Consumerism Research Articles

Research on Consumer Needs of LINE Brand Based on Internet Brand Cultural Code and Touchpoint Design Theory

Brand image design is a personalized image design created based on the recognition of the brand. A complete brand image includes product level, visual level, cultural level, service level, etc. How to help consumers find a sense of brand belonging is an issue that companies should consider. Extending the communication of brand information to various media to achieve comprehensive and in-depth brand communication is the top priority of brand design and communication. With the rapid increase in mobile Internet users, digital marketing of brand image has attracted the attention of more and more enterprises and design companies. The diversification of new media channels has driven the constant growth of mobile brand advertising design. Mobile marketing technology has changed the design model of brand image. The development of mobile Internet has fundamentally changed the traditional way of brand image design. When a brand has a powerful mobile Internet platform, the ways to enhance the recognition of the brand’s visual image and the value of the brand become more diverse. Today, mobile devices have become a necessity for young people. Attracted by mobile new media, young people have rediscovered their self-worth, subverted traditional lifestyles, and become a generation that changes mass consumption behavior. Therefore, we should pay attention to changes in the environment of brand image design, grasp the living habits and consumption needs of consumers, especially young consumers, and analyze the underlying consumer behavior. These are required courses for studying the trends of brand image design and brand strategies under the Internet wave. LINE is an important social software that is popular in Asia, and its unique Internet development model is worthy of study and reference. Especially in Japan and South Korea, where the anime industry is developed, this brand design style based on anime characters is highly sought after by young people. The main focus of this study is LINE’s brand touchpoint design and cultural code. The research methods mainly include conceptual analysis, theoretical research, and comparative research. By analyzing LINE’s touchpoint design, the origin and derivative functions of LINE’s brand design, the roles of LINE’s consumer environment and individual influencing factors in the cultural code, and the analysis of LINE’s consumer needs based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs to grasp its Internet brand design strategy and marketing model, so as to provide important insight and reference for the development of other Internet brands.

Frass from Tenebrio molitor as alternative to NPK-mineral fertilization: Results from a germination test and pot experiment on sunflower

The use of alternative fertilizers instead of conventional mineral fertilizers, such as the insect excreta (frass) is a new sustainable agronomic practice. Rearing insects for mass consumption has a small ecological footprint, but produces high quantities of frass. The aim of this work was to verify the potentials of frass from Tenebrio molitor L. as fertilizer. Two experiments were performed: firstly a germination test to observe the effects of frass on sunflower, tomato, lettuce and cress at four levels of frass added to a potting mix, and; secondly, a pot experiment to compare frass as organic fertilizer against NPK-mineral fertilization on sunflower. We provided 120 kg ha−1 N, 43 kg ha−1 P and 47 kg ha−1 K via the application of frass or NPK mineral fertilizer or the combination of the two. From the germination test, all species show a reduction in the germination rate. Considering the seedlings biomass, sunflower performs better than the other species especially at the lowest frass dose. In the pot experiment, sunflower plants from soil amended with frass or NPK mineral fertilizer had a similar biomass, demonstrating that frass from T. molitor can be used as organic fertilizer being capable of meeting the crop requirements.

КЛАСИФІКАЦІЯ ВІДХОДІВ ЕЛЕКТРИЧНОГО ТА ЕЛЕКТРОННОГО ОБЛАДНАННЯ ЗА ОЗНАКОЮ ЕКОЛОГІЧНОЇ НЕБЕЗПЕКИ

The article discusses the problem of waste electrical and electronic equipment, which is constantly growing due to the mass consumption of equipment and its rapid obsolescence. Data on the volumes and forecasts of e-waste generation in the future, which belong to specific types of waste based on their composition and structure, are provided. The article emphasizes that due to the content of various components made of different materials, including rare, valuable, and hazardous compounds, waste electrical and electronic equipment poses a significant threat to human health and the environment. As a result, there is a need for specialized management of this type of waste. Based on the analysis of the characteristics and properties of the waste, aiming to ensure effective management of this waste and focusing on its ecological hazards, a classification of waste electrical and electronic equipment by ecological hazard is proposed. The proposed waste classification divides them into three categories, depending on the level of potential negative impact on human health and the environment as a result of improper handling, and determines optimal management methods for each category. It is noted that this classification can be used as an auxiliary tool in the 10R waste management hierarchy, which is the basis of the circular economy 3.0, and is described in detail in the article in the context of this type of waste. A separate part of the article is dedicated to comparing the proposed classification of waste with other known classifications of waste electrical and electronic equipment. Both common features and differences are highlighted, emphasizing the greater comprehensiveness of the proposed classification, including the determination of optimal methods for of e-waste management to reduce the negative impact on the environment and extend the life cycle of the equipment.

Chemical Structures, Biological Activities, and Biosynthetic Analysis of Secondary Metabolites from Agaricus Mushrooms: A Review.

Agaricus mushrooms are an important genus in the Agaricaceae family, belonging to the order Agaricales of the class Basidiomycota. Among them, Agaricus bisporus is a common mushroom for mass consumption, which is not only nutritious but also possesses significant medicinal properties such as anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. The rare edible mushroom, Agaricus blazei, contains unique agaricol compounds with significant anticancer activity against liver cancer. Agaricus blazei is believed to expel wind and cold, i.e., the pathogenic factors of wind and cold from the body, and is an important formula in traditional Chinese medicine. Despite its nutritional richness and outstanding medicinal value, Agaricus mushrooms have not been systematically compiled and summarized. Therefore, the present review compiles and classifies 70 natural products extracted from Agaricus mushrooms over the past six decades. These compounds exhibit diverse biological and pharmacological activities, with particular emphasis on antitumor and antioxidant properties. While A.blazei and A.bisporus are the primary producers of these compounds, studies on secondary metabolites from other Agaricus species remain limited. Further research is needed to explore and understand the anticancer and nutritional properties of Agaricus mushrooms. This review contributes to the understanding of the structure, bioactivity, and biosynthetic pathways of Agaricus compounds and provides insights for the development of functional foods using these mushrooms.

Evaluation of hydrometallurgical black mass recycling with simulation-based life cycle assessment

PurposeThe recycling of lithium-ion batteries is an emerging field faced with the challenge of recovering more than the most valuable elements from the batteries. While the literature presents many innovative approaches to the problem, an overview of the technical and environmental prospects of hydrometallurgical black mass recycling remains crucial. The goal was to analyze the impacts of a black mass process flowsheet and suggest ways to further reduce the impacts of battery recycling.MethodsThe flowsheet was drafted from the literature by combining both state-of-the-art and experimentally demonstrated unit processes by starting with the leaching system, where reductive leaching is performed using only the copper and iron impurities already present in the black mass. The process targeted copper, manganese, cobalt, nickel, and lithium recovery, and three scenarios for manganese recovery were investigated. The flowsheet was simulated using HSC Sim software, and the mass and energy balances were adapted into internally consistent life cycle inventories. The scope was “gate-to-gate” in Europe and CML methodology was used for impact assessment.Results and discussionAssuming that mechanical pre-treatment carries more environmental benefits than burdens, the results indicated that hydrometallurgical black mass recycling had a tentatively lower environmental footprint compared to virgin raw materials in all impact categories except ozone depletion, the results indicated that hydrometallurgical black mass recycling had a tentatively lower environmental footprint compared to virgin raw materials in all impact categories except ozone depletion. Sulfuric acid and neutralizing chemicals were among the most significant contributors to the impacts, and therefore further analysis was conducted based on an experimental study on low acid leaching with a low (< 0.5 M) initial sulfuric acid concentration instead of the baseline 2 M. This reduced the impacts by approximately 30–40% in all categories by decreasing downstream chemical consumption, and more significantly decreased ozone depletion. The challenges and opportunities for further process improvement were also considered.ConclusionsThe study highlights the importance of process optimization to improve the environmental sustainability of battery chemical production, but also revealed critical research gaps in the experimental literature. Rather than focusing on a single unit process, experimental black mass recycling research should aim at finding solutions that are optimal for the up- and downstream units, such as minimization of aluminum in the black mass and acid consumption.

A mathematical model for flow field with condensation discontinuity: One‐dimensional Euler equations with singular sources

Condensation induces both heat addition and mass consumption effects on the carrier flow field, leading to complex wave patterns. In this study, we aim to elucidate the structures of flow field under the influence of condensation. To achieve this, we present a mathematical model, which is formulated using Euler equations with a singular source term. Given the difficulties posed by both weak solution theory and the Dal Maso–LeFloch–Murat (DLM) theory (J. Math. Pures Appl. 483‐548 (1995)) in defining solutions to the Riemann problem, we propose a novel approach. This involves the coupling of weak solutions within two subregions, taking into consideration the discontinuity of source term. Firstly, we identify two stationary discontinuities originating from the singular source term—namely, stationary waves and composite waves. Admissibility criterions are developed for these discontinuities to facilitate the selection of physically meaningful solutions. Secondly, we employ a double classical Riemann problems (CRPs) framework to analyze the structures of Riemann solution. Our analysis reveals that the Riemann solution may exhibit seven structures with stationary wave and four structures with composite wave. Finally, the proposed model and its theoritical results are applied to validate the structure of the flow field with condensation discontinuities. For the pure heat addition problem, we successfully demonstrate all wave patterns of the flow field, perfectly matching the outcomes of numerical experiments.

A Historical-Analytic Perspective on Islam and Cinematic Culture in Northern Nigeria

This article reviewed the intricate relationship between film/cinematic culture and Islam in northern Nigeria and more importantly, the reception of film as a culture in Hausa Muslim societies. Various media ethnographical studies have revealed that since the introduction of cinema, the acceptance and consumption of film and other cinematic products are to a large extent influenced by the Sharia (Holy/ Islamic Law), which serves as a guide for northern filmmakers and a corrective measure for the media representations of the happenings in their societies. The belief of northern Muslims is that films and cinema are harbingers of immorality and should be eschewed. Indeed, and arguably so, this is the general disposition of the northern Muslims to western ways. The overwhelming exertions of the Kano State Film and Video Censors Board (KSCB) make this claim evident. This study considered the mobility and survival of cinematic culture in the heart of Nigeria’s most Islamic centre, Kano, otherwise known as Kannywood. It adopted a historical-analytic approach to the study of the development of cinema in northern Nigeria and examined the cinematic culture vis-à-vis Islam in northern Nigeria. The paper contended that globalisation and the advent of advanced technology are yet to influence film contents from the region or mass acceptance and consumption of modern films by its populace. It concluded that the Sharia and the involvement of Islamic scholars/clerics have inhibited the growth of Kannywood.

Security evaluation of China's indium industrial chain: Perspective on substance flow throughout the whole life cycle

As the world's largest supplier of primary indium, China's indium industrial chain structure and demand change affect global supply. It is necessary to evaluate the security of China's indium industrial chain and determine the reasons that affect security. The past substance flow analysis (SFA) of indium and mineral industrial chain security evaluation has problems such as a lack of timeliness, a single dimension mainly focusing on the upstream, and simple evaluation methods. In this paper, based on the SFA, an integrated evaluation system for the whole life cycle is constructed from 2000 to 2022 according to mineral industrial chain security characteristics. The results show that since introducing liquid crystal in 2003, China's indium industrial chain security level has been low despite a slight increase. Although China has gradually broken through the production technology of high-purity indium and indium tin oxide (ITO) targets, the large consumption and export of refined indium has reduced China's indium metal stock to 2214 t, while the resource reserves advantage is also diminishing. Mass consumption has also led China to import more ores, while China still imports high-end products from other countries with high import source concentrations. The pollutants emitted by the large production and the declining environmental governance level pose a significant environmental threat. Finally, suggestions for strengthening international cooperation, increasing technological research, establishing a reserve system, risk monitoring mechanisms, and strict emission standards can improve China's indium industrial chain security.

Optical design of “MicroMED”, an optical particle counter to characterize Martian airborne dust

Airborne dust monitoring is crucial to characterize the thermal structure and evolution of the Martian atmosphere and climate. For this purpose, the MicroMED instrument has been selected within the ExoMars program to be deployed on Mars. It is an optical particle counter that measures the dust amount and size distribution of airborne dust close to the Martian surface. MicroMED is characterized by low mass, size and power consumption and is suitable to be accommodated on both rovers and landers. In this paper, the MicroMED optical design is described along with the analysis performed to prove compliance with all requirements needed for its nominal performance.

From Haute Couture to Fast Fashion: The Fashion Industry and its Implications in the Realm of Law

Although it is frequently treated casually, the fashion industry is in fact an all-pervasive and ubiquitous industry. The clothing industry is a vast global enterprise that deals with designing, manufacturing, distributing, marketing, retailing, advertising, and promoting all types of apparel for men, women, and children. This includes everything from high-end designer fashion to everyday clothing like sweatpants. The industry is worth billions of dollars and encompasses everything from the most luxurious haute couture to casual wear. The industry has thrived on its own through all the glitz and glamour. However, the blatant yet complex issues and nuances that comprise the industry need to be addressed, and in order for them to be addressed, consumers need to take cognizance of not just the present issues, but the industry in its entirety as well. This research paper delves into the transformation of the fashion industry from the traditional form of haute couture to the emergence of fast fashion. The paper starts by making the reader conscious of the industry and its alarming effects on various aspects of our society. The paper then discusses the rise of fast fashion, characterized by rapid production, mass consumption, and affordability. These diverging paradigms have not only transformed consumer behavior but have also posed legal challenges to frameworks governing intellectual property, labor rights, and environmental sustainability.

Presence of microplastics: Impacts in a marine-coastal environment of the Colombian Caribbean

Part of the contamination of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems is influenced by mass production, consumption habits, and improper disposal of plastics. Plastic degradation and fragmentation lead to the formation of Microplastics (MPs), small particles that easily infiltrate natural systems and pose ecological risks. These MPs are transported by atmospheric and water circulation dynamics, predominantly accumulating in soils and bodies of water, disrupting ecological processes in water, land, biosphere, and anthroposphere. This contamination adversely affects human productivity and disturbs fauna and flora in ecosystems. MPs can be consumed and bioaccumulated, potentially carrying pathogenic microorganisms and causing intoxication through constant contact. Understanding the environmental impacts of microplastic presence is crucial to identifying and addressing contamination sources. It serves as a foundation for adopting clean and sustainable production practices, minimizing negative impacts, and maximizing positive effects on ecosystems. Environmental education and scientific research play vital roles in raising awareness and fostering societies' involvement in managing emission sources that disturb sensitive ecosystems.

Technology of the boiled-smoked sausage products is for the use of side foods of processing of oil-bearing production

The article examines the issue of expanding the assortment of sausage products with a combined composition of raw materials, using dietary fibers with functional and technological properties that stabilize the quality of meat raw materials to create products with a functional purpose. Enriching meat products with dietary fibers is advisable to achieve specific technological goals in physiologically significant quantities. Pumpkin seed processing products are characterized as gluten-free; their use is relevant for enriching finished products with a vitamin-mineral complex. Fiber from industrial hemp seeds is a by-product of oil production and a unique source of protein, natural carotene, phytosterols, and phospholipids. The recipe and production technology of cooked-smoked sausage products with a combined composition of raw materials has been experimentally confirmed. It was established that using hydrated fiber from hemp seeds and pumpkin seeds in the recipe of sausage products improves structural and mechanical characteristics, has high organoleptic indicators, and ensures the production of a product of increased biological and nutritional value. Food additives of vegetable origin give sausage products an appetizing appearance, proper texture and consistency, and appropriate taste while significantly reducing their production cost. With the optimal selection of the recipe, food supplements of plant origin allow you to balance products from the point of view of nutrition. The best results are a complex of characteristics for using a hydrated hemp and pumpkin seed fiber mixture. The technology aims to solve the problem of expanding the range of meat products for mass consumption with increased nutritional value. Enrichment of sausage products with fiber from pumpkin seeds and industrial hemp helps improve the products' functional properties. It ensures the formation of the necessary structural and mechanical properties. Using processed products of pumpkin seeds and industrial hemp as raw materials for sausage production solves the food industry's resource conservation problem.

The feasibility of using soybean raw materials

The most important determinant of public health is a balanced, nutritious diet that ensures normal human growth and development, life expectancy, increases the body's resistance to adverse environmental conditions, and leads to progress and improvement of the quality of life. The article presents the reasonable reasons for the expediency of using soybean raw materials, which led to the emergence of mass consumption products available to all groups of the population, which can be used regularly in everyday, dietary, therapeutic or preventive nutrition with a high degree of digestibility and assimilation of food, in accordance with the recommendations, while maintaining an adequate level of energy intake per day. Given the difficulties our country is experiencing due to martial law, there is a problem of expanding and, in some regions, providing a sufficient range of domestic food products that include energy components: proteins, fats and carbohydrates. There is a decrease in the production of domestic meat raw materials due to the problems faced by farms in today's difficult conditions. The article investigates the chemical composition and energy value of soybeans and soy products. The comparative characterization of soybeans and soybean products is also carried out. The proposal to enrich the range of food products with soybean processing products is also substantiated. With the further prospect of developing technologies for adding and enriching soybean processing products to raw materials of animal origin. The feasibility of these technologies is based on the chemical composition of soybeans. After all, soybeans and soy products are protein components, the value of which is primarily represented by polyunsaturated fatty acids, isoflavonoids, phospholipids, enzymes, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, minerals, as well as vitamins E, B, PP and other physiologically valuable nutrients. It is clear that in order to maximize the extraction of native nutrients, it is important to use special methods and economical modes of technological processing of raw materials. The article also describes the main types of soybean seed processing products with high nutritional and biological value available on the Ukrainian market.

Identifying Heterogeneous Willingness to Pay for New Energy Vehicles Attributes: A Discrete Choice Experiment in China

New energy vehicles (NEVs) have emerged as a promising solution to reduce carbon emissions and address environmental concerns in the transportation sector. In order to effectively accelerate market acceptance, it is crucial to prioritize the heterogeneity of consumer preferences for NEV attributes. This study employs the multinomial logit model (MNL) and latent class model (LCM) to investigate both observed and unobserved preference heterogeneity based on stated preferences obtained from a discrete choice experiment conducted across seven cities in China. Results from the MNL model indicate that all attributes significantly influence alternative utility. In particular, there are differences in the willingness to pay (WTP) for attributes of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). Analysis of MNL subgroups reveals observed heterogeneity in WTP for identical attributes among consumers from regions with different latitudes and markets with different NEV penetration rates. Furthermore, the LCM model uncovers unobserved preference heterogeneity by classifying respondents into four distinct classes and identifies specific socioeconomic variables associated with each class. The recognition of heterogeneous WTP for NEV attributes across vehicle types, regions, markets, and consumer classes provides important implications for formulating targeted policies that promote the sustainable development of the NEV industry.

Dialektika Progresif; “One Dimensional Man”, Desublimasi Represif: Kritik Herbert Marcuse Atas Masyarakat Industri Modern

Marcuse’s main idea is that technology and mass consumption have created a social order that makes people "one-dimensional human," losing the ability to think critically and see social alternatives. Marcuse argued that a fundamental change in society was needed to allow the liberation of individuals from the pressures and constraints generated by the capitalist system. The purpose of this paper is to critically explore the dialectic of Herbert Marcuse's approach to the "one-dimensional man" and repressive desublimation. This research method uses a qualitative approach with a critical approach to the study of Herbert Marcuse's thought. The concepts of "repressive sublimation" and "administrated" describe the way modern society directs its natural human impulses into a form regulated and controlled by social and political authorities. Repressive sublimation results in the suppression of self-expression and creativity, while administrated refers to the dominance of bureaucracy and technocracy in managing society. This results in unfreedom and homogenization in society. This study contains Marcuse's biography, looking at the content of his works, contributions to knowledge and communication, and the relevance of Herbert Marcuse's critical thinking to the current context. One Dimensional Man; is used as a spectacular work a narrative created to criticize the irrational and oppressive grand narrative of capitalism with an exploitative power structure through the affirmative dimension, for which Marcuse suggests rebuilding the dimension of negation; Where society again has critical power and is no longer in a state of silence.

Reel reflections: the role of entertainment media narratives in coping among young adult cancer survivors

Introduction Young adult cancer survivors (YACS; ages 18–39) report a significant psychological burden. Entertainment media narratives (e.g., books, movies, shows that are produced for mass consumption) might be an effective tool for reducing this distress, although little is known about present use among YACS. Method YACS completed a survey about their use of entertainment media narratives to cope with cancer using an adapted version of the Brief COPE. Additionally, YACS reported their use of entertainment media narratives to start conversations about their experience with others, and they described features of entertainment media narratives that they found helpful in coping. Results We recruited 108 YACS from three recruitment sites. Most participants were White (n = 65), female (n = 54), and recruited from Prolific (n = 56), an Internet-based, crowdsourced data collection platform. Participants were, on average, 30 years old and 45 months from the completion of their primary cancer treatment. YACS who used entertainment media to cope with cancer (n = 32; 29.6%) were significantly younger and significantly closer to the end of their primary treatment. Compared to nonusers, users of entertainment media narratives to cope were also more likely to identify as Black; identifying as Black was associated with a 2.05-factor increase in using narrative entertainment media to cope with cancer even when controlling for other demographic differences. Additionally, compared to their peers, Black YACS reported greater use of narratives to start cancer-related conversations. Emotional and inspirational storylines were the most helpful story features. Discussion Some YACS, especially Black YACS, use stories to cope with their cancer experience. YACS patients could find stories useful in exploring their cancer-related emotions, although the exact benefits are still unknown.

Produire des protéines

This article claims that the pursuit of protein specifically, not meat in general, is woven into the very fabric of industrial hog farming and the devalued animals at its centre. Further, this piece forces a critical lens and reclassification of the value of protein sourced from confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs), using Goodman, Sorj and Wilkinson’s (1987) concepts of substitutionism and appropriationism as a framework to unpack how hog production in Canada is structured on producing protein for mass consumption. Lastly, this article categorically extends the work of Goodman et al., (1987) to argue that hogs are not only industrialized within a capitalist food system, but now hog flesh is able to supplant or be used interchangeably with other forms of protein – a sort of proteinaceous substitutionism: the creation of generic, atomized, protein inputs. Commodity hogs are so valueless, the animal now exists to be a source of cheap protein.

Study of metrological characteristics of the state primary measurement standard of volume flow and mass consumption of liquid in preparation for participation in international comparisons

The paper discusses the results of a study of metrological characteristics of the state primary measurement standard of volume flow and mass consumption of liquid, as well as the volume and mass of liquid flowing through pipelines (DETU 03-04-04). The study was conducted at the National Scientific Centre “Institute of Metrology” in preparation for international comparisons. Metrological characteristics of the components of the state measurement standard were studied, including the stability of the flow by experimentally determining the standard measurement uncertainty of the mass consumption of liquid at the measurement section of the standard. Based on the obtained results, the measurement standard was modernized. In addition, the paper discusses possible directions for further research aimed at improving measurement methods and analysing the measurement uncertainty of Type A. Further work in this direction can contribute to increasing the competitiveness across the national and international metrological community. The paper also examines the procedure for processing measurement results during international comparisons and identifies basic requirements for complying with international standards for further research of the measurement standard to meet these requirements.&#x0D; Metrological comparisons are an important part of metrology, as they ensure the equivalence of measurement units, which is essential for ensuring uniformity of measurements in various industrial and scientific areas. Such measures do not only promote scientific progress, but also ensure high standards of quality and safety in modern society. The results of this research will help to prepare for international comparisons, which are important for comparing measurement units. This, in turn, will contribute to more efficient transfer of measurement units to secondary measurement standards and measuring instruments.

Unraveling Green Marketing and Greenwashing: A Systematic Review in the Context of the Fashion and Textiles Industry

Greenwashing is a prevalent issue in the fashion and textile industry, a sector known as one of the largest industrial polluters worldwide. The multi-trillion-dollar industry’s trend-driven, low-cost production models and the availability of numerous distribution options have led to mass consumption, significantly impacting consumer behavior. The aim of this review is to document and analyze the direct and indirect practices of greenwashing in the fashion industry and its impact on consumers. It also seeks to highlight the existence of greenwashing in the industry’s supply and consumption chain. A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology was employed to examine the complex implications of greenwashing within the fashion industry. Relevant studies from the past decade were identified through comprehensive searches on Elsevier Science Direct, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus. This review found that some companies resort to greenwashing by promoting a green image without making substantial environmental or social changes. It also revealed varied interpretations and misinterpretations of green-related terms by consumers. The findings underscore the need for transparency and honesty in the fashion industry’s green marketing strategies. They also highlight the importance of consumer education to prevent misinterpretation of green-related terms and to promote sustainable consumption practices.

Validity of the 8-minute time trial in determining variables for mountain bike cycling training

The 8-minute time trial (TT) is a methodological alternative to the 60-minute TT for evaluating the Functional Threshold Power (FTP) of cyclists, however, studies that tested its validity were not found in the researched literature. Therefore, research aims to assess the validity of the 8-minute TT. The study included 9 trained male cyclists, aged between 25.46 ± 7.49 years, who were assessed on three different days. On the first day, we measured personal data, anthropometrics, ventilatory thresholds and peak oxygen consumption. On the other days, we submitted the volunteers to the 8- and 60-minute TT. We analyzed the agreement between the procedures using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and its validity by Bland-Altman. We adopted a significance level of 5%, and we performed all analyses using the SPSS. The results suggest great agreement, especially between the second 8-minute stimulus and the reference test, for FTP (ICC: 0.792, p= 0.016), Wats per kilogram (ICC: 0.952, p&lt; 0.001), Wats per kilogram of lean mass (ICC: 0.912, p= 0.001) and peak oxygen consumption (ICC: 0.882, p= 0.001). In addition, in all these variables, the volunteers were within the mean ± two standard deviations, as verified by the Bland-Altman plots. These results demonstrate the validity of the 8-minute TT, with more robust data being observed by the second stimulus of this protocol.