Consumption Expenditure Research Articles

Impact of Chronic Disease Shocks on Household Consumption in China: The Role of Multi-Level Health Insurance

Expanding and enhancing the quality of consumption is crucial to satisfy the increasing demand for a higher standard of living. However, the rising risk of chronic diseases impacts not only the level of consumption but also impedes the optimization of consumption patterns. This research utilizes Staggered Difference-in-Differences (DID) and Difference-in-Differences-in-Differences (DDD) models to evaluate the effects of chronic disease shocks on both the levels and structures of household consumption, leveraging data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) across four survey waves from 2012 to 2018. Additionally, the study examines the effects and mechanisms of the multi-level health insurance system in mitigating the impact of chronic disease shocks. The study discerns a significant decrease in household consumption expenditure, obstruction in the enhancement of consumption structures, and a constriction of consumption diversity attributable to chronic disease shocks. Heterogeneous analysis reveals that the impact of chronic shocks varies across factors such as age, capital endowment, urban versus rural residence, and the availability of healthcare resources. Moreover, the analysis highlights the heterogeneous mitigating effects of the multi-level health insurance system, particularly through diminishing out-of-pocket medical expenses and the propensity for precautionary savings. The findings accentuate the imperative for the enhancement and equalization of the multi-level health insurance system to fortify household consumption, offering significant policy insights for the realization of the “Healthy China” vision. JEL Classification: P36, D12.

Rural financial institutions, access to credit and production inputs of rural households

This paper studies the impact of rural financial institutions on farmers' production input from the perspective of rural bank branch adjustment and rural household credit access. Based on the data of rural bank outlets and China Household Income Survey (CHIP) in 293 prefecture-level cities in China from 2013 to 2018, the results show that rural financial outlets have a significant positive impact on farmers' production input, and each unit increase in the number of bank outlets will increase farmers' production input by 0.24 units, and the proportion of consumer expenditure will decrease by 0.071 units. The number of bank outlets has significant heterogeneity of household head and region on the production input of farmers, and the bank outlets have a greater impact on the production input of farmers with high education level. The increase in the number of bank outlets in the eastern region can significantly increase the production input of farmers, but the increase in the number of bank outlets in the central and western regions will reduce the production input of farmers. The mechanism analysis shows that the increase of branches of rural financial institutions improves farmers' access to credit, which is an important channel affecting farmers' production input. This study provides a reference for the reform of rural financial institutions and the revitalization of rural industries in China.

Transit-oriented Development (TOD) and Local Economic Vitality: Assessing TOD Effects on Consumer Expenditures in Seoul

Transit-oriented Development (TOD) and Local Economic Vitality: Assessing TOD Effects on Consumer Expenditures in Seoul

An Empirical Analysis of the Distribution of Consumption Expenditure among Farmers in Cotton Belt of Rural Punjab

An Empirical Analysis of the Distribution of Consumption Expenditure among Farmers in Cotton Belt of Rural Punjab

Impact of Economic and Social Infrastructure and Government Final Consumption Expenditures on Economic Growth: An Evidence from Selected Asian Countries

Impact of Economic and Social Infrastructure and Government Final Consumption Expenditures on Economic Growth: An Evidence from Selected Asian Countries

Social Capital, Food Consumption Expenditure and Rural Poverty Reduction in Nigeria

Social Capital, Food Consumption Expenditure and Rural Poverty Reduction in Nigeria

ASSESSMENT OF POVERTY STATUS OF CASSAVA COOPERATIVE FARMERS IN SOUTH-SOUTH, NIGERIA

The study assessed the poverty status of cassava cooperative farmers in South-South Nigeria, utilizing a multi-stage sampling technique to select 300 members from Delta, Edo, and Akwa Ibom states. The majority of members fall within the 41-60 age range, which accounts for 66% of the total membership. This suggests that middle-aged and older individuals are more likely to participate in cassava cooperatives. There was also a higher representation of female members (58.33%) compared to male members (41.67%). However, majority (75.67%) of the cassava cooperative members were married while 2% were divorced, 10.33% were separated/divorced, and 12% were widowed. Furthermore, majority (51.67%) of the farmers had been in a cooperative for 1-5 years. The result shows that 46.33% of households consist of 1-4 members and most (82%) of the members identify cassava farming as their primary occupation. The relative poverty line was determined based on consumption expenditure, and the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) index was employed to assess poverty status. The results indicated that over one-third of members lived below the relative poverty line of ₦882.29, although the depth (8.52%) and severity (3.13%) of poverty were relatively low. Based on these findings, the study recommends targeted poverty reduction programs, strengthening cooperative structures, enhancing access to finance, promoting value addition, investing in infrastructure, empowering women and youth, and further research to develop effective poverty alleviation strategies.

Traces of Georges Bataille in Gilles Deleuze: non-productive expenditure or production of consumption?

ABSTRACT Georges Bataille is remarkably absent from Gilles Deleuze’s oeuvre, even though early commentators like Michel Foucault, in his ‘Theatrum Philosophicum’, recognised an obvious affinity between the two thinkers. Direct references to Bataille in Deleuze’s published works are few and far between, and most of them are barely more than offhand remarks. In these few comments, Deleuze’s treatment of Bataille seems to oscillate between contempt and admiration. In an astonishing footnote within the Anti-Oedipus, Bataille’s concept of ‘sumptuary, non-productive expenditure’ is equated with Deleuze’s and Guattari’s concept of the ‘production of consumption’. Taking this passing remark seriously would mean finding Bataille at the very heart of Deleuze’s thought. This paper, therefore, seeks to investigate the traces of Bataille in Deleuze’s work, in order to evaluate the footnote in question. I will show that the equivocation of ‘sumptuary, non-productive expenditure’ and ‘production of consumption’ is indeed warranted and that Deleuze’s thought is far closer to Bataille’s than Deleuze ever cared to admit. Bataille emerges as a great precursor to the thought of immanence, difference, and the event.

Crop Diversification, Household Welfare and Conflict: Afghanistan 2011–2017

We use three waves (2011–2012 to 2016–2017) of nationally representative repeated cross section surveys to study the impact of crop diversification (number of crops grown) on household welfare, measured by real adult equivalent consumption and food expenditure and dietary diversity, in Afghanistan. Diversification is very low (almost half grow only one crop and fewer than a fifth grow three or more crops) but increased during the period. A multinomial endogenous switching regression (MESR) addressing selection bias and endogeneity is used to estimate average treatment effects of moving from one crop to two crops and then to three or more crops. The analysis shows that crop diversification increases household consumption and food spending, and, to a modest extent, dietary diversity compared to undiversified households. This holds irrespective of conflict although the effect varies; households experiencing violence tend to divert spending to food from other consumption spending and only the most diversified are able to increase spending compared to undiversified households. The evidence implies that supporting crop diversification can improve food security (through combined effects on spending and food diversity) and mitigate the negative impacts of conflict.

ENSURING ECONOMIC SECURITY: COMPARISON OF EU MEMBER STATES AND UKRAINE

The purpose of this paper is to conduct a comprehensive study of economic security in the EU Member States and Ukraine, to identify differences and to propose targeted policy interventions based on these differences. Methodology. The study uses a quantitative strategy that assigns numerical ratings to countries based on their performance against predefined thresholds for various economic security indicators. These indicators include industrial security, demographic security, energy security, foreign trade security, investment and innovation security, macroeconomic security, food security, social security and financial security. The study uses data from a variety of sources and applies a ranking system to reflect the level of economic security in each category. Results. The analysis revealed significant differences in the levels of economic security between EU Member States and Ukraine. The main findings include differences in agricultural efficiency, healthcare system efficiency, renewable energy consumption, trade balance, research and development expenditure, and socio-economic factors. For example, countries such as Belgium and Ireland have high yields, while Cyprus and Romania have much lower yields. Life expectancy and the quality of healthcare also vary: Spain and Sweden lead the way, while Bulgaria and Ukraine lag behind. Practical implications. The findings suggest the need for targeted policies and technological advances to improve economic security. For the younger generation, marketing strategies based on brand equity and exclusivity can continue even during economic downturns. For the older generation, strategies that focus on value for money or lower prices may be more effective. Understanding these metrics can help businesses align their strategies with national economic priorities and identify potential areas for investment and growth. Value / Оriginality. This study contributes to the existing literature by providing a detailed comparative analysis of economic security in the EU Member States and Ukraine, filling a gap in the understanding of the multifaceted aspects of economic security in these regions.

Welfare impacts of drought adaptation strategies in John Taolo Gaetsewe district, Northern Cape Province, South Africa

Drought is a global problem that presents a negative impact on the welfare of millions of people in both industrialized and developing nations. In South Africa, poor rural households, who depend on rain-fed subsistence agriculture for their livelihoods are the most susceptible to drought, and have the least ability to absorb its impacts. The primary goal of this study was to analyse the effects of drought adaptation strategies on rural households’ welfare and to compute the welfare enhancement impacts that are associated with each adaptation method. The study was conducted in John Taolo Gaetsewe district, Northern Cape province. Multistage sampling technique was used to sample 360 rural households, who were affected by drought. The results showed that the average age of households’ heads was 52 years. Only 41% of the households’ heads had an education level between Grades 8 and 12, and about 63% were male. Average farming experience was 7.67 years and pensioners made up about 47%. Also, 65% of households’ heads depended on government assistance, while 85% lacked access to formal credit. The 2SLS results showed that household income, household size, pension, grant, and use of crop diversification significantly influenced per capita consumption expenditure. The results showed that average treatment effect (ATE) from crop diversification was R497.16 and statistically significant (p<0.05). It was concluded that many drought adaptation methods are not influencing households’ welfare, and efforts to promote adaptation should focus on crop diversification with specific assistance given to social grant holders. Res. Agric. Livest. Fish. Vol. 11, No. 2, August 2024: 185-196

Taste formation in Classical Political Economy

Owing to the mainstream interpretation of classical economics as being supply-side, studies examining the analytical role of demand and consumption have been scarce. In this paper, I bring together such passages in Cantillon, Steuart, Smith and Ricardo and forge an analytical link between social tastes and consumption—an attempt at reconstructing a classical theory of taste formation. A classical theory of taste formation has as its foundation methodological holism—viewing social classes as the fundamental unit of analysis. Through a discussion of necessaries and luxuries in the above classical economists, the social division of commodities is highlighted. By drawing on social classes and the social division of commodities, it is seen that taste plays a critical role in the determination of economic growth by influencing consumption expenditure. Finally, it is demonstrated that taste is both a cause and consequence of foreign trade.

Unveiling Poverty Dynamics in India: Examining Convergence and Determinants at Sub-National Level

ABSTRACT This paper tries to investigate the question of whether the poverty ratio across Indian states is converging in the post-2000s. We addressed this question of spatial convergence of the poverty ratio using unconditional convergence over the period 2004–05 to 2018–19 for 18 major states of India, considering both rural and urban regions. We used the unit-level data of NSSO’s Consumer Expenditure Surveys (CES) for the 61st, 68th and PLFS 2018–19 rounds for the analysis. Besides, we try to assess the driving factors of poverty through a panel regression model. The results reveal that in the first period from 2004–05 to 2011–12, Indian states experienced a divergence in the overall poverty ratio and rural poverty. However, the second period, 2011–12 to 2018–19, witnessed no specific trend of convergence or divergence across states. Again, in the case of urban poverty, there is no particular pattern of poverty convergence or divergence during both periods. The study shows that the Gini coefficient, educational expenditure, household size, infant mortality, literacy rate, MPCE, primary-sector income and per capita power availability are the significant determinants of poverty in India.

Does conditional cash transfer deliver? The Indonesian evidence on PKH

Social protection programs aim to secure individuals’ incomes from socioeconomic shocks and provide access to social services for developing human capital and alleviating poverty. In Indonesia, the Family Hope Program (PKH – Program Keluarga Harapan) is a social protection program that focuses on human capital development that requires children’s school enrollment and mothers and toddlers’ health as the conditions of cash transfers. This study seeks to analyze the effects of the PKH program on consumption expenditure, children’s educational attainment, and prenatal visits in Indonesia. We use the 2007 and 2014 IFLS (Indonesian Family Life Survey) survey data analyzed by the difference-in-difference (DID) method. The results demonstrate that PKH has a significantly positive effect on food consumption expenditure. However, PKH has insignificantly negative effects on children’s educational attainment and prenatal visits. The results suggest that the government monitors and ensures that the targeted recipients receive the program’s benefits. As such, the government can enhance the recipients’ awareness of the program’s benefits and ensure the equal availability of supporting infrastructure that enables households to utilize education and health facilities optimally.

Personal Consumption and Single Persons: An Update

Abstract Kurt V. Krueger’s seminal study used 2005-2009 Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX) data to examine various measures of personal consumption rates for single persons. Given changes in survey methods, the impacts of inflation over the following decade, changes in tastes and other factors affecting consumer demand, we re-estimate Krueger’s measures using 2015-2019 survey data. The estimation of estate accumulation rates has expanded as well. Single person expenditures and consumption rates using the 2015-2019 data differ from the earlier results. They also differ from those acquired by deflating 2019 earnings to 2009 values and using the 2005-2009 consumption rates. Experts may find it useful to employ single-person expenditure rates using more recent data.

Triiodothyronine (T3) promotes browning of white adipose through inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway

Obesity arises from an imbalance between energy consumption and energy expenditure, and thyroid hormone levels serve as a determinant of energy expenditure. We conducted experiments at the animal and cellular levels and combined those findings with clinical data to elucidate the role of triiodothyronine (T3) in facilitating the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) and its underlying mechanism. The results showed (i) the impaired metabolic function of local WAT and the compensatory elevation of systemic thermogenesis in obesity; (ii) T3 treatment of white adipocytes in vitro and local WAT in vivo induced a shift towards a morphologically “brown” phenotype, accompanied by upregulation of mRNA and protein expression of browning-related and mitochondrial function markers, which suggest that T3 intervention promotes the browning of WAT; and (iii) the aforementioned processes could be modulated through inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway; however, whether T3 affects the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway by affecting insulin signalling remains to be studied and clarified. The results of our study indicate that T3 treatment promotes browning of WAT through inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway; these findings offer novel perspectives regarding the potential of localised therapies for addressing WAT volume in individuals with obesity.

Adapting to Adversity: Unraveling the nexus between vulnerability and well-being in coastal Bangladesh

As climate change intensifies multi-dimensional vulnerabilities in coastal Bangladesh, understanding its impact on household well-being becomes crucial. This study empirically investigates how climatic extreme event-triggered (super-cyclone Amphan) vulnerabilities affect at-risk households' well-being in the Southwestern coastal zone. Deploying a systematic random sampling procedure, we collected data from 747 households using a structured questionnaire from seven disaster-affected Unions (i.e., sub-districts) from three districts, namely Khulna, Satkhira, and Bagerhat. The findings reveal that diverse demographic, socioeconomic, sociopolitical, disaster-preparedness, environmental, and locational factors influence multi-dimensional vulnerabilities in the study areas. Notably, these vulnerabilities significantly affected post-cyclone well-being, measured by consumption expenditure. Acquaintances with local political leaders (OR = 6.028, p < 0.05), participation in disaster-preparedness training (OR = 2.63, p < 0.01), and timely evacuation decisions (OR = 2.57, p < 0.01) emerged as key determinants of better household well-being following cyclone-disaster. Intriguingly, households with stronger political connections exhibited higher participation in disaster-preparedness training (z = 4.60, p < 0.000) and evacuation rates to safe havens (Chi2(1) = 5.14, p < 0.02). The study proposes three policy recommendations based on these empirical insights, paving the way for enhanced resilience and adaptive capacity in coastal Bangladesh communities facing the challenges of climate change.

The Impact of Interest Rate Changes on Consumer Spending

This research was justified by the need to establish the impact of shifts in interest rates on consumption expenditures, which is a key factor in economic growth. Thus, the research’s objectives are to explore the influence of monetary policy actions performed by central banks in the context of their impact on consumers. It makes it possible for any given policymaker to work out measures which are favourable for both economic growth and stability. Further, these insights are useful in deciding the future business strategy since they give the companies an idea of what to expect in the market. In general, the study aims at expanding the existing knowledge concerning the macroeconomic consequences of interest rate volatility.

Determinants of Private Consumption Expenditure in Australia: ARDL Study

This paper studies the relationship among non-public intake expenditure and independent variables that encompass GDP, population number, interest price, and inflation price in Australia at some point of the duration from 1960 to 2022using the Autoregressive disbursed Lag version (ARDL). The studies additionally ambitions to take a look at the impact of displacement among non-public intake spending and government consumption spending using a model (ARDL). The have a look at determined that there may be an advantageous and enormous dating between personal intake spending and each output and populace in the end. Ultimately, a 1% growth in GDP is related to a zero.8% boom in private consumption pending, and a 1% boom in populace is associated with a zero.3% increase in private consumption spending. However, there is an inverse and tremendous dating among private consumption spending and both interest rate and government consumer spending in the long run. Ultimately, a 1% boom in the interest rate is associated with a 0.2% lower in private consumption spending, and a 1% growth inside the inflation rate is related to a 0.1% lower in private consumption spending. Inside the quick term, there's a high-quality and substantial dating between private consumption spending and both output and population. Within the short term, a 1% increase in GDP is associated with a zero.6% growth in private consumer spending, and a 1% increase in population is associated with a 0.2% growth in private consumer spending. However, there is an inverse dating among private consumer spending and short-time period interest rate, within the quick term, a 1% increase within the interest price is related to a 0.1% decrease in private consumer spending. The findings of this study advise that the imperative financial institution can use financial coverage equipment order to persuade the intermediate objective of monetary policy and have an effect private consumer spending and aggregate demand. Taxes can also be used as one of the fiscal coverage gear to persuade disposable income which will change private client spending and combination demand.

The Dynamics of Urbanization and Its Effects on Rural Livelihoods: Evidence from Adama City and Adama Rural District, Ethiopia

Rapid urbanization in cities brings about both opportunities and challenges for national development. This study focuses on investigating the dynamics of urbanization and its impact on livelihoods using land use/land cover change in Adama City, located in the Oromia Regional State. Various datasets from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), including Landsat Thematic Mapper (LTM), Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETH[Formula: see text]), and Operational Land Imager (OLI), were utilized. Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing tools were employed to extract relevant information from these datasets for years from 1986 to 2022. In addition, findings pertain to the impact of urbanization on income diversification and the overall welfare of farm households near Adama City was aligned with the study. The findings reveal that built-up areas and agricultural land exhibit the most significant changes over the examined period. However, these changes occur in opposite directions. The built-up area has experienced a substantial increase of 60% from 1986 to 2022, while agricultural land has decreased by 40% during the same timeframe. The conversion of farmland to built-up areas negatively impacts farm households by reducing farming activities and increasing reliance on non-farm activities, resulting in lower consumption expenditures for rural households near urban areas compared to those farther from the urban center. The result underscores the need for policies that promote appropriate land management and a well-planned urbanization process to ensure sustainable urban development. Furthermore, it is vital to enhance understanding of the spatial and temporal dynamics of urban growth and its impacts on farm households residing near urban areas. By addressing these issues, sustainable food security and poverty reduction objectives can be better achieved in peri-urban areas of the region.