Consumption In Egypt Research Articles

Economic Modelling and Forecasting of Sugar Production and Consumption in Egypt

Sugar is considered one of the strategic commodities in Egypt. The domestic production of sugar is still insufficient to meet the consumption needs, which increases the food gap of sugar. This paper analyses the main features of the production and consumption of sugar in Egypt. Descriptive and quantitative analysis are used relying on data obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation for the period (2000-2015). Results indicate that the total sugar production and consumption in Egypt are increased with an annual significant growth rate of 4.08% and 3.26%, respectively. Water productivity for sugar beet is more than sugar cane, with a net return per unit of water of 684.40 and 474.19 LE/1000M3, respectively. The average monthly profitability for sugar beet is about 0.16 which is higher than sugar cane (0.11). Nerlove's model shows that producers responsive to net return in cane production, with elasticity of response about 0.02 and to prices and one year lag of area in sugar beet production, with elasticities of response about 0.57 and 0.40, respectively. The most important factors that influence the food gap of sugar are the domestic production, per capita consumption, and population. Finally, the forecast figures base on ARIMA models show that sugar production and consumption are predicted to increase over the forthcoming decades, and in spite of these, the food gap of sugar would be about 735.43 thousand tons with self-sufficiency rate of 76.26% for the year 2025. For this reason, Egypt should exert more efforts to increase sugar production by increasing beet area, raising the delivery prices, adopting high yielding varieties of sugar crops and rationalizing per capita sugar consumption to reduce the size of sugar gap.

Caseous Lymphadenitis in Sudanese and Somalian Camels Imported for Meat Consumption in Egypt

Caseous Lymphadenitis in Sudanese and Somalian Camels Imported for Meat Consumption in Egypt

Studies on Some Bacteria Isolated from Marine Shrimp Retained in Alexandria Markets

Shrimp cover a major part of aquaculture industry and as demanding seafood species. Bacterial diseases affecting marine shrimp are numerous and cause high economic losses in marine culture sector in Egypt, therefore; this study was conducted for isolation and identification of some bacteria affecting marine shrimp and have emerged as a significant human pathogen related to seafood consumption in Egypt. A total number of 130 marine shrimp samples were collected from different ordinary market in Alexandria governorate during the period from May 2014 till September 2015 and subjected to bacteriological examination. The bacterial isolates were identified morphologically, biochemically by conventional methods and VITEK 2 system, and Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF (MS). The results revealed that the bacterial isolates were mainly isolated from hepatopancrease (49.3 %) followed by GIT (32.87%) and then abdominal muscles (17.8 %). Vibrio species (V. alginolyticus and V. harveyi) could be isolated mainly during summer (33 isolates) (76.74%) followed by spring (23 isolates) (58.97%) then autumn (11isolates) (45.83%) and it was not recorded in winter. Shewanella algae showed higher incidence during winter (4 isolates) (16.7%) and summer (7 isolates) (16.3%) followed by spring (4 isolates) (10.26%) and it was not recorded in autumn. Also, S. putrefaciens showed higher incidence during winter (6 isolates) (25%) then in summer (3 isolates) (6.97%) but it was not recorded in autumn and spring. The most prevalent bacterium (V. alginolyticus) was identified by PCR targeting dnaJ (species-specific gene) and ToxR (virulence gene) which revealed that out of the 14 tested isolates (14 isolates) (100%) give positive bands for dnaJ gene and (10 isolates) (71.4%) gave positive bands for ToxR gene.

AN ECONOMIC STUDY ON THE PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF DAIRY IN EGYPT

Dairy is considered one of the most completed and balanced healthy food needed by human as it contains many important elements and vitamins as well as it protects the body from many diseases. This research aims to identify the current situation of the dairy production and consumption in Egypt in order to know how far is the gap between them. In addition , it studies all factors that affects the production and consumption processes in order to set some recommendations that help in reducing this gap in Egypt. The research refers to the value of dairy production in Egypt that reached about 2.425 billion pounds in 2013, which represent about 8.53% of the agricultural production and 5.24%of the animal production. The annual growth rate for this value during the study period (1995–2013) was about 4.23%.Buffaloes and cows contribute more than 97% of the total dairy production in Egypt, while the goats contribute the remaining. The total dairy production in Egypt reached about 5.554 thousand tons in 2013. This production takes a growing trend with a statistically significance rate of 119.10 thousand tons which represents 4.01%of the annual average of the total dairy production during the period of the research. The research also indicates that there are many factors affecting the quantity produced from dairy in Egypt; the most important of which were the quantity produced from clover, the produced quantity from dry feed, the wholesale price of milk, and the value of loans granted for livestock. The results of the research indicate that there is a proportional effect and statistically significant between each of the quantity produced from clover, the wholesale price of milk ,and the value of loans granted for livestock upon the quantity produced from dairy in Egypt during (1995-2013). The total national consumption of dairy in Egypt was about 6.516 thousand tons in 2013. This consumption takes a growing trend with a statistically significance rate of 156.24 thousands tons which represent 2.68% of the annual average of the quantities consumed during the period of the research. Due to the inability of the local production of dairy in confronting the amount of consumption , a gap between the production and consumption milk has emerged in Egypt estimated at about 962 thousands tons in 2013, which indicates that the self-sufficiency rate did not even exceeded 85.24 % in that year. The research also refers to the factors that affected the quantities consumed of dairy in Egypt which represented in the population, average per capita dairy, average personal income, the average retail price of milk, and the average retail price of eggs . By using the multiple demand function of dairy in Egypt, it was found out that there is a directly relationship and statistically significant between the required quantity and income, while there is an inverse relationship and statistically significant between the required quantity and the retail price of milk. But it did not demonstrate a statistically significant relationship between the required quantity and each of population and the retail price of eggs. The research recommended the following 1- The need for attention to cultivate clover and dry feed as it is one of the most important factor responsible for increasing the dairy production in Egypt. 2- There must be an interest in raising Buffaloes and cows to increase its production as they contribute over 97% from the total dairy production in Egypt. 3- Reducing the marketing costs of dairy as much as possible to raise the marketing efficiency 4- Reducing the interest rates on cash loans that specified for developing livestock in the field of dairy production. 5- Providing veterinary care at suitable prices

Some Economic Aspects of Wheat Crop in Egypt with Emphasis on Baladi Bread Manufacturing in Alexandria Governorate

As explained in the study results, the evolution of the total number of baladi bakeries in Alexandria governorate, increased with an increase of about 21.4 bakery represents about 1.92 % of the average number of bakeries in Alexandria governorate which was about 1115 bakery during the study period. For the evolution of the total ration of subsidized flour (baladi bakery, warehouses, and other purposes) in Alexandria governorate, it has increased with an increase of about 172 thousand bag annually representing approximately 3.85 % of the average of about 4.5 million bags during the study period. Several recommendations have been discussed and determined in this search to improve wheat consumption in Egypt.

Morphological Studies on the Vagina and Vestibule of Dromedary Camels (Camelus dromedarius)

*** *** SUMMARY: The camel (Camelus dromedarius) is an important multipurpose livestock species and its meat represents about 10% of the red meat consumption in Egypt. The reproductive efficiency of camel under natural condition is generally considered to be low. Sound knowledge about the tubular genital organs of this species might facilitate the application of new reproductive meth odology. Our study was therefore conducted to investigate the morphology of mucosal surface of vagina and vestibule on camels using ligh t, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The mucosal surface of vagina consisted of stratified columnar epithelium with m ucous secreting cells (goblet-like cells). SEM of vagina revealed the presence of longitudinal primary and secondary folds and small transverse folds. The columnar epithelium showed marked cell boundary and its apical surface was studded by a lot of microvilli. TEM confi rmed the presence of microvilli at apical surfaces and showed some secretory granules in the supranuclear region of the columnar epi thelium. The vestibule of dromedary camel was lined by stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. Basal lamina and stratum granulosum o f this epithelium showed strong PAS positive reaction. SEM of vestibule revealed the presence of small longitudinal and fine transvers e folds with a lot of mucous debris. However TEM of vestibule showed the stratified squamous keratinized epithelium with basal layer of cuboidal cells and superficial layers of squamous cells.

English

This paper analyses the changes in food expenditure patterns over time in Egypt with special emphasis on the differences between urban and rural sectors. Engel curves for food groups are estimated by using double-log function type. The method used for estimating regression equations is the Weighted Least Squares (WLS). Data used in the study are obtained from the Household, Income, Expenditure, and Consumption Survey (HIECS) conducted by the Central Agency for Public Mobilisation and Statistics (CAPMAS) of Egypt for five  survey periods from 1990/1991 to 2009/2010. Food consumption expenditure patterns have changed over the five conseculative survey periods as a result of economic changes. Estimated expenditure elasticities for food groups are positive and less than one except for fish, milk-eggs, and fruits, as they moved up to the necessity commodities in 2009/2010. The estimated expenditure elasticities for food groups have decreased significantly over the time. There are statistically significant variations between the urban and rural expenditure elasticity of most food commodities, except for cereals, milk-eggs, fruits, and beverages. Elasticities tend to be higher in rural areas than urban ones. The expenditure elasticities of food groups are lower at high-income groups than low-income ones. These results provide the guideline for future policy implication in respect of the demand management and food consumption in Egypt. Key words: Food consumption expenditure, Engel curves, expenditure elasticity, Egypt.

Microbiological Safety of Strawberries and Lettuce for Domestic Consumption in Egypt

Food borne outbreaks with fresh produce are increasingly being reported in developed countries. Food borne illness is an important threat for human health also in developing countries, but data on food safety, in particular related to microbial food safety in fruits and vegetables, the developing world are scarce. In the present study, the sanitary quality and safety of Egyptian lettuce and strawberries, obtained from either primary production or domestic retail market, was assessed by enumeration of faecal indicators organism Escherichia coli and coliforms and the detection of Salmonella spp. Twelve farms in three different regions of Egypt were visited and apart from strawberries (18) and lettuce (18) also samples of soil (12) and irrigation water (12) were obtained. Furthermore, three different types of domestic retail outlets, i.e. open markets, shops and hypermarkets were sampled for strawberries (30) and lettuce (30). Salmonella prevalence in Egyptian domestic fresh produce was very high, namely 42% (20/48) in lettuce and 29% (14/48) in strawberries. The presence of Salmonella was associated with elevated levels of E. coli and coliforms. Observations from this restricted data set suggest that the microbiological quality and safety of lettuce and strawberries in the primary production of Egypt is subjected to considerable regional differences, presumably related to differences in irrigation water quality. Moreover, the microbiological quality and safety of retail lettuce and strawberries increased in accordance with the scale and organization level of the retail outlet.

Energy performance analysis of integrating building envelopes with nanomaterials

The energy consumption in Egypt has increased sharply in the past few years, and ultra-energy efficient technologies are desperately needed for the national energy policy. This paper discusses and explores the possibilities offered by the use of nanomaterial technology which integrates with building envelope to improve the Energy efficiency and reduce energy consumption in buildings by the use of energy simulation software. The current study was aimed at testing the thermal performance of the Nano Thermal Model (NTM) and measuring heat-Transfer Rate, especially the quantity of Heat gain/loss through fabric, compared to conventional building envelope materials (baseline model) under typical Egypt-Aswan weather conditions. The results indicate the use of nanomaterials can improve the thermal performance of a building in hot dry climate like Egypt, that especially needed cooling loads during the summer months. It also shows that the nanomaterials integrated with the envelope of the future building will achieve the lowest scientifically and empirically recorded values of heat transition in the field of construction. This lowest rates of the fabric heat transfer through the envelope is up to 72% when comparing the performance of the wholly Nano Thermal Model to the traditional model improved.

AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF THE DETERMINANTS OF GLOBAL DEMAND FOR SOME NON-TRADITIONAL EGYPTIAN VEGETABLE CROPS

Despite the increase in vegetable exports from 329 thousand ton in the year 2000 to about 3156 thousand tons in 2010, and the increase in vegetable local production from 14.8 million tons to 1019.5 million tons during the same period,the deficit in the agricultural trade balance has increased from $ 11 million in the year 2007 to about $ 18 million in 2012.However, it is noticed that exports of strawberries and artichoke the nontraditional crops, have increased from $ 2.2 million in 2002 to about $ 24.9 million in 2012. For this, the study endeavor to give special concerns to the two products particularly for their high average export prices which have tripled compared with potatoes and onions in recent years. The paper revealed that average exports of strawberries have increased to about 6391 ton and to about 32.6 thousand tons during the period 2005-2007 and 2008-2010 respectively. Belgian market absorbed about 19% and 23 % of the quantity exported during the two periods. Saudi Arabia imported about 11.3 % and 21.4 % of Egyptian strawberries. Egypt has a comparative advantage in producing strawberries as it came the second after Spain. Strawberries face strong competition and the penetration index was put at 0.002 and 0.779 during the two studied periods. This also noticed that Egypt has a relative price advantage compared with Holland, France, Belgium and Spain. For artichoke, the study shows a decrease of average exports from 14.8 thousand tons during the first period to about 11.7 thousand tons during the second period. Italian market absorbed about 64 % and 80 % of total artichoke. Egypt has a relative advantage in producing this crop compared with competing countries. Egypt also price advantage in artichoke compared with Spain, France, and Italy. The paper shows that determinants of total global demand of Strawberries as export to Saudi Arabia, relative price of Saudi price and export price of Egypt and Spain. For artichoke, the determinants were production in Italy, France export price in addition to production and price ratio in French market. The first equation in the econometric model shows that per head consumption of strawberries increases by about 0.95 % with the increase in local production. The second equation in the model shows that per head consumption in important imported countries increases with the increase of per head local production, exchange rate, the increase of per head income in Germany. The study shows that Egyptian –European partnership agreement has its positive effect on strawberries exports. The third equation in the model shows that per head local production has increased by about 0.02 % , 0.07 % and 0.1% with the increase in per head local consumption in the last year and the decrease each of per head production in Italy and Russia in the last year, respectively. As for artichoke, the study shows in the first equation of the model that average per head consumption has increased by about 1.01 %, 0.01 % and 0.1% with the increase in local production and the decrease each of artichoke exports and Egyptian price, respectively. The second equation in the model shows that per head Egyptian export in important imported countries with the increase by about 1.1% , 1.2% , 1.8% ,2.1% ,4.7% with the increase each of export prices in France, Italy, Spain, exchange rate and per capita income in Germany , respectively., Per head of Egyptian export of artichoke has Also increased by about 0.97% , 0.2% with the decrease each of per head consumption in Egypt and export price of Egypt , respectively . The study showed a negative effect of Egyptian European partnership agreement and SPS treaty on artichoke exports. The third equation in the model shows that per head local production has increased by about 0.01 % , 1.8 % , 1.4% and 0.38% with the increase in per head local production in the last year and the decrease all of per head production in Italy , Russia and Greece in the last year , respectively.

Opioid consumption in Egypt

Opioid consumption in Egypt

Sea turtle bycatch and consumption in Egypt threatens Mediterranean turtle populations

AbstractTurtle trade in the fish markets of Alexandria was reported up to the late 1990s, motivating conservation initiatives and enforcement of legal protection. To assess the current trade and bycatch levels in Alexandria and other ports we carried out an interview survey of 445 people in 2007, mostly fishermen and fishmongers, in 15 coastal cities and fishing ports along the Mediterranean coast of Egypt. The declared catch rates and official fishing fleet statistics suggest that captures of loggerhead Caretta caretta and green turtles Chelonia mydas are in the order of several thousands per year, possibly > 7,000 per year, mainly from trawling, longlining and set nets. Probably several hundred turtles die each year as a consequence of the high mortality rates typical of these fishing gears. In addition, most fishermen from Alexandria and some fishermen from other regions declared that they kill turtles for meat. Regulations and enforcement appear to be ineffective, as turtles are usually killed and consumed on board or only their meat is landed. Some turtles are still traded on the black market in some Alexandria fish markets. The overall mortality probably represents an unsustainable toll on the Mediterranean loggerhead and green turtle populations, and the perception of fishermen is that turtle numbers are declining. Mitigating the identified threats is thus urgent. In particular, intentional killing should be tackled through its cultural drivers, and measures to reduce bycatch mortality need to be tested and implemented.

Conversation with Mustapha Soueif.

British Journal of AddictionVolume 83, Issue 2 p. 131-139 Free Access Conversation with Mustapha Soueif First published: February 1988 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1988.tb03973.xCitations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1 Berg, I. A. & Collier, J. S. (1953) Personality and group differences in extreme response sets, Education and Psychological Measurement, 13, pp. 164– 169. 2 Carlini, E. A. & Masur, J. (1970) Development of fighting behavior in starved rats by chronic administration of (—)-Δ-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabis extracts, Community and Behavioral Biology, 5, pp. 57– 61. 3 Carlini, E. A. (1974) Cannabis sativa and aggressive behavior in laboratory animals, Archives of Investigative Medicine (Mex.), 5 (Suppl. 1), pp. 161– 172. 4 Committee For The Investigation Of Hashish Consumption In Egypt (1960) Hashish Consumption in Egypt: research in progress: report I: The interviewing schedule: construction reliability and validity. Cairo : Publications of the National Centre for Social and Criminological Research, pp. 425 [In Arabic]. 5 Durant, W. (1926) The Story of Philosophy: The Lives and Opinions of the Greater Philosophers ( London , Ernest Benn). 6 Greenland, S., Richwald, G. A. & Honda, G. D. (1983) The effects of marijuana use during pregnancy. II. A study in a low-risk home-delivery population, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 11, pp. 359– 366. 7 Himmelstein, J. L. (1986) The continuing career of marijuana: backlash with limits, Contemporary Drug Problems, 13/1, pp. 1– 21. 8 McGlothlin, W. H. (1973) Sociocultural factors in marijuana use in the United States. Paper presented at the IXth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, Chicago , 1973 August-September. 9 Smart, R. G. & Liban, C. B. (1980) Cannabis use and alcohol problems among adults and students, Drugs and Alcohol Dependence, 6, pp. 141– 147. 10 Soueif, M. I. (1951) The Psychology of Creativity: Especially in Writing Poetry ( Cairo , Dar-el-Maaref) [In Arabic]. 11 Soueif, M. I. (1958) Extreme response sets as a measure of intolerance of ambiguity, British Journal of Psychology, 49/4, pp. 329– 334. 12 Soueif, M. I. (1967) Hashish consumption in Egypt: with special reference to psychosocial aspects, Bulletin on Narcotics, 19/2, pp. 1– 12. 13 SOUEIF, M. I. (1971) The use of cannabis in Egypt: a behavioral study, Bulletin on Narcotics, 23/4, pp. 17– 28. 14 Soueif, M. I. (1972) The social psychology of cannabis consumption: myth, mystery and fact, Bulletin on Narcotics, 24/2, pp. 1– 10. 15 Soueif, M. I. (1975) Chronic cannabis users: further analysis of objective test results. Bulletin on Narcotics, 27/4, pp. 1– 26. 16 Soueif, M. I. (1976) Some determinants of psychological deficits associated with chronic cannabis consumption, Bulletin on Narcotics, 28/1, pp. 25– 42. 17 Soueif, M. I. (1976) The differential association between chronic cannabism and impairment of psychological function: A theoretical framework. Paper presented at the International Institute on the Prevention and treatment of Drug Dependence, Hamburg , 1976 28 June-2 July, pp. 106–118 (Lausanne, ICAA Publications). 18 WHO (1971) The Use of cannabis, Technical Report No. 478 ( Geneva , WHO). Citing Literature Volume83, Issue2February 1988Pages 131-139 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Income and price elasticities of energy consumption in Egypt: A time-series analysis

The purpose of this paper is to provide empirical estimates of the price and income elasticities of energy consumption in Egypt. It fills an important gap, since policy discussion of energy pricing issues has so far been based more on assumptions than on hard evidence. The paper shows that the real relative price of energy has been falling steadily since 1972, while per capita energy consumption rose some 50% over the decade 1972-81. Evidence produced in this exercise indicates quite clearly that price and income elasticities of energy consumption are significantly much lower than was generally believed.

The Impact of Forced Deliveries on Egyptian Agriculture

AbstractThe consequences of terminating the current system of forced deliveries of rice for domestic subsidized consumption in Egypt are analyzed with farm‐level data. Under the conditions prevailing in 1979–81, impact on the marketed surplus would have been negligible due to the existence of free sales beyond quota. Producers would benefit marginally from liberalization, and part of the cost of consumer subsidies would be shifted to the government. The key source of financing consumer subsidies is the defense of rice exports and the continued price wedge between domestic and world prices, not the enforcement of deliveries for domestic consumption.

A Zooarchaeological Inquiry into Pork Consumption in Egypt from Prehistoric to New Kingdom Times

taken this position base their arguments on several lines of reasoning: the apparent overall paucity of artistic representations of swine in tombs and shrines, the similarly scant references to pig in the (surviving) texts, and the negative association of this animal with the evil god, Set. What they consider their strongest argument is the general rarity of artistic representations (both parietal and mobilary), inscriptions, and literary sources referring to pig.2 Thus, Vandier3 contends that pig was never represented in Old Kingdom scenes. Nor, apparently, were any pig bones found in Egyptian tombs.4 Some, like Dawson,5 have argued that, while wild pigs were sometimes depicted on Old and Middle Kingdom monuments, the domestic pig was not represented until the 18th Dynasty. For example, in the two cases cited by Dawson6 where pig is referred to, one in a 5th Dynasty tomb in Dashur and a second in a tomb at Meidum (the tomb of Nefermaet of the 4th or 5th Dynasty), both references are to wild pig. In addition, the fact that pig is not mentioned in the Harris Papyrus is considered particularly significant.7 Secondly, there appears to be little indication that there was much use of pig for mundane purposes. It is claimed that pig was relatively uncommon on Egyptian farms.8 It is also pointed out that there are few references to pig in magical texts9 or in medical texts prior to New Kingdom times.10 Thus if pig ever was commonly used or accepted in pharaonic Egypt, it came to be so only in New Kingdom times, i.e. fairly late in the history of Egypt. The third line of reasoning is based on the indicated association of pig with the god Set, th enemy and killer of Osiris.11 The argument is that any animal associated with a god w o was thought of by the ancient Egyptians in a primarily negative way must have been an animal that was hated and abhorred. In

Effect of processing on phosphorus and phytic acid contents of some Egyptian varieties of legumes

Phytic acid and total phosphorus contents were determined in different varieties of dry legume seeds—broad beans, lentils, lupin, fenugreek, chickpea and peas. These seeds are widely used in Egypt. The dry seeds were subjected to different processing methods according to the mean of their consumption in Egypt. These processing methods include decortication, steeping, sprouting, boiling and cooking. Phytic acid and total phosphorus contents of seeds differed according to the kind, the variety and the processing method. Steeping and sprouting decreased the phytic acid content of the seeds. The phytic acid content of lupin was greatly reduced by decortication and by steeping of seeds.

Income and Consumption in Egypt, 1886/1887 to 1937

The attempt to estimate per capita income for Egypt from 1886/1887 to 1937, presented in this paper, is part of an effort to evaluate British colonial economic policyduring the period of the British occupation of Egypt. For such an evaluation national income estimates covering the whole period would be very helpful. National income estimates worth the name, however, go back only to 1935–1939, and for years earlier than the 1950s they are of very poor quality. Compared with so many other lessdeveloped countries, Egypt has relatively rich statistics extending backward to the decades before World War I; but they do not really suffice for building up a national income series from either the production or the expenditure side, and from the income side there is hardly any information. In this situation, which both development economists and economic historians know only too well, the problem is how to make maximal use of existing production and expenditure indicators in order to come out with some idea of what per capita income developments may have looked like. Apart from gauging per capita income in Egypt during half a century before World War II, the paper serves more generally to illustrate a methodology that may find application for other countries.

Effects of hashish consumption in Egypt.

Effects of hashish consumption in Egypt.