Electric Power Consumers Research Articles

A comprehensive survey of low‐carbon planning and operation of electricity, hydrogen fuel, and transportation networks

AbstractThe trend of global energy systems towards carbon neutrality has led to an escalating interdependency between electricity, hydrogen fuel, and transportation networks. However, the means of surmounting the many challenges confronting the optimal coupling and coordination of electric power, hydrogen fuel, and transportation systems are not sufficiently understood to guide modern infrastructure planning operations. The present work addresses this issue by surveying the extant literature, relevant government policies, and future development trends to evaluate the present state of technology available for coordinating these systems and then determine the most pressing issues that remain to be addressed to facilitate future trends. On the one hand, the users of transportation networks represent flexible consumers of electric power and hydrogen fuel for those connected via devices such as electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles through charging stations and hydrogen refuelling stations. On the other hand, power grids can mitigate the negative effect of random charging behaviours on grid security through time‐of‐use electricity pricing, while excess renewable energy outputs can be applied to generate hydrogen fuel. The findings of this overview offer support for infrastructure planning and operations. Finally, the most urgent issues requiring further research are summarised.

Smart Street Light Control: A Review on Methods, Innovations, and Extended Applications

As urbanization increases, streetlights have become significant consumers of electrical power, making it imperative to develop effective control methods for sustainability. This paper offers a comprehensive review on control methods of smart streetlight systems, setting itself apart by introducing a novel light scheme framework that provides a structured classification of various light control patterns, thus filling an existing gap in the literature. Unlike previous studies, this work dives into the technical specifics of individual research papers and methodologies, ranging from basic to advanced control methods like computer vision and deep learning, while also assessing the energy consumption associated with each approach. Additionally, the paper expands the discussion to explore alternative functionalities for streetlights, such as serving as communication networks, environmental monitors, and electric vehicle charging stations. This multidisciplinary research aims to be a pivotal resource for both academics and industry professionals, laying the groundwork for future innovation and sustainable solutions in urban lighting.

Mathematical Model with Pressure Constraints to Minimize Electric Energy Costs in the Operation of Hydraulic Pumps

Water supply systems are responsible for providing quality water to the population in sufficient quantity. As sanitation companies are major energy consumers of electrical power, they have a contract of power in which the cost of electricity varies according to the period of the day. Thus, for these companies, at peak times the price of electricity is much higher. Most of the expenditure on electricity in water supply systems is due to hydraulic pumps, which are activated when the level of the tanks reaches the minimum level and remain on until the maximum levels are reached, without taking into account the time where this operation is performed. This work proposes a mathematical model for the optimization of electricity costs in water supply systems through the planning of the operation of hydraulic pumps. Numerical tests were performed through the implementation of the proposed model in GAMS software and solved by the CPLEX optimization package for different demand scenarios, in order to validate the proposed model. A model that simulates the operation performed in the practice of water supply systems is also presented, and its results are compared to the proposed optimization model. The obtained results proof of the efficiency of hydraulic pumps operation planning provided by the proposed model in relation to the operation performed in practice in water supply systems.

Technical comparison of hybrid renewable energy systems for Information Technology services

Several energy generations options that mitigate fossil fuel burning is currently being considered across the globe by various researchers to reduce atmospheric and environmental pollution, thus reducing the menace of negative climate change. There is a critical need for a technical comparison of an eco-friendly, cost effective, and near zero carbon foot-print for power solutions. Solar, wind and its hybrids can explored to meet the ever-increasing load demand of electrical power consumers especially in information technology (IT) services. Critical IT services and infrastructure are becoming unsustainable with a single power source hence the need for hybrid solutions. To overcome this problem, this research considers the efficiency of solar, wind and hybrid power. The novelty of this work is the information technology backup power requirement considered in the technical comparison. The experimental result showed the input/output peak and off-peak voltages for solar, wind, and solar-wind hybrid energy DC-Volts are 12.67V/12.02V / 12.47V/11.61V, 12.53V / 11.90V / 12.48V / 11.87V, and 12.78V / 12.09V / 12.57 / 11.95V respectively signifying a significant increase from the on-load peak period while the on-load off-peak period is seen to be lower. The results also show that a hybrid solar-wind system tested at 5 minutes time intervals gives a superior output voltage regulation and efficiency when compared to the solar or wind individual systems. It was concluded that the hybrid system of solar and wind energy source is an ideal standalone renewable energy power option in the university.

Research on Carbon Emission Reduction Investment Decision of Power Energy Supply Chain—Based on the Analysis of Carbon Trading and Carbon Subsidy Policies

This study examines the carbon reduction investment decisions of the electric power energy supply chain considering carbon trading and carbon subsidy policies in China’s “dual carbon” context. By building a three-level supply chain system including electric power producers, retailers, and consumers, we discuss the optimal decision-making problem of the supply chain for three models of decentralized supply chain decision making without government subsidies, centralized supply chain decision making with government subsidies, and centralized supply chain decision making with government subsidies and carbon emission reduction cost sharing. Through model solving and further numerical simulations, the results showed that the increase in carbon emission reduction investment cost has a significant negative impact on power price and the total expected income of the supply chain. However, a reasonable level of government carbon emission reduction subsidy can effectively alleviate the increase in power price and improve the total expected income of supply chain. In addition, carbon mission reduction investment and supply chain cost allocation can effectively improve the carbon emission reduction level of the power supply chain, improve the income and enthusiasm of electric power producers, and realize the sustainable development of electric power energy consumption and the environment.

TO THE ISSUE OF REASONABLE AMOUNT OF QUALITY ENERGY IN THE ENTERPRISES’ POWER GRIDS

As known, the quality of electricity directly affects the operation of power consumers of all industrial enterprises as a whole. The purpose of this study is to analyze the existing limitations on the quality of electricity in the networks of industrial enterprises, as well as to assess the amount of electricity consumed by the enterprise, which must meet the requirements for its quality. To improve the level of electricity quality in the power networks of industrial enterprises, a number of technical and organizational measures are proposed. The first of these include the use of passive and active filters of higher-order harmonics, linear inductors, dynamic voltage distortion compensators, installation of voltadic transformers, etc. Organizational measures include optimization of the circuit and operating modes of the network, voltage regulation, phase load balancing, etc. Knowing the list of all the technical means used to improve the quality of electricity at any enterprise and the share of their total load capacity in relation to the consumed, it is possible to calculate the average added value for electricity that takes place in a particular case. Estimation of reasonable amount of high-quality electricity on the example of repair and mechanical workshop of metallurgical enterprise is carried out. According to the data, the installed power of electric power consumers, which meet the proposed criteria I, II and III are respectively 276 kW, 178.5 kW and 94 kW. As a percentage, it is 50.32 %, 32.54 % and 17.14 % of the total capacity of the workshop. Existing restrictions on the quality of electricity in the networks of industrial enterprises from an economic point of view are not advisable, since for a significant number of their consumers they are too rigid. The installed power of electricity consumers whose operation mode depends significantly on its quality, for different enterprises ranges from 20 % to 50 %. The added cost for electricity required to ensure its quality when using various technical measures in this regard ranges from 0.2... 0.35 UAH/k Wh, which is 5... 8 % of its commercial value. Electricity consumers should be divided into categories regarding the reasonability for them of the requirements for the quality of electricity necessary to ensure the normal operation of the equipment and the technological process.

A new smart approach of an efficient energy consumption management by using a machine-learning technique

Many consumers of electric power have excesses in their electric power consumptions that exceed the permissible limit by the electrical power distribution stations, and then we proposed a validation approach that works intelligently by applying machine learning (ML) technology to teach electrical consumers how to properly consume without wasting energy expended. The validation approach is one of a large combination of intelligent processes related to energy consumption which is called the efficient energy consumption management (EECM) approaches, and it connected with the internet of things (IoT) technology to be linked to Google Firebase Cloud where a utility center used to check whether the consumption of the efficient energy is satisfied. It divides the measured data for actual power (A_p ) of the electrical model into two portions: the training portion is selected for different maximum actual powers, and the validation portion is determined based on the minimum output power consumption and then used for comparison with the actual required input power. Simulation results show the energy expenditure problem can be solved with good accuracy in energy consumption by reducing the maximum rate (A_p ) in a given time (24) hours for a single house, as well as electricity’s bill cost, is reduced.

Blockchain and Internet of Things for Electrical Energy Decentralization: A Review and System Architecture

The decentralization in the electrical power grids has gained increasing importance, especially in the last two decades, since transmission system operators (TSO), distribution system operators (DSO) and consumers are more aware of energy efficiency and energy sustainability issues. Therefore, globally, due to the introduction of energy production technologies near the consumers, in residential and industrial sectors, new scenarios of distributed energy resources (DER) are emerging. In order to guarantee an adequate power management in the electrical power grids, incorporating producers, consumers and producers-consumers (prosumers) together, it is important to adopt intelligent systems and platforms that allow the provision of information on energy consumption and production in real time, as well as for obtaining a fair price for the sale and purchase of energy. In this paper, we analyze the literature to identify the appropriate solutions to implement a decentralized electrical power grid based on sensors, blockchain and smart contracts, evaluating the current state of the art and pilot projects already in place. We also discuss a proposal for a power grid model, with renewable energy production, combining Internet of Things, blockchain and smart contracts.

Improvement of passenger car power supply

A significant part of the fleet of passenger cars in operation on Russian railways are equipped with an autonomous power supply system, in which the main source of energy is an undercar generator, which is rotated from the axle of a wheelset. The disadvantage of such a system is the limitation of the speed range in which it is possible to power consumers of electric power of a passenger car from the main source: as a rule, the lower limit of this range is 35 km/h. The article proposes a variant of a technical solution that will expand the speed range of using the undercar generator by lowering the lower limit to 25 km/h: it is proposed to provide self-excitation of the undercar generator through an inverting-type DC voltage pulse converter. The parameters of the elements of the pulse converter circuit and the possibility of expanding the boundaries of the high-speed range of operation of the EGV.08.1U1 undercar generator are estimated.

Analysis of the influence of non-sinusoidal and unbalanced network modes on induction motors

The parameters of electrical network modes do not correspond the requirements GOST 32144-2013 of Russian and the National technical regulation of Vietnam. In real operating conditions in electrical networks in non-sinusoidal and unbalanced modes there are harmonic components of voltages and currents as well as voltages and currents of negative sequence. They cause additional losses of active power, which leads to additional heating and causes premature aging of the insulation, and as the result, the reduction in the service life of induction motors. Currently, we see that the process of formation of intelligent electrical power systems is underway. Systems for continuous monitoring of power quality indices and parameters of electrical systems modes are being developed. These systems can be supplemented with programs for calculating characteristics that issue the warning when the unfavorable influence of the parameters of non-sinusoidal and unbalanced modes is detected on various electrical equipment of both electrical power systems and consumers of electrical energy. The paper provides an overview of the characteristics used to analyze, assess and predict the influence of poor power quality associated with non-sinusoidal and unbalanced of currents and voltages on induction motors. A computer program was developed to calculate these characteristics. The program was used to study the influence of non-sinusoidal and unbalanced modes on the induction motors of the coal sorting plant of the Vietnamese company “Cua Ong-Vinacomin”.

Причина недостоверности учета потребления электроэнергии на линиях «два провода – рельс» продольного электроснабжения электрифицированного транспорта

As is known, the “two wires–rail” power supply system (TWR line) does not meet the modern electromagnetic compatibility requirements, which is a factor causing increased damageability of alarming, centralized control and interlocking devices, as well as other non-traction electric power consumers. In addition, there often occur unexplained differences (unbalance) in the accounting of electricity received by end users and consumed by the TWR line at a traction substation. The accomplished studies have shown that in almost all sections of the network, the actual electricity consumption is significantly lower than that recorded by the TWR line metering devices. The discrepancy in the readings could be explained by unauthorized taps of electricity. However, such a statement will be superficial. The article considers the real factors causing the unbalance in accounting the electricity consumed on the TWR line, which are explained by the magnetic influence of the contact system. An equivalent circuit of the contact system magnetic influence on the TWR line is presented for any configuration of the section with different placements of self-contained transformer substations at different levels of their power capacity. The magnetic influence of the contact system on the TWR line is illustrated by a phasor diagram.

Повышение энергоэффективности при производстве, передаче и потреблении электроэнергии

This review incudes a detailed analysis of energy efficiency indicators applicable to the electric power sector in general. Major factors affecting energy efficiency in general and in the residential sector in particular have been found. Certain innovative monitoring and control solutions for residential electric power consumers have been considered for the purpose of creating energy efficient power consumption. Also, under the applications of a step rate system and other specific conditions, such as a limited capacity level, a technical solution providing reliability and efficiency of power consumption has been described.

Smart Grid Virtualisation for Grid-Based Routing

Due to changed power consumption patterns, technological advance and deregulation, the appearance of the power grid in the low and medium voltage segment has changed. The spread of heating and cooling with electrical energy and an increase of electric vehicles as well as the broad rollout of photovoltaic systems has a major impact on the peak power demand of modern households and the volatility smart grids have to face. Thus, besides the load impact of the growing population of electric vehicles, modern households are not only consumers of electrical power, but also power producers, so called prosumers. The rising number of prosumers and the limitations of grid capacities lead to an increasingly distributed system of heterogeneous components, which have to be managed and operated with locality and scalability in mind. Virtualisation technologies, particularly known as state of the art in data centre computing, can lead to a paradigm shift needed to meet the growing demands of this evolution. A key issue here is to forward data to the correct data sinks, where data are required in order to keep the grid balanced. This routing process has to be able to react on grid changes in a timely manner, i.e., it must be based on the instantaneous state of the grid. In this paper, we propose a solution based on virtualising the communication infrastructure in the low and medium voltage grid. We evaluate two different approaches. The first approach is based on SDN; an ONOS SDN controller is used to change the behaviour of the communication infrastructure according to information provided by components of the power grid. The second approach uses Coaty and a Mosquitto MQTT broker to deliver messages to the desired endpoint, again based on information from the power grid.

Analysis of Back To Back (BTB) Converter Control Strategies in Different Power System Applications

Power Quality (PQ) is an important term in many industries and other electrical power consumers. Maintaining of power quality during the operation of industries is an important task as the PQ issues may arise and cause the deviation in normal mode operation. In order to maintain the stability and mitigate the PQ issues, Back to Back (BTB) are mostly used in different power systems majorly in industries. This paper provides a major review on the BTB converters role in different power system configurations which are playing important role in facing the power quality issues such as voltage sags occurred in the system due to any faulty condition or short circuits, harmonic distortions, and some other abnormal conditions. Also in this paper, the various control strategies implemented in the BTB converter at their respective power system configurations are presented which will be helpful in developing the new methods or modifications in using BTB converters for power system applications.

Design of smart wireless changeover for continuous electric current feeding from power sources of variable capacities

Electric power has become a vital element for life today. Despite this importance, electric power consumers in Iraq suffer from the problem of noncontinuity and daily electric power supply interruption. This problem led to the use of various sources of electric power as an alternative to compensate for the shortage of electric power provided by the Iraqi national grid. In this work, a smart wireless changeover device is designed using wireless sensor networks technology aiming to solve problem caused by the multiplicity of power sources received at home and governmental buildings in Iraq by controlling operation of some electrical devices (which consume high current) in the home or workplace automatically when changing source of electricity from one to another. This solution will help to ensure the continuity of electric current feeding from power sources of variable capacities, also, to rationalize power consumption by assigning an operation priority to electric devices. Furthermore, a statistical measurement as a case study was performed in a building with a total power consumption of 160.8 KW/h. The result showed that the device functions effectively and it is capable of achieving an average saving in power of about 50% to 86% depending on the applied priorities and case study scenario.

Full compensation of reactive power in electric networks 0.4-10kV

The most important task in electric networks is to reduce energy losses. According to Network Company, in distribution electric networks with a voltage of 0.4-10 kV, they account for 62% of the total number of losses. One way to save energy is reactive power compensation. From Order of the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation dated June 23, 2015 No. 380 “On the Procedure for Calculation of the Ratio of Consumption of Active and Reactive Power for Individual Energy Receiving Devices (Groups of Energy Receiving Devices) of Electric Power Consumers” at a voltage of 0.4 kV, the reactive power coefficient should not exceed the value 0.35, and on the side of 10 kV - values of 0.4. In practice, in distribution electric networks, reactive power compensation devices are not installed in most cases, and the reactive power factor is 2-3 times higher than the standard values. Since compensating devices are expensive equipment, it is necessary to evaluate the feasibility of deep reactive power compensation, in the range of reactive power factor changes from its standard value to zero. The article discusses the economic and technical feasibility of deep reactive power compensation. The use of a generalized parameter of the electric network for determining the voltage at substations of distribution electric networks is proposed. The need for the coordinated use of reactive power compensation devices and booster transformers to ensure the quality of electricity is shown.

Monitoring parameters of power transformers in the electrical power system through smart devices

Nowadays the advancement of technology and equipment to monitor the operating performance of power transformer has achieved a high level. So, the monitoring system enables the continued investigation of the operational work of power transformer parameters as well as the prevention of failures and enhance reliability. However, the monitoring of power transformers is of unquestionable value for the electrical power systems and consumers to have more reliability in supplying. Therefore, given that monitoring involves a considerable number of parameters and elements of transformers, in the present case the overview of the monitoring of some of the most important parameters has been taken into account. Thus, the paper includes the monitoring parameters such as; partial discharges, oil and winding temperatures, bushing currents, tap changer, moisture and dissolved gas analysis. Also, in the paper are presented data for the operation of these parameters in different periods as well as with different loading regimes. The reports of events that correspond to the operational performance of the transformer, which are a good cause for diagnosis and preliminary actions in transformers, are also presented.

IFed: A novel federated learning framework for local differential privacy in Power Internet of Things

Nowadays, wireless sensor network technology is being increasingly popular which is applied to a wide range of Internet of Things. Especially, Power Internet of Things is an important and rapidly growing section in Internet of Thing systems, which benefited from the application of wireless sensor networks to achieve fine-grained information collection. Meanwhile, the privacy risk is gradually exposed, which is the widespread concern for electricity power consumers. Non-intrusive load monitoring, in particular, is a technique to recover state of appliances from only the energy consumption data, which enables adversary inferring the behavior privacy of residents. There can be no doubt that applying local differential privacy to achieve privacy preserving in the local setting is more trustworthy than centralized approach for electricity customers. Although it is hard to control the risk and achieve the trade-off between privacy and utility by traditional local differential privacy obfuscation mechanisms, some existing obfuscation mechanisms based on artificial intelligence, called advanced obfuscation mechanisms, can achieve it. However, the large computing resource consumption to train the machine learning model is not affordable for most Power Internet of Thing terminal. In this article, to solve this problem, IFed was proposed—a novel federated learning framework that let electric provider who normally is adequate in computing resources to help Power Internet of Thing users. First, the optimized framework was proposed in which the trade-off between local differential privacy, data utility, and resource consumption was incorporated. Concurrently, the following problem of privacy preserving on the machine learning model transport between electricity provider and customers was noted and resolved. Last, users were categorized based on different levels of privacy requirements, and stronger privacy guarantee was provided for sensitive users. The formal local differential privacy analysis and the experiments demonstrated that IFed can fulfill the privacy requirements for Power Internet of Thing users.

NON-INTRUSIVE LOAD MONITORING: IMPLEMENTATION EFFECTS AND DISTRIBUTION PROSPECTS

The digital transition in the electric power industry is a promising goal for the development of the industry. In recent years, a wide range of technologies has been introduced into various types of activities of energy companies, including significant attention being paid to technologies that implement demand-side management, transferring consumers from the passive category to active consumers, and also opening up new opportunities in energy management. Non-intrusive load monitoring technology is of significant interest for both electricity suppliers and consumers in the USA and EEC countries, however, a Russian-language study is being carried out for the first time.The purpose of the study is to consider the concept of non-intrusive load monitoring, to formulate and systematize the effects for electric power industry entities and consumers of electricity from the introduction of technology.A review of literary sources is carried out, the most cited articles on this topic are analyzed. To calculate the propagation rate of non-intrusive load monitoring, the Bass innovation diffusion model was used. The model allows to perform an assessment based on data on similar products and has established itself as sufficiently effective for predicting the distribution of durable goods, the actual information for which has not yet been collected.For the first time, a classification of effects arising from the introduction of technology is proposed. The paper obtained a range of effects for households, energy companies, business and government. The calculation of the technology distribution rate showed that without the use of technological corridors and the systematic introduction by energy companies, the peak of adoption can be reached by 8 years from the start of implementation.Non-intrusive load monitoring allows you to get a wide range of data in order to further optimize energy consumption, increase the efficiency of enterprises, monitor the operation of equipment. There are great opportunities in the commercialization of collected data.

The costs of losses at electricity distributors and municipal electric power consumers caused by the failure of the low voltage electrical power distribution lines

The costs of losses at electricity distributors and municipal electric power consumers caused by the failure of the low voltage electrical power distribution lines