Constructivist Beliefs Research Articles

Convenient Frailty: Medical Contestations of Asthma and Hay Fever in African Americans in Late Nineteenth-Century America.

Post-Emancipation medical and social science scholars extensively theorized Black susceptibility to illness, disease, and death. Most studies of late nineteenth-century medical ideas about the relationship between race and disease have highlighted the construction of medical beliefs that associated Black physical weakness with a proclivity to ill health. This study presents an alternate narrative, one where certain diseases - asthma and hay fever - reflected an opposing racialized understanding of disease that instead centered on White frailty. Based on an examination of turn-of-the-century asthma and hay fever medical literature produced by George Miller Beard, the professionalization of the United States Hay Fever Association, and the publication and dismissal of the first recorded case of asthma in an African American man in 1884, this article argues that late nineteenth-century asthma and hay fever physicians, who themselves often suffered from the conditions, defined the typical asthma patient along racial lines to protect the exclusivity of their own professional and social identities. As a result, asthma and hay fever in Black communities, particularly in the North, where asthma and hay fever scholars primarily lived and worked, remained obscured and untreated until the mid-twentieth century.

Exploring teachers’ intention to integrate technology: a comparison between online- and AR/VR-based instruction

ABSTRACT The present study compared teachers’ acceptance of online and augmented reality (AR)/virtual reality (VR) technology in instruction, employing an extended technology acceptance model (eTAM). The authors included four influencing factors for teachers’ technology integration (teachers’ technological pedagogical and content knowledge [TPACK], self-efficacy, constructivist beliefs and motivational support) and investigated their impact on teachers’ acceptance of online- and AR/VR-based instruction. The results confirmed that self-efficacy and motivational support impacted perceived ease of use for both technologies. The most salient difference when comparing influencing factors was that constructivist beliefs influenced perceived usefulness in online-based instruction, whereas TPACK did in AR/VR-based instruction.

Revisiting the case of ‘blood-brothers’: A constructivist approach in North Korea-China relations

North Korea and China’s relations have, from time to time, been addressed by the international media as ‘symbolic brothers’, and often come into the academic discussion in the context of the ‘Korean War’ (1950-1953). It is captured in the larger debate, with North Korea as a by-product or satellite state of China, but the socio-political view of a created society has not been addressed much. The major development that took place during the time was the symbolic production of terminology such as ‘blood-brothers’ or as close as ‘lips and teeth relations’ which has reciprocal leverage in each-other’s politics. In this case, social constructivism asserts that knowledge undergoes construction through human activity and individuals create meaning through their interactions. The paper takes a constructivist approach as a socio-political view on the Korean War, emphasizing the role of social factors such as identity in the construction of interest and action. It argues that it was the social construction of inter-subjective belief and shared understanding that shaped North Korea-China relations.

A-64 The Impact of a Sports-Related Concussion on Emotional Beliefs of Collegiate Athletes.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this review is to summarize the current literature on the effects of sports-related concussion on an athlete’s emotional beliefs. Emotional beliefs are an individual’s beliefs on whether emotions are controllable, as well as useful or unwanted. Understanding how a concussion affects an athlete’s emotional beliefs can assist in determining appropriate interventions for treatment. Data Selection: The informal literature search was conducted through EBSCOhost and PsychINFO databases from August 2022 through February 2023 for articles containing CONCUSSIONS plus one of the following: EMOTIONAL BELIEFS, COLLEGIATE ATHLETES, EMOTIONS. Inclusion criteria included data collected from a collegiate sample, article presented original research, articles published in 2000 or later, and articles contained relevant information regarding emotional beliefs in collegiate athletes. Due to the dearth in the literature regarding emotional beliefs, only five studies were reviewed. Results Currently within the literature, there is debate about the construct of emotional beliefs. The literature is mixed on how to define emotional beliefs as well as how to distinguish emotional beliefs from cognition. Within the literature there is agreement that emotional beliefs are additionally influenced by a myriad of factors. Although emotional changes are observed in concussed athletes, there has been little research on how concussions impact athlete's beliefs about their emotions. Baseline concussion testing often does not include any mood measures, thus limiting post-injury assessment to strictly cognitive domains. Conclusions Sustaining a concussion can lead to increased stress and exacerbate pre-existing psychological disturbances. Changes in emotional beliefs can affect an athlete’s mental well-being, which in turn can affect their athletic and academic performance. In sum, there is a need for further research on the effects of concussions on cognitive and emotional beliefs in the field of sports neuropsychology.

Modal Sosial Dalam Manajemen BUMdes; Konsep, Antesenden dan Konsekuensi

Social capital is a concept that is still relevant and contextual in responding to the socio-economic dynamics that live and develop in society. The essence of the concept of social capital is the construction of beliefs, norms, and social networks, whose dimensions are cognitive, structural, and relational. The purpose of this article is to examine the concept of social capital from the aspects of ontology, epistemology, and axiology. To support this research, a literature review is used as a methodology, explaining the emergence of the concept of social capital, further developing the theory of social capital, and reviewing the results of previous studies. The purpose of this study is to provide a more comprehensive picture of the concept of social capital that can be used in the context of managing Village Owned Enterprises (BUMDes), taking into account its antecedents and consequences to provide research material on the relationship of social capital in BUMDes management.

Exploring the pedagogical practices of seasoned elementary mathematics teachers and connections with their content knowledge and beliefs

AbstractThis inquiry examined the pedagogical practices in mathematics of elementary teachers (N = 27) who had been identified as experienced and successful and were working in an urban school district with underserved student populations. Also investigated were relationships between their instructional practices and other elements of proficient teaching of mathematics, including specialized content knowledge and beliefs. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected via a knowledge assessment, belief surveys, classroom observations, and individual interviews. The findings related to learner‐centered, equitable mathematics instruction reveal a mixed picture of understanding and enactment by the participants, illuminating variability and complexity, especially within the context of a standardized model for instructional delivery. Participants expressed constraints in implementing learner‐centered, equitable mathematics instruction, particularly: prescribed, scripted lesson plans; teaching roles that involved instruction of many students thus contributing to lack of familiarity; and a mix of learners who were in‐class and remote due to the COVID‐19 pandemic. The results also demonstrate that pedagogical practices were shaped by participants’ specialized content knowledge and to a more limited extent their beliefs. These data further reveal mixed endorsements of the different belief constructs. Considerations for teacher development are discussed.

The Effect of Educational Intervention Based on the Health Belief Model on Promoting Perceived Self-efficacy to Prevent HIV/AIDS Among the High School Students

Background: Promoting awareness and correcting health beliefs about preventive behaviors in adolescents and young people are the most effective ways to prevent the transmission of HIV/AIDS. This study was conducted to assess the influence of the educational intervention on the promotion of perceived self-efficacy to inhibit HIV/AIDS among high school students. Methods: This quasi-experimental investigation included 230 high school students in Asadabad and was conducted in 2021. Following the selection of students by the multi-stage cluster sampling method, they were allotted into two equal (intervention and control) groups of 115 individuals. The educational program for the intervention group included five one-hour sessions of the students’ social network (Shad), which was implemented by a participatory method based on questions and answers and group discussion, as well as practical performance. A reliable and valid questionnaire comprising three parts (personal attributes, awareness, and health belief model [HBM] constructs) was employed for data collection. The collected data were analyzed using different tests, including Fisher’s exact test, the chi-square test, ANCOVA, and independent and paired sample t tests in SPSS software, version 16. Results: Educational intervention based on HBM not only affected the promotion of awareness (P<0.05), self-efficacy, perceived susceptibility, severity, and benefits but also reduced students’ perceived barriers to preventive behaviors (P<0.05). Conclusion: Our findings revealed that the educational intervention based on HBM affected health belief constructs concerning HIV/AIDS. Thus, the results of this study can be beneficial for school health education and health educators who design disease education programs.

Sustainable crowdsourced delivery: A study of technological, health, value, and trust antecedents of consumer loyalty

Crowdsourced delivery has various advantages over conventional delivery methods, including a decrease in emissions and road congestion. These benefits grow as consumer loyalty is established due to network externalities. This study seeks to identify the factors influencing customer loyalty to crowdsourced delivery through the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology, the health belief model, the perceived value theory, and the trust theory. First, a questionnaire was administered to 500 respondents in Singapore, and the data was analyzed using structural equation modeling. The findings show that technology and health belief constructs have direct impacts on the perceived value of crowdsourced delivery, while perceived value has direct and indirect effects on consumer loyalty through trust. Overall, this study contributes to the literature theoretically and practically by developing a paradigm for understanding the growth of customer loyalty to crowdsourced delivery from the perspectives of consumers and health beliefs. It also offers operators and policymakers concrete areas for improvement in resource allocation, security, and marketing to increase overall consumer loyalty to crowdsourced delivery.

Exploring the influence of behavioural, normative and control beliefs on intentions to adhere to public health guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative interview based study

BackgroundPerceived severity and susceptibility of disease are predictors of individual behaviour during health crises. Little is known about how individual beliefs influence intentions to adhere to public health guidelines during periods of health crises, and how access to and consumption of information influence these intentions. This study investigated behavioural beliefs, normative beliefs, and control beliefs, and their influence on behavioural intentions to adhere to public health guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsParticipants were recruited from a related COVID-19 study conducted by our team, and through snowball sampling in subsequent. Using a maximum variation sampling technique, we recruited a diverse group of participants representing six major regions in Canada. Participants took part in one-on-one semi-structured interviews from February 2021 to May 2021. Data were analyzed independently in duplicate by thematic analysis. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) was the conceptual framework used to organize dominant themes.ResultsWe conducted a total of 60 individual interviews (137 eligible individuals contacted, 43.8% response rate) and identified six themes organized according to the three constructs of behavioural, normative and control beliefs as described in the TPB: (1) Behavioural: My “New Normal,” Individual Rights and Perceived Pandemic Severity, Fatigue with COVID-19, (2) Normative: COVID-19 Collective, (3) Control: Practicality of Public Health Guidelines, and (6) Conflicting Public Health Messages. Most (n = 43, 71.7%) participants perceived individuals in their geographic community to be following public health guidelines adequately. Several participants (n = 15, 25.0%) commented on the unequal impact of restrictions based on socioeconomic factors (i.e., class, race, age).ConclusionIndividual perceptions of risk, loss of control, access to resources (i.e., childcare), and societal expectations, shaped intentions to engage in disease preventative behaviours (i.e., social distancing) during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Teachers’ Pedagogical Beliefs in a Project-Based Learning School in South Africa

Pedagogical beliefs serve as important drivers for teachers’ approaches to implementing innovative learning methods. To promote change in education processes, understanding teachers’ perspectives of their teaching roles and beliefs and how they change in the shift from traditional teaching to constructivist learning in diverse learning contexts, is essential. This study provides an overview of various traditional and constructivist beliefs held by teachers in a South African K-12 institution where project-based learning has been applied at the institutional level. The results indicate that pedagogical development and supportive policy at the institutional level both have a considerable influence on teachers’ changes of beliefs; nevertheless, a sustainable change demands long-term efforts. Proposals for future pedagogical training design are suggested to help teachers move from traditional teaching beliefs to constructivist learning beliefs.

Revisiting the case of ‘blood-brothers’: A constructivist approach in North Korea-China relations

North Korea and China’s relations have, from time to time, been addressed by the international media as ‘symbolic brothers’, and often come into the academic discussion in the context of the ‘Korean War’ (1950-1953). It is captured in the larger debate, with North Korea as a by-product or satellite state of China, but the socio-political view of a created society has not been addressed much. The major development that took place during the time was the symbolic production of terminology such as ‘blood-brothers’ or as close as ‘lips and teeth relations’ which has reciprocal leverage in each-other’s politics. In this case, social constructivism asserts that knowledge undergoes construction through human activity and individuals create meaning through their interactions. The paper takes a constructivist approach as a socio-political view on the Korean War, emphasizing the role of social factors such as identity in the construction of interest and action. It argues that it was the social construction of inter-subjective belief and shared understanding that shaped North Korea-China relations.

Investigating the effect of an mHealth coaching intervention on health beliefs, adherence and blood pressure of patients with hypertension: A longitudinal single group pilot study.

Mobile health technologies have shown promise as delivery platforms for digital health coaching for chronic conditions. However, the impacts of such strategies on users' health beliefs, intentions and ultimately clinical outcomes are understudied. This study sought (1) to evaluate the effects of a digital health coaching intervention on participants' belief constructs; and (2) to assess relationships between these belief constructs and intentions to utilize the technological intervention, actual adherence metrics and clinical outcomes related to hypertension. Thirty-four participants with hypertension were recruited from a university community from January to May 2021. They self-measured weight and blood pressure (BP) for 30 days followed by digital coaching delivered via a mobile application for 30 days. Surveys assessed constructs from the Health Belief Model and Technology Acceptance Model, compared to intention, health belief, BP self-monitoring adherence and BP outcomes. A path analysis model was used to assess the relationships between constructs and intention, adherence metrics and clinical outcomes. A Kruskal-Wallis test was used to identify changes in beliefs. Participant health beliefs significantly improved after coaching, including self-efficacy (H(1) = 15.12, p < 0.001), cues to action (H(1) = 5.33, p = 0.02), attitude (H(1) = 10.35, p = 0.002), perceived usefulness (H(1) = 15.02, p < 0.001) and decreased resistance to change (H(1) = 4.05, p = 0.04). Adherence to BP measurements positively correlated with perceived health threat (β = .033, p = 0.007) and perceived ease of use (β = .0277, p < 0.001). Self-efficacy (β = -2.92, p = 0.02) and perceived usefulness (β = -3.75, p = 0.01) were linked with a decrease in diastolic BP. A mobile health coaching intervention may help participants improve beliefs regarding hypertension self-management.

Consumer Behaviour towards Social Media under COVID-19: A Multi-Study Evidence from Pakistan

The purpose of the study is to investigate the underlying mechanism between the relationship of consumers' beliefs (in terms of credibility, invasiveness, and infotainment), behavioral intentions [in terms of electronic word of mouth (e-WOM) and purchase intentions] and resilience towards negative information (RNI). We propose that these relationships are sequentially mediated by consumers' perceived social media advertising value (PSMAV) and their attitudes towards social media advertising (CATSMA). We report the results based on two studies. For study 1 (pre- COVID-19), we draw on survey evidence from 673 active users of social media (comprising of students &amp; professionals) in Pakistan. For study 2 (post COVID-19), we draw on a usable sample of 263 respondents of similar demographics. Data are analyzed using variance-based structural equation modeling. Results of study 1 reveal that the relationships of infotainment and credibility with behavioral intentions are positive and partially mediated by the sequence of PSMAV and CATSMA. However, the relationship between invasiveness and behavioral intentions is negative and fully mediated by the sequence of PSMAV and CATSMA. For study 2, for both infotainment and credibility; PSMAV and CATSMA sequentially mediate the relationship between these belief constructs and RNI. For invasiveness, this sequential mediation remains ineffective. Consumer attitudes also show a positive linkage with RNI. This paper extends the extant literature by showing how (in a social media advertising context) consumers' beliefs relate to consumers' behavioral intentions and how positive attitudes formulate a higher RNI. Furthermore, we advance the literature by drawing on evidence from an under-researched context of Pakistan that has experienced dynamic changes during the pandemic era.

Tourists' intention to visit a destination where child labor is employed: an application of the theory of planned behavior (TPB)

PurposeThis study aims to explain the effect of tourists' attitudes towards child labor, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control (PBC) on their intention to visit a destination with the model created with the help of theory of planned behavior (TPB).Design/methodology/approachThe study utilized the convenience sampling technique. Data were collected through social media platforms from individuals over the age of 18 who live in Turkey and have traveled as tourists before. For this purpose, travel and tourism-themed groups were applied. Six hypotheses based on the literature were tested in the study. Data analysis was carried out using the Smart partial least square (PLS) program on data collected from 226 people.FindingsFindings showed that the conceptual model explained tourists' intentions well. In detail, subjective norm, PBC and attitude, together with their belief constructs, all had a positive impact on visit intention.Practical implicationsDestination managers are recommended to protect children's rights in the destination. Any kind of exploitation of children and child labor can be prevented if stakeholders within the industry do not include any partners that violate children's rights. Destination managers should also guarantee the safety of children by launching codes of conduct and guidelines in coaction with local authorities and NGOs.Originality/valueMany factors that may affect tourists' intention to visit a destination have been studied in the literature so far; however, tourists' perspective on child labor in a destination was not among these factors. It is not known whether the problem of child labor in destinations will affect tourists' intention to visit that destination. In this study, destination visit intention is discussed from this aspect, and this study differs from the previous studies in this respect. Recommendations were provided for practitioners to evolve into a child-friendly destination and highlight the efforts made to prevent child labor in their marketing practices.

Identifying and dealing with student errors in the mathematics classroom: Cognitive and motivational requirements.

Mathematics classrooms are typically characterized by considerable heterogeneity with respect to students' knowledge and skills. Mathematics teachers need to be highly attentive to students' thinking, learning difficulties, and any misconceptions that they may develop. Identification of potential errors and appropriate ways to approach them is crucial for attaining positive learning outcomes. This paper explores which knowledge and affective-motivational skills teachers most require to effectively identify and approach students' errors. To address this research question within the German follow-up study of the Teacher Education and Development Study in Mathematics (TEDS-M), 131 primary school mathematics teachers' ability to identify students' errors was assessed based on (a) a digitalized speed test showing different students' solutions in a written notation and (b) three video vignettes that showed different scenes from mathematics classes. These scenes dealt, among other things, with children who struggled with the lesson's mathematical content. Teachers were asked to analyze students' thinking and to determine how best to react. In addition, teachers' mathematics pedagogical content knowledge, mathematical content knowledge, and beliefs were assessed in separate tests and served as predictors for teachers' abilities to identify, analyze, and deal with students' errors. The results indicate that all components are interrelated. However, path analysis reveals that teachers' ability to deal with students' errors is mainly predicted by their constructivist beliefs while their ability to quickly identify typical students' errors is largely dependent on their mathematics content knowledge. The results show the central filtering function of beliefs. Teachers who believe that students must shape and create their own learning processes are more successful in perceiving and analyzing student errors in classroom situations. They may understand errors as learning opportunities and - thus - pay specific attention to these occurrences.

Futile or fertile? The effect of persuasive strategies on citizen engagement in COVID-19 vaccine-related tweets across six national health departments

National health departments across the globe have utilized persuasive strategies to promote COVID-19 vaccines through Twitter. However, the effectiveness of those strategies is unclear. This study thereby examined how national health departments deployed persuasive strategies to promote citizen engagement in COVID-19 vaccine-related tweets in six countries, including the UK, the US, Germany, Japan, South Korea, and India. Guided by the heuristic-systematic model and the health belief model, we found that national health departments differed significantly in the use of systematic-heuristic cues and health belief constructs in COVID-19 vaccine-related tweets. Generally, the provision of scientific information and appeals to anecdotes and fear positively, while appeals to bandwagon negatively, predicted citizen engagement. Messages about overcoming barriers and promoting vaccine benefits and self-efficacy positively affected engagement. Emphases of COVID-19 threats and cues to vaccinate demonstrated negative impacts. Importantly, health departments across countries often used futile or detrimental strategies in tweets. A locally adapted evidence-based approach for COVID-19 vaccination persuasion was discussed.

Examining daily disposable soft contact lens wearers' attitudes and beliefs using the Health Belief Model.

To use the Health Belief Model (HBM) to understand daily disposable (DD) soft contact lens (SCL) wearers' attitudes and beliefs. A convenience sample of DD SCL wearers (18-33 years) was enrolled at two sites. Participants were queried about demographics, SCL wear and HBM constructs. Rasch analysis was used to assess the psychometric properties of the survey instrument and generate scores for each HBM subscale. ANOVA was used to determine relationships among HBM constructs, subject demographics and DD SCL-related health behaviours. One hundred people participated (mean ± SD), age=24.2 ± 3.9 years, 76% female. Thirty-seven percent reported sleeping in DD SCLs and 25% reported reusing DD SCLs. Self-report of reusing DD SCLs was associated with scores on the benefits: reuse (p=0.02) and barriers (p=0.007) subscales, and sleeping in lenses was associated with scores on the susceptibility (p=0.05), benefits: wear behaviours (p=0.006) and barriers (p=0.01) subscales. Rasch analysis showed some subscales demonstrated multidimensionality. Selected health belief constructs were associated with DD SCL-related behaviours including reusing and overnight wear. Increased understanding of SCL attitudes and beliefs could inform patient education and interventions to decrease risks associated with improper SCL wear.

When alternative hypotheses shape your beliefs: Context effects in probability judgments

When people are asked to estimate the probability of an event occurring, they sometimes make different subjective probability judgments for different descriptions of the same event. This implies the evidence or support recruited to make these judgments is based on the descriptions of the events (hypotheses) instead of the events themselves, as captured by Tversky and Koehler’s (1994) support theory. Support theory, however, assumes each hypothesis elicits a fixed level of support (support invariance). Here, across three studies, we tested this support invariance assumption by asking participants to estimate the probability that an event would occur given a set of relevant statistics. We show that the support recruited about a target hypothesis can depend on the other hypotheses under consideration. Results reveal that for a pair of competing hypotheses, one hypothesis (the target hypothesis) appears more competitive relative to the other when a dud–a hypothesis dominated by the target hypothesis–is present. We also find that the target hypothesis can appear less competitive relative to the other when a resembler–a hypothesis that is similar to the target hypothesis–is present. These context effects invalidate the support invariance assumption in support theory and suggest that a similar process that drives preference construction may also underlie belief construction.

Beliefs About Aggression as Mediators of Relations Between Community Violence Exposure and Aggressive Behavior Among Adolescents: Review and Recommendations.

Adolescents who are exposed to community violence are at risk for a number of adverse consequences that can persist into adulthood. Community violence exposure has consistently been associated with subsequent aggressive behavior, and beliefs or norms about aggression are one potential mechanism underlying this relation. The goal of this review was to examine and synthesize the literature regarding beliefs about aggression as a mediator of relations between community violence exposure and aggressive behavior among adolescents. A systematic search of the literature identified 10 studies that met inclusion criteria. Findings across studies generally supported the notion that beliefs about aggression mediate relations between community violence exposure and aggressive behavior. However, studies varied considerably in their design and analytic approach which limited conclusions that can be drawn. Because studies were similar in their limitations, several themes were identified and described qualitatively: inappropriate design to examine mediation (i.e., failure to establish temporal precedence of variables); examining a unidimensional construct of general beliefs about aggression; and lack of examining potential differences across subgroups, particularly across sex. Recommendations for future research that will bolster the evidence include drawing on advances in data analytic techniques, investigating multiple aspects of beliefs about aggression, examining differences in mediated effects across subgroups, and investigating beliefs as mechanisms of change in intervention studies. Implications for violence prevention efforts are discussed.

Predictors of colorectal cancer screening intention based on the integrated theory of planned behavior among the average-risk individuals

BackgroundThis study aimed to determine the predictors of colorectal cancer screening intention based on the integrated theory of planned behavior among average -risk individuals in Urmia. Identifying these predictors will help design and implement various interventions, including educational interventions, according to the needs of this group, thereby taking a step towards improving the colorectal cancer screening index.MethodsThe present cross-sectional study was performed on 410 individuals at average risk of colorectal cancer referring to the comprehensive health services centers of Urmia in Iran. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of two parts. The first part captured the demographic information and medical history of the participants. The second part involved questions designed based on constructs of motivational phase of health action process approach, and theory of planned behavior, as well as behavioral intent to perform colorectal cancer screening. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software.ResultsOutcome expectancies, risk perception, action self-efficacy, and normative beliefs, respectively had the largest impact and were significant and positive predictors of colorectal cancer screening intention. The study’s conceptual framework explained about 36% of the variance of behavioral intention among the average-risk individuals in Urmia.ConclusionsConstructs of motivational phase of health action process approach, and theory of planned behavior are valuable and appropriate to identify the factors affecting the intention to undergo colorectal cancer screening as well as to design and implement educational interventions in this field. The four constructs of outcome expectancies, risk perception, action self-efficacy, and normative beliefs are suggested to be integrated into all educational interventions designed and implemented to improve the colorectal cancer screening index.