Growth Rate Of Consumption Research Articles

PFC2D-Based Analysis of the Effect of the Axial Loading Rate on the Mechanical Properties of Backfill

The unloading failure process in mining engineering scenarios is similar to the loading failure process at different loading rates indoor. To clarify the relationship between the mechanical properties of backfill and the loading rate, a particle flow code 2D-based numerical simulation was performed to establish the backfill model, and tests involving five loading rates were conducted. The following results were obtained: (1) the compressive strength of the backfill body increases linearly with the increase in the loading rate. The peak strain increases in an S-shaped manner, and the modulus of elasticity first increases and then decreases. (2) The evolution of cracks is similar to that of damage energy consumption, and a smaller rate means that the curve’s inflection point arrives earlier. (3) Tensile failure is the dominant failure mode. As the rate increases, the model destruction mode transforms from single to multiple failures, and the crack distribution becomes denser. (4) The backfill body exhibits a uniform destruction form at all loading rates. However, the difference in the loading rate leads to different energy consumption growth rates and total energy consumption.

Complexity vs linearity: relations between functional traits in a heterotrophic protist

BackgroundFunctional traits are phenotypic traits that affect an organism’s performance and shape ecosystem-level processes. The main challenge when using functional traits to quantify biodiversity is to choose which ones to measure since effort and money are limited. As one way of dealing with this, Hodgson et al. (Oikos 85:282, 1999) introduced the idea of two types of traits, with soft traits that are easy and quick to quantify, and hard traits that are directly linked to ecosystem functioning but difficult to measure. If a link exists between the two types of traits, then one could use soft traits as a proxy for hard traits for a quick but meaningful assessment of biodiversity. However, this framework is based on two assumptions: (1) hard and soft traits must be tightly connected to allow reliable prediction of one using the other; (2) the relationship between traits must be monotonic and linear to be detected by the most common statistical techniques (e.g. linear model, PCA).ResultsHere we addressed those two assumptions by focusing on six functional traits of the protist species Tetrahymena thermophila, which vary both in their measurement difficulty and functional meaningfulness. They were classified as: easy traits (morphological traits), intermediate traits (movement traits) and hard traits (oxygen consumption and population growth rate). We detected a high number (> 60%) of non-linear relations between the traits, which can explain the low number of significant relations found using linear models and PCA analysis. Overall, these analyses did not detect any relationship strong enough to predict one trait using another, but that does not imply there are none.ConclusionsOur results highlighted the need to critically assess the relations among the functional traits used as proxies and those functional traits which they aim to reflect. A thorough assessment of whether such relations exist across species and communities is a necessary next step to evaluate whether it is possible to take a shortcut in quantifying functional diversity by collecting the data on easily measurable traits.

Assessment of environmental sustainability of nickel required for mobility transition

Nickel (Ni) in batteries (e.g., nickel-metal hydride battery (NiMH), lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA) and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC)) aim to ensure higher energy density and greater storage capacity. Two typical layered nickel-rich ternary cathode materials, NCA and NMC, are commercialized as advanced lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) for electric vehicles (EVs). The technology of those batteries has been improving by steadily increasing the nickel content in each cathode generation. In this study, we consider two types of batteries having a composite cathode made of Li [Ni0.80Co0.1Al0.1]O2, and Li [Ni0.33Mn0.33Co0.33]O2, which are the most common cathode materials for LiBs in EVs since 2010 and their functional recycling is performed. The increasing use of nickel in battery technologies has resulted in the continuous growth of demand for nickel over recent years. Nickel was added to the list of critical materials by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) already in 2021. Unfortunately now, the sustainable supply of nickel is even at higher risk due to the sanctions-related disruption of supplies from Russia. Therefore, enhancing the circularity of nickel starts to be vital for many economies. Demand for recycled nickel is growing, however, a systematic analysis of the sustainability of its recycling is still missing. Therefore, we provide a comprehensive assessment of the sustainability of the global primary and secondary production of nickel. Using system dynamics modelling integrated with geometallurgy principles and by analyzing the processing routes (pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes), we quantify the key environmental concerns across the life cycle of primary and secondary nickel required for sustainable mobility transition. Energy consumption, water use, and related emissions are assessed for all stages of the nickel supply chain, from mining to recycling. Our analysis shows the possibility of reducing the emissions by around 4.7 mt for GHG, 6.9 kt for PM2.5, 34.3 t for BC, 2.8 kt for CH4, 7.5 kt for CO, 3.3 mt for CO2, 169.9 t for N2O, 3.8 kt for NOx, 11.8 kt for PM10, 104.8 t for POC, 1.6 mt for SOx, and 232.5 t for VOC by engaging in the secondary production of nickel through the recycling of batteries. However, identical growth rate of energy consumption and water use compared to nickel mass flows means no technical progress has been achieved in different stages of the nickel supply chain towards sustainability over the period 2010–2030. Therefore, an improvement in technology is needed to save energy and water in nickel production processes. The results and findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of the necessity for improving closed-loop supply chain policies for nickel.

The greenhouse gas emissions from food consumption in Turkey: a regional analysis with developmental parameters

Due to the expected growth rate in world energy consumption in the near future, it is critical to estimate future energy consumption and associated environmental problems as precisely as possible.

Assessment of the hydrochemical composition of groundwater and development of new operating scenarios for water supply (Tajikistan)

The main study task was dictated by the growth rate of water consumption, namely the development of new scenarios for the exploitation of groundwater for water supply purposes. The assessment of surface and groundwater quality in the area showed a tendency to increase mineralization, hardness, a number of chemical components (up to exceeding the limited concentration). Analysis and interpretation of long-term groundwater chemical data, as well as the intensity of surface runoff, within the study area, allowed us to identify anthropogenic influence on the amount of runoff. According to the results of the study, the growth of infiltration nutrition (due to the expansion of irrigation areas) is reflected into deterioration of groundwater quality. In addition, the existing water intakes are located within the city limits, which creates an additional threat of bacterial and organic pollution. The new scenarios of groundwater exploitation are based on the features of the hydrogeological section, the results of hydrochemical studies, the amount of groundwater reserves of individual aquifers, calculations of sanitary protection zones of water intakes. The Amwells module (ANSDIMAT software package) was used to estimate groundwater reserves, so an analytical model was created based on the actual material. Thus, an extremely demanded detailed characterization of the groundwater of the studied area was carried out, some of which are suitable for use as drinking water.

데이터 센터의 공냉식 프리쿨링 냉동기 에너지 효율 분석

The number of data centers and the amount of data processed worldwide has exploded. However, the growth rate of energy consumption in data centers has shown a different pattern (from 194 TWh in 2010 to 205 TWh in 2018) which is attributed the spread of uninterruptible power supply (UPS) and increase in cooling efficiency.SUP(1)/SUP The decrease in electric power consumption due to the increase of such high-efficiency data centers can be confirmed through previous studies.SUP(2)/SUP There are various cooling methods that benefit from the increase in semiconductor performance in data centers.SUP(3)/SUP Recently, domestic data centers have also introduced systems that employ free cooling. In this study, the energy performance of an air-cooled free-cooling chiller and a general air-cooled chiller, in which water-side economizer (WSE) and a chiller are integrated, was compared based on historical data in Seoul, Korea. In addition, the power consumption and the cold water conditions of the data center were compared between the chillers. Finally, the energy efficiency was analyzed accordingly.

Declining Discount Rates for Energy Policy Investments in CEE EU Member Countries

Energy policy investments are usually evaluated using a cost-benefit analysis (CBA), which requires an estimation of the social discount rate (SDR). The choice of SDR can be crucial for the outcome of the appraisal, as energy-related investments generate long-term impacts affecting climate change. Once discounted, these impacts are highly sensitive to slight changes in the value of the SDR. Some countries (the UK and France) switched from a constant SDR to the declining rate scheme—a solution that limits the impact sensitivity. To our knowledge, none of the CEE countries apply DDR in CBA. While a constant SDR is a relatively well-established approach, declining SDRs are estimated to be used much less frequently, particularly for CEE EU member countries and energy policies. The rationale for the decline can rest on uncertainty over future discount rates, as shown by the approach developed by Weitzman and Gollier, which extends the classical Ramsey model. We applied this approach in our paper, as the Ramsey formula is the prevailing formula for EU countries’ SDR estimates. We estimated a flat SDR via the Ramsey formula with Gollier’s “precautionary term”, and next, we calculated Weitzman’s certainty equivalent rates for the 500-year horizon. Ramsey’s SDRs, obtained using consumption growth rates dating back to 1996, varied between 6.77% for Lithuania and 2.95% for Czechia and declined by 0.15% on average (Gollier’s term). Declining SDRs for the longest horizon dropped to approx. 0.5% (from 0.35% for Bulgaria to 0.67% for Poland), and the descent is deeper and faster when forward SDRs (following the UK Green Book approach) were considered (0.01% to 0.04%). The results are important for long-term policies regarding energy and climate change in CEE EU member countries, but they are still dependent on fossil fuels and experience an investment gap to fulfil EU climate goals.

Edible Oil Deficit and Its Impact on Food Expenditure in Pakistan

Pakistan, a developing country, is the sixth most populous in the world [U. S. Census (2008)], whose demand is rising due to steady economic growth. Agriculture contributes 23 percent of the GDP, 42 percent of the total work force is employed to the agriculture sector and also contributes substantially to Pakistan’s export earnings [Alam (2008)]. Agriculture Commodities and Textiles Products accounts for 62.6 percent of Pakistan's total exports [Memon (2008)]. Pakistan is the ninth largest producer of wheat, 12th largest producer of rice, 5th largest producer of sugarcane and 4rth largest producer of cotton among the top producers in the world as per statistics of FY05 [Memon, et al. (2008)]. Despite overwhelmingly an agrarian economy, Pakistan is unable to produce edible oil sufficient for domestic requirements. Edible oil is considered a necessity in Pakistan and hence its demand is relatively inelastic. There are many reasons behind this shortcoming, for example, lack of awareness of farmers, ignorance of policy makers regarding oilseed crops, technological deficiency in oilseed production and smuggling to neighbouring countries (Afghanistan in particular). The major crop responsible for 57 percent of edible oil production is cotton seed which is primarily a fiber crop. Indigenous production of edible oil is below the consumption levels with a very wide gap between the production and consumption. This gap is bridged through import of edible oil worth more than Rs 45.0 billion1 annually. Presently the oilseed production only meet about 30 percent2 of the domestic requirements and the rest is covered with imports. The high dependency on imports not only exerts the pressure on balance of payment but also develops a close linkage between international price shocks and edible oil price in Pakistan which is ultimately reflected in food expenditure. The common Pakistani food includes a significant quantity of edible oil which is the reason behind high consumption growth rates.

Demand-Supply Gap in Energy Use in BRICS Countries with Special Reference to India - Emerging Challenges and Policies

Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) Energy Research Co-operation Platform (ERCP) is an international program for developing energy-based sustainable development and sharing advanced energy technologies. BRICS is a heterogeneous club of nations having around a quarter of GDP, supplyling energy products to 40 percent of the world's population. The central objectives of the study are (a) the overall production consumption gap in energy use, (b) details of energy production, consumption; total proved reserves, import, export of energy, growth rate of energy consumption, (c) associations among energy use, demographic, socio-economic and environmental aspects and (d) policy measures undertaken to reduce energy gap along with pathways to the low-carbon environment. The study is based on the secondary data on (a) energy proved reserves, production and consumption for the period 2011-2021, (b) associated demographic, socio-economic, and environment related data obtained from different reports and others. Results have been presented through tabular forms and through figures, and percentages. Among BRICS countries, there are heterogeneous production-consumption gaps for different sources of energy, particularly oil.

Prospects of Development of the Metaverse: Empirical Evidence

The purpose of the research is to analyze the key features of the metaverse, the possibilities and advantages of its tools, security issues and the format of user participation in the metaverse virtual space. The relevance of the study is caused by the changes in the global economic order and the metaverse technologies awareness from both the expert community and ordinary users. The authors use methods of comparative analysis of Russian and foreign scientific sources, as well as statistical analysis and forecasting from leading consulting, rating and analytical agencies (Gartner, Statista, Emergenresearch, Moscow Innovation Agency, World Economic Forum, Tadviser). The scope of the achieved results is determined by the possibility of using the practical part of the study in building scenarios for the metaverse technologies application by various stakeholders. The authors draw conclusion that there is a wide range of use of the metaverse tools in various felds of human activity (professional, educational, social, entertainment, etc.), as well as about stimulating the development of the digital market using metaverse technologies. The prospects of non-interchangeable tokens, one of the innovative tools of the metaverse, are discussed and the audience growth rate of the metaverse innovative technologies potential consumers in the future is predicted.

Multicriteria Decision Making and Its Application in Geothermal Power Project

The International Energy Agency (IEA) assesses Vietnam as the second largest electricity user in Southeast Asia. The energy consumption growth rate in the region is one of the fastest in the world, with demand growing at a steady 6% per year for the past 20 years. Within the context that domestic fossil fuel production cannot keep up with demand and climate change is occurring, to avoid depending on imported energy to operate the power system, the Government of Vietnam has turned to developing renewable energy. The potential for developing geothermal energy in Vietnam is promising with more than 200 sources of water around 40 to 100 °C, which is sufficient for the development of geothermal energy projects. Today, a method to conserve natural resources and invest in renewable energy is provided by the government by controlling the importation of gas and coal while investing in building geothermal power plants. One of the hardest problems, however, is determining a suitable place to construct a geothermal power plant (GPP). For this main reason, in the hope of solving this problem, the author has proposed a decision-making model that utilizes a fuzzy set under multi-criteria conditions. It uses two methods, Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) followed by Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS), for a GPP site selection decision. The FAHP model is first used to determine the weights of each criterion and sub-criterion. Then, the ranking of each alternative is calculated by the WASPAS model. A final alternative is determined to be the best solution based on calculations from the methods above for identifying suitable locations for a GPP. This research has contributed a method of using a fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making model for determining a suitable location selection. This contribution also shows a development of flexibility towards decision making for other renewable energy projects worldwide.

The composition of local government expenditure and income growth: the case of Sweden

ABSTRACT This paper analyses the relationship between the composition of local government expenditure and income growth rate at the local level. Based on a panel of municipality-level data for Sweden spanning the period 1996–2015, we find indications of a negative relative ‘growth effect’ of education spending compared with both perceived non-productive expenditure shares and childcare and infrastructure spending, both viewed as productive. However, the robustness of these results is challenged when considering spatial interactions, and the choice of panel construction to address reverse causality. To some extent the results are confined to the assumption that local fiscal policy is exogenous.

Economic events and the volatility of government bill rates.

Many studies show that in many countries (especially the G7), volatility in government bill rates far exceeds that in consumption growth rates. This volatility puzzle cannot be predicted by traditional disaster models, in which rare economic disasters are defined as a peak-to-trough percent fall in consumption (or real per capita GDP) by a high threshold (≥10%). For this purpose, we extend the traditional definition of rare economic disasters and propose a novel asset pricing model that models both good and bad events. We define a bad (or good) event as a peak-to-trough absolute decline (or a trough-to-peak absolute rise) in consumption growth rates by a low threshold (<10%). Compared to traditional disaster models, our model contains three improvements. First, model good and bad events, not just bad ones (e.g., rare economic disasters). Second, the event's impact lasts for multiple periods rather than one period. Third, model non-rare economic events. We calibrate the parameters in our model to match the moments from U.S. asset return data. Simulation results indicate that the model can successfully predict the volatility of U.S. government bill rates higher than that of U.S. consumption growth rates.

CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC INTERESTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST

China is a relative newcomer to the Middle East region. Indeed, as it is not in China’s immediate neighbourhood, for a long time its importance to Beijing remained low. This began to change in the early 2000s. Due to its impressive economic expansion, marked by joining the World Trade Organization in 2001, China’s energy consumption growth rate accelerated, making the energy-rich region increasingly crucial to China’s energy security. Thus, the destabilization that came to the Middle East with the Global War on Terror declared by the United States as a result of the 9/11 terrorist attack, endangered its interests. At the same time, however, having significant Muslim minorities of its own, China was keen to maintain the security of its Muslim-majority provinces and used the GWOT as justification for curbing the threat of its internal, separatist “Islamic terrorism”. Eventually, then, to accommodate its growing interest in the region, China expanded its “greater neighbourhood” to include the Middle East as well. Presently, while still not a key partner for Beijing, the region is one of the main suppliers of China’s gas and oil, an increasingly important export destination, a territory of continuous construction activity of Chinese companies under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and an object of a large-scale Chinese charm offensive. Slowly, it is becoming an object of Beijing’s security interests as well.

Experimental Composite Indicators of Cyclical Response in Surveys of Consumer Expectations of the Population

The article proposes a theoretical rationale and procedure for constructing new composite indicators that combine the results of quarterly consumer expectations surveys conducted by the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat). The information capabilities of surveys for the period 2005–2021 were studied to find the best alternative to the traditional consumer confidence index in the context of early estimates of the growth in household final consumption. The experimental Consumer Behavior Index reflects the «common profile» in the changes in the key parameters of consumer activity. The index is based on time series of primary survey indicators with high cross-correlation coefficients and a confirmed statistically significant causal relationship with a statistical referent – the growth rate of the final consumption expenditure of households. The new Consumer Anxiety Index with a counter-directional profile assesses the scale and tendencies of household response to market shocks based on short-term gaps between the indicator components and their long-term average.In accordance with the proposed procedure for statistical testing of the time series, a cross-correlation analysis was carried out. Granger causality was studied, principal component analyses applied, unobservable cyclical components were identified in the dynamics of the Consumer Behavior Index and the referent using Hodrick – Prescott, Christian – Fitzgerald and Kalman statistical filters, and phase-by-phase movement of these components is demonstrated. A statistically significant cyclical correspondence and a close relationship of leading and coinciding nature between the composite survey-based index and the growth rate of the final consumption expenditure of households were confirmed.

Creation Characteristics of Music Piano Arrangement Based on Distributed Sensors

Music piano arrangement is a popular creation method among the public at present, which can play a role in the promotion of traditional culture and the combination of popular culture. However, the traditional method of analyzing the creative characteristics of musical piano arrangements has limitations, and it is not suitable for today’s public review era. In this paper, to address the limitations, distributed sensor technology is employed. It utilizes the Top-k query method, KNN (one of the most basic approaches in data mining classification technology is the proximity algorithm, often known as the K closest neighbor classification algorithm) algorithm, and fused balance algorithm to classify the creative features of musical piano arrangements. It collects 50 classic piano arrangements and studies its compositional style, melody, and tone. The data results showed that, for the style characteristics, each algorithm has a high recognition rate for passion songs, and the three errors are small; for the melody characteristics, because the KNN algorithm has a delay in determining the rising tempo, the overall melody is not grasped correctly, and the Top-k query method is not sensitive to the descending tempo, and the recognition rate is low; for the tonal characteristics, the Top-k query method has a larger range of low-key judgments, so that the number of identifications is larger. As for the energy consumption of the system, as the number of nodes increases, the energy consumption of the three algorithms also increases gradually. Among them, the Top-k query method has the largest energy consumption, exceeding 400 W at 180 nodes, and its energy consumption growth rate continues to increase. The fusion algorithm fluctuates greatly, while the KNN algorithm is stable. This shows that KNN algorithm is more stable in terms of system performance, and its characteristics can be better summarized in the creation and research of piano adaptation.

Impact of interaction between financial development, urbanization, and energy consumption in China

Given the urgent need for China to reduce the growth rate of energy consumption (EC), the relationship between financial development (FD), urbanization (UR), and EC is directly related to the effectiveness of China's current ecological civilization construction. This study analyzes the internal relationship between the three from the perspectives of financial scale (FD1), financial structure (FD2), and financial efficiency (FD3) through the generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation, impulse response, and variance decomposition of the panel vector autoregression (PVAR) model. The following conclusions are derived. First, the results of the PVAR model show that when FD is measured with FD1, FD2, and FD3, each variable has path dependence, and the lag-phase-one term of each variable has a strengthening effect on itself. Second, based on the pulse response diagram, a positive response occurs after FD1 and FD2 give a standardized shock to EC, but a negative response occurs when FD is characterized by FD3. When FD is measured with FD1, a positive response occurs after UR gives a normalized shock to EC. When FD is measured with FD2 and FD3, there is a weak negative response. Third, the results of the variance decomposition show that the changes of FD, UR, and EC rely more on their own inertia. Although the impact of FD and UR on EC has an increasing trend, the impact is small. Therefore, local governments should rationally control the financial scale, optimize the financial structure, improve the financial efficiency, and strengthen the propaganda of energy conservation.

China's energy consumption and economic activity at the regional level

Since 2013, China's economy has undergone a series of major structural changes under the new normal. This study aimed to research China's plateauing regional-level energy consumption at this stage by analysing socioeconomic factors driving energy consumption changes from 2002 to 2019 through decomposition analysis and regional value chains. The results indicate that the annual growth rate of China's energy consumption dropped from 10% between 2002 and 2013 to 2% between 2013 and 2019, mainly attributable to energy efficiency enhancement offsetting the −27% increase from 2013 to 2019 and structural changes. At the regional level, the three structural drivers were closely related, including the regional structure, industrial structure and energy structure. Under the new normal, the −2.58% contribution of the regional structure to energy consumption growth was mainly made by regions with a high energy efficiency; one way to improve the energy efficiency was to upgrade the regional industrial structure, leading to the slowdown by 0.26%; and industrial transition could be accompanied by adjustment of the energy structure towards relatively clean energy, thereby offsetting growth by −0.13%. The energy consumption required to create value-added outflows along regional value chains varied greatly across regions, sectors and years.

Flexible drought deciduousness in a neotropical understory herb.

PremiseAdaptive divergence across environmental gradients is a key driver of speciation. Precipitation seasonality gradients are common in the tropics, yet drought adaptation is nearly unexplored in neotropical understory herbs. Here, we examined two recently diverged neotropical spiral gingers, one adapted to seasonal drought and one reliant on perennial water, to uncover the basis of drought adaptation.MethodsWe combined ecophysiological trait measurements in the field and greenhouse with experimental and observational assessments of real‐time drought response to determine how Costus villosissimus (Costaceae) differs from C. allenii to achieve drought adaptation.ResultsWe found that drought‐adapted C. villosissimus has several characteristics indicating flexible dehydration avoidance via semi‐drought‐deciduousness and a fast economic strategy. Although the two species do not differ in water‐use efficiency, C. villosissimus has a more rapid growth rate, lower leaf mass per area, lower stem density, higher leaf nitrogen, and a strong trend of greater light‐saturated photosynthetic rates. These fast economic strategy traits align with both field‐based observations and experimental dry‐down results. During drought, C. villosissimus displays facultative drought‐deciduousness, losing lower leaves during the dry season and rapidly growing new leaves in the wet season.ConclusionsWe revealed a drought adaptation strategy that has not, to our knowledge, previously been documented in tropical herbs. This divergent drought adaptation evolved recently and is an important component of reproductive isolation between C. villosissimus and C. allenii, indicating that adaptive shifts to survive seasonal drought may be an underappreciated axis of neotropical understory plant diversification.

Pesticide Consumption Trends in India

Aims: The main aim of this study is to examine the growth rate of consumption of pesticides in India and Tamil Nadu.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out using the time series data on pesticide consumption collected from secondary sources from 1990 to 2020 for India and for Tamil Nadu, the data were collected from 2011 to 2021.&#x0D; Methodology: The compound annual growth rate is used to calculate the growth rate of consumption of pesticides. The data is segmented for every 10 years and decadal growth rate was also examined.&#x0D; Results: The overall compound annual growth rate of pesticide consumption is negative(-0.44 per cent) and the decadal average was found to be -5.27%, -0.73% and 1.81% for the decades 1990-2000, 2001-2010 and 2011-2020 respectively for India. The growth rate for different types of pesticides was found to be declining (-2.26 per cent) for insecticides, however it is increasing for fungicides (2.65 per cent) and herbicides (0.99 per cent). CAGR indicates that there is no change in growth of pesticide consumption in Tamil Nadu.&#x0D; Conclusion: The trend in the pesticide use has been decreasing over the period and it shows that the total quantity of pesticides used in the country has been continuously decreasing which is a healthy sign for the environment. It may due to increase in the area of organic farming, practices like IPM and increase in the use of biopesticides.