Consumption Expenditure Research Articles

Exploring the therapeutic mechanisms of millet in obesity through molecular docking, pharmacokinetics, and dynamic simulation.

Obesity, a prevalent global health concern, is characterized by excessive fat accumulation, which confers significant nutritional and health risks, including a shortened lifespan and diminished wellbeing. Central to the regulation of energy balance and food intake is the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) protein, which modulates the interplay between caloric consumption and energy expenditure. Given its pivotal role in obesity regulation, the identification of effective inhibitors targeting the FTO protein is imperative for developing therapeutic interventions. Currently available anti-obesity drugs are often plagued by undesirable side effects. In contrast, natural plant-derived bioactive compounds are gaining prominence in the pharmaceutical industry due to their efficacy and lower incidence of adverse effects. Little Millet, a traditional cereal known for its rich nutritional profile and high satiety index, was investigated in this study using molecular docking and dynamics simulation approach for its potential as an anti-obesity agent. Our research demonstrates that four bioactive compounds from Little Millet exhibit superior binding energies ranging from 7.22 to 8.83 kcal/mol, compared to the standard anti-obesity drug, orlistat, which has a binding energy of 5.96 kcal/mol. These compounds fulfilled all drug-like criteria, including the Lipinski, Ghose, Veber, Egan, and Muegge rules, and exhibited favorable profiles in terms of distribution, metabolism, and prolonged half-life without toxicity. Conversely, orlistat was associated with hepatotoxicity, a reduced half-life, and multiple violations of drug-likeness parameters, undermining its efficacy. Molecular dynamics simulations and Gibbs free energy assessments revealed that the four identified compounds maintain stable interactions with key residues in the FTO protein's active site. We propose further validation through extensive In vitro, In vivo, and clinical studies to ascertain the therapeutic potential of these compounds in combating obesity.

Gender (Women-Led Households) as a Determinant of Consumption Expenditure on Food during March 2020 – A Case Study of Maharashtra

This study examines the factors influencing food expenditure in urban and rural households of Maharashtra, with a focus on gender dynamics during the COVID-19 lockdown in March 2020. Utilizing secondary data from the Consumer Pyramid Household Survey (CPHS), the analysis employs regression techniques to investigate the impact of Adjusted Total Income, Gender Group, Age Group, Occupation Group, Education Group, and Household Size on Adjusted Food Expenditure. The results reveal that Adjusted Total Income, Age Group, Gender Group, Education Group, and Household Size are significant predictors of food expenditure, with women-led households demonstrating a crucial role in managing food resources. Women’s spending patterns reflect their prioritization of food security, particularly during economic crises, aligning with previous research highlighting their central role in household budgeting. In contrast, Occupation Group does not significantly influence food expenditure in this context. The findings underscore the importance of considering gender dynamics in food expenditure analyses and suggest that policy interventions should focus on supporting women-led households to enhance food security and manage economic disruptions effectively.

The Impact of Import, Savings, Consumtion and Inflation Rate on the Economic Growth of Denmark

This paper investigates the dynamic relationships between imports of goods and services (annual % growth), adjusted savings: consumption of fixed capital (current US$), final consumption expenditure (annual % growth), inflation GDP deflator (annual %) and economic growth in Denmark, using multivariate setting to examine time- series data. The secondary records from 1973 to 2022 that were collected from the World Bank comprise the data used in this analysis. The results of the study show that annual percentage increases in final consumption expenditure and imports of goods and services both considerably boost economic growth. However, the annual percentage of inflation as indicated by the GDP deflator and adjusted savings, which is expressed as the consumption of fixed capital in current US dollars, have a negative impact on economic growth.

The national credit act and macroeconomic variables in the context of over-indebtedness in South Africa

This article reports on a study aimed at measuring and characterising consumer over-indebtedness in South Africa, despite the existence of financial regulatory measures and legislation. The study employed quantitative analysis to examine the impact of macroeconomic variables on consumer over-indebtedness. The primary conclusion of the study indicated that the debt-to-disposable-income ratio decreased following the enactment of the National Credit Act; nevertheless, the alterations in debt levels cannot be solely ascribed to the enforcement of regulations and legislation. The study findings indicate that over-indebtedness correlates positively with gross domestic product, consumer expenditure, unemployment, and the debt-to-income ratio, while exhibiting a negative correlation with the interest rate.

Acute effect of resistive aquatic high-intensity interval training on metabolic costs in adults.

The effects of Aquatic High-Intensity Interval Training (AHIIT) and resistive AHIIT (Resistive AHIIT) to improve metabolic responses were not yet known. This study was to compare the metabolic responses and perceived effort in young healthy adults in a single session of AHIIT and resistive AHIIT. 20 healthy subjects (9 females, 11 males) performed a stationary running at a matched exercise intensity prior AHIIT and resistive AHIIT [10 × 1-min bouts of stationary running at 90% maximum heart rate (HR max) separated by 1-min active recovery] to examine the metabolic and cardiometabolic outcomes. Mixed effects models were applied to analyze the effects of group, time, and the interaction between group and time on both outcomes. The level of correlations between metabolic variables was checked by Pearson's linear correlation. There are significant differences on pre and post resting energy expenditure (REE) within both AHIIT and resistive AHIIT groups (p < 0.01) respectively as well as the subjective rate of perceived exertion (RPE) (p < 0.01) within RAHIIT group. A moderate correlation found on respiratory exertional ratio (RER) and RPE in resistive AHIIT (r = 0.534). No significant differences between groups in terms of HR max, mean heart rate (HR mean), peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak) and total energy expenditure (TEE) (p = 0.50, p = 0.48, p = 0.81, p = 0.59). Resistive AHIIT provides comparable benefits of metabolic outcomes with AHIIT. Comparable results allowed AHIIT and resistive AHIIT prescriptions precisely.

A stableness of resistance model for nonresponse adjustment with callback data

Abstract Nonresponse arises frequently in surveys, and follow-ups are routinely made to increase the response rate. In order to monitor the follow-up process, callback data have been used in social sciences and survey studies for decades. In modern surveys, the availability of callback data is increasing because the response rate is decreasing, and follow-ups are essential to collect maximum information. Although callback data are helpful to reduce the bias in surveys, such data have not been widely used in statistical analysis until recently. We propose a stableness of resistance assumption for nonresponse adjustment with callback data. We establish the identification and the semiparametric efficiency theory under this assumption, and propose a suite of semiparametric estimation methods including doubly robust estimators, which generalize existing parametric approaches for callback data analysis. We apply the approach to a Consumer Expenditure Survey dataset. The results suggest an association between nonresponse and high housing expenditures.

Defense Expenditure and National Well-Being: Evidence from the G7 Countries

ABSTRACT This study investigates the relationship between defense spending and societal welfare in G7 nations, focusing on health, education, and consumption expenditure as indicators of national well-being. Utilizing panel data from 1971 to 2022, we employ fixed effects to study the short-run and utilized DOLS/FMOLS econometric methods which address issues such as unobserved heterogeneity, non-stationarity, and serial correlation for long-run estimates. Incorporating a comprehensive set of control variables enhances the reliability of our analysis, our findings indicate a significant positive impact of military expenditure on health, education, and final consumption expenditure. Robustness checks confirm these results even after controlling for additional factors such as tax-to-GDP ratio, GDP per capita, trade, demographics, and historical events. Contrary to some prior studies, our findings suggest that defense spending positively influences national well-being.

Research on Marginal Consumption Tendency of Urban Residents in Yangtze River Delta Region

One of the important research matters is the marginal consumption propensity of urban residents. A great many Chinese scholars have investigated the marginal consumption propensity of residents in a single province and city, but there is still a certain gap in the comparative study of marginal consumption tendency among different provinces and cities nationwide. The research theme of this paper is to explore the marginal consumption tendency of urban residents in the Yangtze River Delta region and compare the differences among them. We select the per capita disposable income and per capita consumption expenditure of urban residents in the Yangtze River Delta region from 2004 to 2022, dividing the Yangtze River Delta region into four cities, and calculate the marginal consumption tendency of urban residents in each city by establishing the ELES model. The study found that the marginal consumption tendency of food and housing has become the highest value of urban residents in each region, reflecting people's attention to food and continuous pursuit of improving living experience. And in the case of different cities in the Yangtze River Delta region, there is a relatively distinct difference in the marginal consumption propensity of residents.

Carbon emission in MINT economies: The role of poverty, population, energy use and economic factors

AbstractPoor environmental quality is usually observed in developing blocs. Some plausible explanations are due to the high poverty level and their economic characterisation. The present study focuses on exploring the effect of poverty on environmental degradation over annual data from 1990 to 2018 for MINT economies (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkiye). By leveraging panel econometrics procedures that are robust to cross‐sectional and slope homogeneity issues, the results show evidence of an equilibrium relationship among the examined variables namely households final consumption expenditure, CO2 emissions, GDP, electricity consumption and population over the sampled period. Findings from this study establish that poverty is a core to environmental degradation in Türkiye and the plausible explanation is due to the country's demography while on the contrary, Nigeria, Indonesia and Mexico show that poverty is not a core contributor to environmental degradation. Thus, from a policy lens, there is need for concerted efforts by government officials and all stakeholders in the examined countries to reduce environmental degradation by improving per capita income (SDG‐8) in the region productive economic activities to raise income level in the bloc. Additionally, there is a need for energy transition from fossil fuel‐based energy to cleaner energy alternative options. More policy caveats are elucidated in the concluding section.

Evaluating the Economic Impact of Marijuana Legalization: A Difference-in-Differences and Regression Analysis of Household Expenditures in Colorado and Utah

The legalization of marijuana in Colorado in 2014 marked a significant policy shift with potential economic implications. This study examines the impact of this legalization on household expenditures using Utah as a control group. The research employs a Difference-in-Differences (DiD) methodology, analyzing data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX) from 2012 to 2016. The findings indicate a significant increase in household expenditures in Colorado relative to Utah following marijuana legalization. The DiD estimate reveals an approximate increase of $898 in total household expenditures post-legalization. These results are supported by regression models that account for various household characteristics, ensuring robustness. In conclusion, marijuana legalization in Colorado has led to a measurable increase in household spending. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers and contributes to the understanding of the economic effects of marijuana policy changes. For household departments, it's essential to consider the potential shifts in budget allocation due to increased discretionary spending. Government agencies should monitor these economic impacts closely to inform future regulatory decisions and ensure balanced economic growth.

The relationship between bank lending and economic factors in the regions of Kazakhstan

Understanding the impact of economic factors on bank lending is crucial in Kazakhstan’s modern economy, characterized by volatile inflation and fluctuations in real wages. This paper aims to investigate the link between bank lending and economic factors such as inflation, real wages, and consumer expenditure in a regional context. Data from the Bureau of National Statistics and the National Bank, covering the period from 2012 to 2022, were used to uncover how economic factors influence bank lending. For the analysis, various economic indicators were integrated through normalization and averaging. Analysis reveals significant regional disparities in real wages and consumer expenditures, which impact the demand for bank credit. The results of the correlation matrix showed that both real wages (P-value &amp;amp;lt; 0.001) and inflation (P-value &amp;amp;lt; 0.001) significantly impact bank lending, with an R² value of 0.998, indicating that the model explains 99.8% of the variation in bank lending. The regression analysis highlights that regions with higher real wages, such as Astana, Almaty, and Atyrau, provide the most favorable conditions for banking sector growth, demonstrated by a strong relationship between wages and bank lending. In contrast, regions with lower wage levels, such as Turkestan and Zhambyl, show a significantly weaker connection (around 0.65), reflecting their lower attractiveness for banking investment and emphasizing the need for policies to address social inequality. The Durbin-Watson test confirmed no autocorrelation in residuals (DW = 1.89), although heteroscedasticity was detected, suggesting the need for further model adjustments. The study emphasizes the importance of developing economic policies that can balance regional development and improve financial stability. AcknowledgmentsThis research has been funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Grant “Development of mechanisms for reducing social inequality and improving the welfare of the population of Kazakhstan” AP19174744).

Reduced red and processed meat consumption is associated with lower diet costs in US households: a national analysis of protein substitutions.

To examine the association between red and processed meat consumption and total food expenditures in US households and explore whether households could reduce food costs by substituting these meats with other protein sources such as poultry, seafood, eggs and plant proteins. Cross-sectional study using data from the National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey (FoodAPS). Using adult male equivalents (AME) for standardisation, we categorised red and processed meat purchases into quintiles. We used generalised linear models to explore the association between red or processed meat consumption and food expenditures and the cost effect of substituting meat with other proteins. United States. Data from 4739 households with valid acquisition information from FoodAPS, a stratified multistage probability sample of US households. Higher red and processed meat consumption were both significantly associated with higher total weekly food expenditures, particularly among households with low income. Substituting red or processed meat with poultry, eggs or plant proteins did not significantly affect overall food expenditures, whereas replacing meat with seafood, especially varieties high in n-3 fatty acids, led to increased costs. Reducing red and processed meat consumption could offer savings for households, particularly those with low income. Although substitutions with seafood high in n-3 could increase expenses, alternative protein sources like poultry and plant proteins may serve as cost-neutral replacements. Public health strategies should emphasise dietary shifts' economic, health and environmental benefits and aim to make nutritious yet affordable protein sources more accessible.

Consumption and the permanent income of households

This study examines household consumption using data from the Israeli Consumer Expenditure (CE) Surveys and longitudinal administrative income records for 2004–16. The key findings challenge the Permanent Income Hypothesis (PIH) and the Life-Cycle Hypothesis (LCH): The propensity to consume out of income received after the CE survey is half that of income received before the survey. Households with higher income growth showed higher consumption growth. Households tend to consume a significant portion of transitory income straightaway. Finally, households without a pension plan show a marked decrease in consumption upon crossing the retirement age.

PERAN OVERLAPPING GENERATIONS MODEL DALAM MENINGKATKAN KONSUMSI KESEHATAN RUMAH TANGGA

A decline in household consumption expenditure on health may indicate a decline in households' ability to prevent health problems and treat illnesses. The proportion of household expenditure on health consumption is very small compared to the proportion of non-health consumption. Spending on health is still not a top priority for households compared to other expenditure components. One approach to understanding intergenerational health consumption is to use the Overlapping Generations (OLG) Model. The research objective is to analyse the factors that influence health consumption with the OLG model approach. Based on the test results using FDGMM and SYSGMM analysis, the previous year's health consumption, income, savings, labour, inflation, and Government Health Insurance (JKN) affect household health consumption. Keywords: Household, OLG Model, Health Consumption, Income, Saving, Labour, Inflation, Government Health Insurance

The Impact of Taxation on the Cost of Living: A Comprehensive Analysis

This study examines the taxation-related factors affecting Malaysia's cost of living. The rising cost of living, a persistent issue in economics and social well-being, is often linked to global challenges faced by emerging nations. Direct tax has been identified as a primary contributor to the financial strain on households, who must manage various essentials beyond food, clothing, and shelter, such as education, cellular services, and transportation. The study analyzes the relationship between seven independent variables—direct tax, unemployment rate, exchange rate, household consumption expenditure, house price index, subsidies, and net trade—and the cost of living in Malaysia, using 30 years of annual data (1992-2022) with EViews for econometric analysis. This study uses descriptive statistical analysis for the description of data, coefficient matrix analysis and regression analysis for determining the impact of dependent and independent variables. The findings show that the cost-of-living pressures are positively correlated with direct tax, housing price index, and net trade. Data was sourced from the National Property Information Centre (NAPIC), the World Bank, and the Economic Planning Unit (EPU). The analysis underscores the significant impact of direct tax on the cost of living. To mitigate this impact, governments could implement fair and progressive tax reforms, provide targeted subsidies, and promote economic growth to boost income levels. Additionally, social programs and efficient government investment can further reduce household financial burdens.

Market Capitalization and Economic Growth Nexus A Mediation Analysis for selected countries

The study examined the mediating role of market capitalization in the relationship between economic growth and macroeconomic variables in twenty countries, including foreign direct investment, gross fixed capital formation, government spending, and inflation. The study has used panel data of twenty countries from the period of 2002-2021. The selection of countries involves three criterions, first; the study selected three regions; Asia, Europe, and Mena region. Secondly, among those selected countries, the study tried to select all three categories, higher income countries, middle income countries, and upper middle-income countries. The selection of these countries follows the criteria of GDP growth rate of 2021. Thirdly, these economies are either emerging economies or the economies who have established the stock market and getting its benefits for sustained GDP growth rate e.g. Australia, China, and Germany etc. Panel regression results show that foreign direct investment, gross fixed capital formation, consumption expenditures, inflation, GDP per employed person, and education expenditures all contribute to economic growth in selected countries, whereas an increase in the real effective exchange rate reduces growth. Hayes (2022) employs a mediation analysis approach that confirms market capitalization as a partially mediating variable between the rate of economic growth and various control variables in case of selected 20 countries. Providing more favorable policies for investors and enterprises, such as special economic zones and free tax breaks. Furthermore, emphasis on the money supply and preserving the currency's balance between face and interior worth. Increased foreign direct investment raises the country's workforce demand.

Deciphering the non-linear nexus between government size and inflation in MENA countries: an application of dynamic-panel threshold model

Contradictory to conventional economic theory, which foresees any increase in the size of government as inflationary, this article provides evidence that the reaction of price levels to changes in the size of government is nonlinear. The price levels do not necessarily increase in response to a rise in the size of the government but only up to a certain threshold or optimal level. Accordingly, this paper utilizes the dynamic panel threshold model to examine the threshold effects of government size (measured as government final consumption expenditure as a proportion of GDP) on inflation using a sample of 10 selected MENA countries from 1980 to 2019. The findings of this study stand out in several ways. First, the results support the nonlinear relationship between government size and inflation in the study area. Second, the government size’s estimated threshold level is equivalent to 12.46%. Third, government size negatively impacts inflation in the regime of small governments up to the threshold level. The impact turns positive once the government size goes beyond the threshold level in a regime of large size of government. These findings have ramifications for the conduct of fiscal policy. Policymakers in the MENA region can increase the size of government till it reaches the threshold level without exerting any upward pressure on price levels.

Reprint of: How do households respond to income shocks?

We use panel data from the Italian Survey of Household Income and Wealth from 1991 to 2016 to document what components of the household budget constraint change in response to shocks to household labor income, both over shorter and over longer horizons. Consumption and wealth responses are informative about the household consumption (or savings) function and thus about what class of consumption-savings model best describes the data. Empirically, we first show that shocks to labor income are associated with negligible changes in transfers and non-labor income components, modest changes in consumption expenditures, and large changes in wealth. To understand the wealth response we then split households into a sample that does not own business or real estate wealth, and a sample that does. For the first group, we find that consumption responses are more substantial (and increasing with the horizon of the income shock) and wealth responses are much smaller (and mildly increasing with the income shock horizon). Turning to theory, we argue that for this group, a simple extension of the standard permanent income hypothesis (PIH) consumption function that allows for partial insurance against even permanent income shocks explains the consumption and wealth responses well, both at short and long horizons. For the second group with business wealth or real estate wealth the standard framework cannot explain the large changes in wealth associated with income shocks. We conclude that models which include shocks to the value of household wealth are necessary to fully evaluate the sources and consequences of household resource risk.

Enabling sustainable consumer choices with CarbonShunya: India’s first solution to measure and mitigate carbon impact of consumer transactions in real-time**The views expressed in this paper are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the organization(s) to which the authors are affiliated. This work is an independent effort to support collective action to

Abstract Among the myriad challenges facing humanity, air pollution and climate change emerge as the most formidable existential threats to our future. Ironically, both these are direct fallouts of human activities such as indiscriminate consumption of consumer products/services and burning of fossil fuels. Purchase of consumer goods in 2024 is projected to be in excess of $22.6 trillion worldwide. How these consumers buy, use or dispose consumer goods will profoundly impact all life on the planet. Therefore, it is an imperative to embed sustainability in every Rupee of consumer spending. Hence a robust digital solution, CarbonShunya, has been developed with the purpose to empower a billion consumers to make sustainable purchase and lifestyle choices. CarbonShunya is India’s 1st solution that can measure and mitigate the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) footprint of consumer transactions in real-time. It provides consumers with actionable insights at the point-of-purchase and post-purchase to shape a shift in consumer beliefs, attitudes and behavior. This paper presents the methodology, assumptions and processes which have been adopted to develop the CarbonShunya life-cycle assessment framework and solution in Indian context. It also presents a case study, using the CarbonShunya framework, to measure and mitigate GHG impacts of monthly consumer expenditure on several categories of products/services across various states of India, based on a primary survey of over 174 000 households. The results from the case-study provide actionable insights and conclusions for policymakers and practitioners. CarbonShunya has cross-cutting applications across sectors so as to enable consuming economies to embrace conserving behaviors.

Does household risk attitude affect consumption expenditure? Evidence from Chinese urban households

Does household risk attitude affect consumption expenditure? Evidence from Chinese urban households