breast-cancer impact of Mediterranean diet consumption.