Electricity Generation Consumption Research Articles

Стратегия развития единой национальной электрической сети (ЕНЭС) на территориях с децентрализованным энергоснабжением в Российской Федерации

The article dwells on the need to develop distribution networks of the Unified National Electric Grid in areas with decentralized energy supply, the authors estimate possible reduction in diesel fuel consumption for electricity generation by diesel power plants (DPP), summarize the existing experience, estimate the installed capacity utilization factor (ICUF) of DPP.

Quantification of the water-use reduction associated with the transition from coal to natural gas in the US electricity sector

The transition from coal to natural gas and renewables in the electricity sector and the rise of unconventional shale gas extraction are likely to affect water usage throughout the US. While new natural-gas power plants use less water than coal-fired power plants, shale gas extraction through hydraulic fracturing has increased water utilization and intensity. We integrated water and energy use data to quantify the intensity of water use in the US throughout the electricity’s lifecycle. We show that in spite of the rise of water use for hydraulic fracturing, during 2013–2016 the overall annual water withdrawal (8.74 × 1010 m3) and consumption (1.75 × 109 m3) for coal were larger than those of natural gas (4.55 × 1010 m3, and 1.07 × 109 m3, respectively). We find that during this period, for every MWh of electricity that has been generated with natural gas instead of coal, there has been a reduction of ∼1 m3 in water consumption and ∼40 m3 in water withdrawal. Examining plant locations spatially, we find that only a small proportion of net electricity generation takes place in water stressed areas, while a large proportion of both coal (37%) and natural gas (50%) are extracted in water stressed areas. We also show that the growing contribution of renewable energy technologies such as wind and solar will reduce water consumption at an even greater magnitude than the transition from coal to natural gas, eliminating much of water withdrawals and consumption for electricity generation in the US.

THE TRENDS OF DRAWING UP THE ELECTRICITY BALANCE OF GEORGIA

The paper dwells on the analysis of electricity balance of Georgia in the years of 2005-2017 in accordance with the parameters such as electricity generation-consumption and exports-imports. Significant attention was paid to the structural development of electricity generation and consumption. The paper also addresses the issues of exports imports with neighboring countries. Electricity exports and imports in Georgia is characterized by changing dynamics. Over the past 17 years, imports have grown by 39,3%. It has been highlighted that the electricity balance in the years of 2016-2017 differs substantially from the electricity balance of previous years that is due to the operation of wind power plant, which just in 2017 generated 87,8 million kWh, representing 1% of generated electricity. The paper highlights that the level of electric intensity of production in Georgia is still high, the reduction of which is considerable room for improvement in the electricity balance; there is need for development of renewable energy resources (hydro, solar, wind), placing greater reliance on advanced technologies in the field of electricity consumption and so on.

The electricity-water nexus in Chinese electric trade system

A great amount of electricity generation exerts a tremendous pressure on China's water resources. The spatial mismatch between primary energy and water in China aggravates the pressure of water resources and results in virtual water transfers from drier to wetter regions through electricity trade. Firstly, we construct an electricity generation-consumption (EGC) model to model inter-provincial electricity trade in China and propose a hybrid virtual water intensity (HVWI) indicator to represent the provincial overall virtual water consumption factor. Then, we combine the inter-provincial electricity trade and the provincial HVWI to build China's virtual water trade network. The results show that total inter-provincial virtual water embodied in the electricity trade is 5637 GL. The top three largest electricity trade flows are Yunnan-to-Guangdong (111 billion kWh), Inner Mongolia-to-Beijing (32.7 billion kWh) and Inner Mongolia-to-Liaoning (31.1 billion kWh), and the top three largest virtual water flows are Yunnan-to-Guangdong (1527 GL), Sichuan-to-Chongqing (432.6 GL) and Sichuan-to-Shanghai (418.7 GL).

Water for electricity in India: A multi-model study of future challenges and linkages to climate change mitigation

This paper provides projections of water withdrawals and consumption for electricity generation in India through 2050. Based on the results from five energy-economic modeling teams, the paper explores the implications of economic growth, power plant cooling policies, and electricity CO2 emissions reductions on water withdrawals and consumption. To understand how different modeling approaches derive different results for energy-water interactions, the five teams used harmonized assumptions regarding economic and population growth, the distribution of power plants by cooling technologies, and withdrawals and consumption intensities. The multi-model study provides robust results regarding the different but potentially complementary implications of cooling technology policies and efforts to reduce CO2 emissions. The water implications of CO2 emissions reductions depend critically on the approach to these reductions. Focusing on wind and solar power reduces consumption and withdrawals, a focus on nuclear power increases both, and a focus on hydroelectric power could increase consumptive losses through evaporation. Policies focused specifically on cooling water can have substantial and complementary impacts.

Способы расширения регулировочного диапазона парогазовых установок и их сравнительная эффективность по показателям экономичности, маневренности и надежности на примере ПГУ– 450. Обзор литературы

The article is devoted to technical solutions and analysis of the results of research on ways to expand the adjustment range of combined-cycle plants (CCPs) proposed in the technical literature, using the example of PRU-450 combined-cycle plant at a basic load of 210 ... 220 MW. Different CCPs are compared in terms of economic efficiency and maneuverability subject to keeping the full composition of CCP equipment. It is shown that expansion of the CCP adjustment range becomes a topical issue if CCPs are involved in performing the system services of controlling the frequency and power in the grid. The existing technical and parametric constraints hampering the involvement of CCPs in these services are analyzed, and the main difficulties that are expected to be faced in solving the above-mentioned problem are formulated. A variety of technical solutions aimed at expanding the CCP adjustment range that have been proposed by different organizations and scientists is described. The main parameters and features of these solutions are analyzed, and their advantages and drawbacks are pointed out. For comparing different adjustment range expansion methods with each other in terms of economic efficiency, a new generalized indicator is introduced, called the characteristic of relative increase in specific fuel consumption (CRISFC), which shows the increase in the specific fuel consumption for electricity generation in expanding the CCP adjustment by unit of CCP capacity. The results obtained from calculations of this indicator for different adjustment range expansion ratios as applied to the PGU-450 combined-cycle plant are presented. The expedient application boundaries for each of the considered methods are determined according to the minimum CRISFC criterion.

Investigating the water consumption for electricity generation at Turkish power plants

The water-energy intertwined relationship has recently gained more importance due to the high water consumption in the energy sector and to the limited availability of the water resources. The energy and electricity demand of Turkey is increasing rapidly in the last two decades. More thermal power plants are expected to be built in the near future to supply the rapidly increasing demand in Turkey which will put pressure on water availability. In this study, the water consumption for electricity generation at Turkish power plants is investigated. The main objectives of this study are to identify the amount of water consumed to generate 1 kWh of electricity for each generation technology currently used in Turkey and to investigate ways to reduce the water consumption at power plants expected to be built in the near future to supply the increasing demand. The various electricity generation technology mixture scenarios are analyzed to determine the future total and per generation water consumption, and water savings based on changes of cooling systems used for each technology. The Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) program is used to determine the minimum water consuming electricity generation technology mixtures using optimization approaches between 2017 and 2035.