Sentence Construction Research Articles

Establishing the Connection between Valency and Passive Voice in the English Simple Sentence Constructions

A sentence is generally construed as a unit which is made up of one or more clauses. Hence, the English simple sentence, made up of a subject and a predicate, contains just a clause which makes a complete thought and expresses a single proposition. Against this backdrop, this study examines the connection between valency and passive voice in the English simple sentence constructions. It further analyses samples of the English simple sentences both from the literature and introspection. As emanations from the English simple sentences, the English passive voice may be devoid of the ‘by-agentive’ phrase. The point just made does not rule out the presence of a predicate in such expressions. Noticeably, both the active and passive voice are connected to the English simple sentences. Employing the approach of Corpus Linguistics to sentence analyses, samples of the English simple sentences gathered from introspection and related literature are considered for analysis. The study re-affirms that there is a connection between valency and passive voice in the English simple sentence constructions. The study further discovers that the presence of referring expressions in both the active and passive voice sentence constructions indicates the number of valency in such constructions. The paper concludes by recommending that valency and passive voice in English grammar be painstakingly taught to both native and non-native learners of English since the former can be used to explain the latter and vice-versa.

Studi Inflectional Affixes pada Teks Naratif: Implikasinya untuk Pengajaran Bahasa Inggris

This study aims to examine the use of the inflectional affixes -es and -ed in the narrative text "The Enchanted Fish" and their implications for English language teaching. Employing a descriptive qualitative research method through content analysis, the study identifies the patterns of -es and -ed suffixes attached to verbs in the narrative text. The analysis reveals that the -es suffix represents verbs in the third-person singular form in the present tense, while the -ed suffix represents verbs in the past tense within the narrative. The findings suggest that the use of various tenses in narrative texts enhances storytelling depth and richness, aiding students in understanding contrasts between ongoing events, habitual actions or permanent states, and past occurrences. In this context, the analysis of -es and -ed inflectional affixes on verbs in narrative texts can serve as a resource for teaching students about word formation, which can then be expanded into sentence construction. Furthermore, mastering this grammatical aspect can simultaneously support students' competence in reading and writing narrative texts

STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS ON SMALL GROUP DISCUSSION AND WRITING SKILL IN ENGLISH CLASS

This study explores university students' views on using small group discussions to enhance writing skills. Writing is often considered a challenging skill because it requires the ability to organize ideas, construct sentences, and develop coherent paragraphs. Therefore, effective teaching methods are essential to help students improve their writing abilities. The study investigates the role of small group discussions in the writing learning process. Using a survey method, the researchers distributed questionnaires, and the data were analyzed using percentages for each statement. The findings show that students were motivated to learn English writing through small group discussions and that these discussions helped them better understand the writing process. This study contributes to the understanding of how small group discussions can support writing instruction, as previous research has mainly focused on their use in teaching speaking and reading skills.

Three aspects of working on a sentence (from experience of teaching Russian as a non-native language)

The article examines the content of the work on the sentence in the process of teaching Russian as a non-native language. Despite the availability of methodological works on the study of syntax in the Russian language school course, we believe that insufficient attention is paid to the sentence as a syntactic unit. We propose to consider a sentence as a complex, multidimensional linguistic and speech unit. In our opinion, the central link in the process of learning a sentence in Russian lessons is mastering the mechanism of a sentence construction. At the same time, we note that this work should begin as early as at the stage of studying morphology to be later consolidated in syntax lessons. As the core ones in educational practices, we propose to highlight three aspects of working on the sentence, in particular, when working on language acquisition: 1) syntactic connections of words, 2) word order, 3) intonation. In our opinion, not all these aspects are implemented in practice. Each of the three aspects has its own specifics; at the same time, they are organically interconnected. This relationship contributed to the emergence of the idea of multidimensional (complex) teaching of the Russian language based on a syntax. In this methodology, the sentence is considered to be a component of a coherent text, which implies the use of the text as the main didactic material when teaching Russian as a non-native language.

Exploring native language interference of Chinese learners in acquisition of English as a second language on cases in composition of college level students

Under the dominating phenomenon of mandatory English learning among most of Chinese university, students are commonly criticized unnatural Chinglish in their compositions. Thus, it has been a widely studied topics to discover the nature of first language influence on foreign or second language learning. This study investigates the impact of native language interference on the English writing proficiency of Chinese college students. By examining a large body of student papers collected at a corpus created and maintained by Beijing Foreign Studies University, the study aims to identify common grammatical errors and non-standard language that arise when Chinese students switch to English. Another element of the study that tries to identify and illustrate Chinese students' mental processes while they write in English is the semi-structured interview. Observation and analysis reveal that interference from the original tongue often manifests as errors in sentence construction, misuse of articles and agreements, and excessive use of personal pronouns as subjects. This leads to descriptive inappropriate language usage and prescriptive grammar errors in composition. The study emphasizes the necessity for focused pedagogical approaches to deal with these issues, with the ultimate goal of improving English as Second Language (ESL) instruction techniques and raising Chinese learners' confidence and language competency.

Advancing Generative Intelligent Tutoring Systems with GPT-4: Design, Evaluation, and a Modular Framework for Future Learning Platforms

Generative Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs), powered by advanced language models like GPT-4, represent a transformative approach to personalized education through real-time adaptability, dynamic content generation, and interactive learning. This study presents a modular framework for designing and evaluating such systems, leveraging GPT-4’s capabilities to enable Socratic-style interactions and personalized feedback. A pilot implementation, the Socratic Playground for Learning (SPL), was tested with 30 undergraduate students, focusing on foundational English skills. The results showed significant improvements in vocabulary, grammar, and sentence construction, alongside high levels of engagement, adaptivity, and satisfaction. The framework employs lightweight JSON structures to ensure scalability and versatility across diverse educational contexts. Despite its promise, challenges such as computational demands and content validation highlight the main areas for future refinement. This research establishes a foundational approach for advancing Generative ITSs, offering key insights into personalized learning and the broader potential of Generative AI in education.

Identifying Key Linguistic Variables of Second Language Speaking Proficiency Using Principal Component Analysis

This study conducted principal component analysis (PCA) to identify key linguistic factors distinguishing the speaking proficiency levels of Korean learners grouped by CEFR classifications. The PCA primarily focused on fluency, lexis, and complexity, with particular emphasis on syntactic complexity. The analysis revealed that PC1 explained the largest variance (31.6%) in proficiency levels, with syntactic complexity—measured as complex nominals per T-unit (CNT)—emerging as the most significant differentiating factor. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed statistically significant differences in CNT across proficiency levels, underscoring its critical role in evaluating grammatical ability. Fluency variables, such as articulation rate, and lexis variables, including lexical diversity, although statistically non-significant, provided valuable insights into learners’ broader proficiency development. The results also indicated that higher proficiency levels were associated with greater use of syntactically complex structures, highlighting the importance of grammatical sophistication in second-language speech. Additionally, learners at lower proficiency levels relied more on simple sentence constructions, which suggests a gradual progression in syntactic complexity as proficiency increases. These findings emphasize the pivotal role of syntactic complexity in assessing speaking proficiency and suggest that incorporating such measures into language evaluation frameworks could provide a more comprehensive and nuanced reflection of learners’ linguistic development. This, in turn, could facilitate the design of targeted instructional strategies and assessments that align more closely with learners’ developmental trajectories, addressing specific gaps in their linguistic skills.

Negation of Copular Sentences in Kannada and Telugu

Typology of negation has been much described and discussed over the years. However, focus has mainly been on standard negation. Studies on non-verbal negation in general and comparative studies using the same language family covering the complete domain of non-verbal negation in particular are less common. The strategies to express non-verbal negation vary among languages. In some languages the negation strategy employed in standard negation is also used in non-verbal negation. This study examines and describes negation strategies in Kannada and Telugu languages, both though being the part of the same Dravidian family exhibit differences in the sentence construction. The results suggest that Kannada uses one word to negate the copular sentences whereas Telugu uses two words, one showing an accord and another showing no accord.

The word–sentence–construction task versus the verbal fluency task: Capturing features of scientific creativity via semantic networks.

The word–sentence–construction task versus the verbal fluency task: Capturing features of scientific creativity via semantic networks.

LipBengal: Pioneering Bengali lip-reading dataset for pronunciation mapping through lip gestures.

The LipBengal dataset represents a significant advancement in Bengali lip-reading and visual speech recognition research, poised to drive future applications and technological progress. Despite Bengali's global status as the seventh most spoken language with approximately 265 million speakers, linguistically rich and widely spoken languages like Bengali have been largely overlooked by the research community. LipBengal fills this gap by offering a pioneering dataset tailored for Bengali lip-reading, comprising visual data from 150 speakers across 54 classes, encompassing Bengali phonemes, alphabets, and symbols. Captured under diverse and uncontrolled conditions, LipBengal stands as the most extensive Bengali lip-reading dataset to date, designed to facilitate robust benchmarking and validation of novel deep learning architectures. Detailed annotations extend from phoneme- level classifications to full sentence constructions, providing a granular and comprehensive dataset. The primary potential of LipBengal lies in its thorough coverage of Bengali phonemes, capturing diverse lip movements linked to distinct sounds. This rich dataset holds promise for training accurate lip-reading models, with implications for improved accessibility, enhanced speech recognition, silent speech interfaces, and linguistic research. The dataset's diversity in speaker backgrounds enhances its utility, ensuring broader representation of Bengali pronunciation patterns. Meticulous annotation and curation further bolster its quality and reliability, making LipBengal a valuable asset for researchers and developers in the field.

A comprehensive construction of deep neural network‐based encoder–decoder framework for automatic image captioning systems

AbstractThis study introduces a novel encoder–decoder framework based on deep neural networks and provides a thorough investigation into the field of automatic picture captioning systems. The suggested model uses a “long short‐term memory” decoder for word prediction and sentence construction, and a “convolutional neural network” as an encoder that is skilled at object recognition and spatial information retention. The long short‐term memory network functions as a sequence processor, generating a fixed‐length output vector for final predictions, while the VGG‐19 model is utilized as an image feature extractor. For both training and testing, the study uses a variety of photos from open‐access datasets, such as Flickr8k, Flickr30k, and MS COCO. The Python platform is used for implementation, with Keras and TensorFlow as backends. The experimental findings, which were assessed using the “bilingual evaluation understudy” metric, demonstrate the effectiveness of the suggested methodology in automatically captioning images. By addressing spatial relationships in images and producing logical, contextually relevant captions, the paper advances image captioning technology. Insightful ideas for future study directions are generated by the discussion of the difficulties faced during the experimentation phase. By establishing a strong neural network architecture for automatic picture captioning, this study creates opportunities for future advancement and improvement in the area.

Analisis Motivasi Kerja, Lingkungan Kerja, dan Produktivitas Kerja Pegawai Pada Pusat Pengelolaan Pendapatan Daerah Wilayah Karawang

This research aims to find out and understand the results of the analysis of work motivation, work environment and employee work productivity at the Regional Revenue Management Center for the Karawang Region. The location of this research is the Regional Revenue Management Center for the Karawang Region. This research method uses a qualitative descriptive approach, expressed through word selection, sentence construction, detailed narrative and visual representation. Data collection techniques using interviews, observation and documentation. The results of research on work motivation provided at the Regional Revenue Management Center for the Karawang Region are quite good. The working environment at the Regional Revenue Management Center in the Karawang Region is still less comfortable for working employees, because several facilities were found to be not very functional. The work productivity of employees at the Regional Revenue Management Center for the Karawang Region can be seen from work efficiency, always trying to provide fast and precise services to the community, but increasing work productivity has not been achieved or is not yet optimal. In this way, of course, to increase employee work productivity at the Karawang Region Regional Revenue Management Center, it is necessary to pay attention to work motivation, especially the work environment so that it can leave a deep impression on employees, which will produce better results for employees.

Syntactic Analysis of Nominal Clauses Based on Chomsky’s Generative Grammar and Implications for Language Teaching

Nominal clause is a clause with nominal feature and syntactic analysis is the study of laws of sentence constructions. And Chomsky’s Generative Grammar is a very useful method to analyse a sentence in an explanatory way. This paper aims to focus on how to understand a nominal clause under Generative Grammar (GG) for the explanatory adequacy. In doing so, it will give a brief explanation to the generative mechanisms of simple sentence under GG, then move on to the similar mechanisms of complex sentence, here, it will focus on nominal clauses. On the syntactic analysis of nominal clauses, there are two steps: first recognizing its position in the whole sentence, then picking a proper connective for the nominal clause. Notice this paper will analyse a complex noun sentence for two sentences, one is the whole sentence, and another is the small clause, namely, the nominal clause within the whole sentence. Thus, it can conclude a way to analyse nominal clauses syntactically, and understand their inner constructions. Furthermore, it can explain why a nominal clause form like this and have a better understanding of complex sentences. More importantly, such method can play its role in linguistics and foreign language teaching, which would help language teachers build up a better understanding of the nature of language and the process of language learning.

The Parataxis and Hypotaxis in Recount Text Writing of Second-Grade Students at SMA Negeri 17 Medan

This research aims to discover the parataxis and hypotaxis in recount text writing of second-grade students at SMA Negeri 17 Medan. This research uses qualitative research with an interactive model. In collecting data, this research employs observation and document analysis. Then, an interactive model for analyzing data has three steps: data condensation, data display, and conclusion/drawing verification. The research results show that the data findings on 15 students' recount text writings were found to use Parataxis can be seen by the appearance of 16 clauses, namely: 11 clauses “and”, 2 clauses “then”, 2 clauses “while”, 1 clause “but”, and 1 clause “before”. Hypotaxis found 21 clauses, namely: 12 clauses “after”, 3 clauses “because”, 5 clauses “when”, and 1 clause “which”. The study is essential for understanding how students construct sentences and organize their thoughts in recounting text. Parataxis involves the juxtaposition of clauses or sentences without subordinating them, while hypotaxis uses subordination to show the relationship between clauses.

Assessing indoor and outdoor noise quality and associated health impacts at selected schools in Surat, India

An optimal ambient environment is crucial for healthy development, yet the excess of vehicles and inadequately planned educational infrastructures compromise cognitive growth in children. This study evaluates the impact of ambient noise on student cognition in five schools situated along city arterial and sub-arterial roads. A total of 717 students from grades 7, 8, 9, and 11 participated. Noise levels were measured in prevailing noisy conditions (PC) and controlled silence conditions (SC) within classrooms using the Kimo dB300 sound level meter. The observed differences in noise levels between PC and SC varied across grades, showing reductions of 4.7 ± 3.5 dB, 6.1 ± 0.7 dB, 6.7 ± 1.3 dB, and 4.4 ± 3.46 dB for grades 7, 8, 9, and 11, respectively. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences in the average noise levels under both conditions. Furthermore, cognitive task performance in PC and SC was significantly different, as evidenced by paired t-tests in tasks such as multiplication, word formation, reasoning, and sentence construction. Dimension reduction techniques identified room acoustics, task difficulty, speech intelligibility, mental deficiency, and annoyance as critical factors affecting learning abilities. Teachers reported that major impacts of noise include annoyance, sleeplessness, headache, and hearing impairment.

Grammatical Alliance in Malay Language: A Study of Linguistic Typology

This article is entitled Aliansi Gramatikal Na Lingua Melayu: Study of Linguistic Typology. This study of the Malay language's grammatical alliance aims to understand (1) the basic construction of clauses, (2) the construction of complex sentences, (3) the pivotal system, and (4) ultimately the definition of the grammar alliance system. This study uses the theory of language typology as the main theory proposed by Comrie. (1988). These research data are clauses and sentences. Qualitative descriptive. This approach aims to understand the existence of the overlap of different external and internal symptoms of the subject being the subject of the study. Data from the coordinative construction and subordinative construction of the Malay language typologically leads to the finding that in syntax, the Malay languages treat S equally with A, and give different treatment to P (S`=`A`≠ P). The Malay language is a group of languages that works with the S/A pivot system. A system of grammatical alliances such as this suggests that Malay is syntaxically a language of nominative-akusative type. Observing the behavior of S on the intransitive clause with the behaviour of A and P on the transitive clauses of Malay language which indicates that S is equal to A and equally equal with P, then morphologically Malay language has a tendency as a nominative-akusative language.

Intelligent Generating Controller a Desflurane Concentration Value Which Helps to Decrease Blood Pressure.

The aim of the article is to determine the appropriate concentration of desflurane to effectively counteract the increase in blood pressure resulting from surgical stress. In medical practice, this increase is often limited by using additional doses of opioid drugs. Additional medications or higher doses of those already used may adversely affect your health. During anesthesia, physician must note the use of drugs and remember them, especially those that he has recently administered, which affect his concentration. For this purpose, the authors decided to propose support for the selection of desflurane concentration so that frequent use of opioid drugs is not necessary. The authors used a system based on AI issues to accomplish this task. The learned system supports the anesthesiologist's work by imitating him. The proposed method for selecting the desflurane concentration is based on a fuzzy controller. This system includes a learning mechanism that allows for minimizing the operating error. The main advantage of this system is the ability to build a function allowing the selection of anesthesia parameters without knowledge of the mathematical description of the process. To accomplish this task, you need an expert who will provide information in the construction of logical if-then sentences (points in space). The fuzzy controller connects the points in the consideration space appropriately, generating a hypersurface. The algorithm test was performed only by computer without the participation of patients. The operation of the proposed algorithm was verified by computer simulation. The authors of the article analyzed the compliance of the obtained results with the table provided by the expert. The desflurane concentration values obtained by computer simulation are similar to those given in the table Minimal driver error does not affect the patient's clinical response. This error results from the functions used in the fuzzy system and its settings. The results of the performance test of the proposed algorithm are presented in a time course, and it has the shape of a step function. The work proposes a function that allows you to enter the time needed for the body's reaction to reach the desired Etdes level. In this study, a controller was created to support the selection of the concentration of desflurane allowing for a reduction in blood pressure (resulting from surgical stress). The results obtained by computer simulation provide valuable insights for optimizing anesthesia. This system can also be used as an important simulation program for teaching purposes.

Project-Based Learning: Principles, Characteristics, and Application in Teaching Grammar Rules

This study aims to address the challenges of teaching grammar, which often relies on theoretical material with limited practical application, individual teaching methods, and a teacher-cantered approach. It proposes the use of project-based learning (PjBL) as a model to engage students actively and improve their understanding of grammar. The research, conducted at Nurul Ulum Islamic Religious School for Girls in Kebonsari, Malang, East Java, explores the implementation of the PjBL model in grammar instruction and the nature of the projects used in this context. The model comprises three main stages: pre-action (goal setting, tool selection, and time planning), action (assignment, planning, and evaluation), and post-action. During the action phase, students work collaboratively to construct sentences based on Qur'anic verses, with a specific focus on understanding grammatical rules such as the nominative case for nouns. The findings suggest that this approach fosters students’ initiative, independence, and cooperation while promoting responsibility in problem-solving tasks. This model enhances students' active participation and engagement, making grammar instruction more dynamic and contextually relevant.

FORMATION OF CONCEPTUAL AND TERMINOLOGICAL APPARATUS AS A COMPONENT OF PROFESSIONALLY ORIENTED FUTURE PHARMACIST TRAINING

The article analyzes the process of forming the conceptual and terminological apparatus as a component of professionally oriented training of future pharmacists; based on generalization of theoretical foundations, the features, strategies, and methods, the formation of the conceptual and terminological apparatus that contribute to the efficient training of future pharmacists in the process of studying the discipline «Analytical Chemistry» are revealed. The following criteria for the selection of chemical terms and concepts are proposed: thematic affiliation (exclusion of terms from related fields), focus on the vocabulary, systematicity, completeness of terminology coverage, as well as synchronicity (time factor), usage (frequency), semantic value of the term, term-forming capacity, normativity, and connectivity. The article considers the holistic organization of work on the qualitative mastering of the terminological vocabulary of analytical chemistry, and the development of professionally oriented communicative competence of future specialists majoring in the specialty 226 «Pharmacy, Industrial Pharmacy». It involves the use of proven methods and techniques for the rational selection, semantization and presentation of terminological language units. The exercises are divided into types, and their sequence in working with terms is established: introduction of terminological vocabulary (preparatory exercises) – language exercises – communicative and linguistic exercises, which involve the simultaneous selection and functioning of pre-text, while-text, and post-text exercises in such work. Post-textual tasks and forms of application of exercises have been developed. They are the following: work in pairs, organizing a cluster based on reference material, sentence construction, terminological dictation, and crossword puzzles. microtext construction, formulating definitions of terms, working with mental maps, using multimedia, trainings, video presentations, and the game «Guess the term!». It has been concluded that the usage of various communicative and speech exercises aimed at mastering terminological vocabulary in the process of teaching analytical chemistry contributes to professional communication skills improvement in the discipline and, by forming terminological experience, increases the level of professional language competence of future pharmacy specialists.

Enhancing Middle-School Students’ Textual Expression: The Complementary Role of Speech-to-Text Technology

Literature on the impact of speech-to-text (STT) technology on text production is limited, with a predominant focus on students with learning disabilities. The widespread availability of STT suggests its potential integration into regular teaching practices; however, this remains understudied. The present study explored two conditions of narrative text production—STT and keyboarding—using a counterbalanced within-group design to measure text productivity, vocabulary, and sentence construction. Eighty-one middle-school students (Grades 4 and 5), typically from regular classrooms, participated in the study. The results revealed that students produced longer texts and in less time with STT than with keyboarding, and they used more diverse vocabulary. Sentence structures revealed an increase in punctuation and sentence length with STT. The text-based measurements were positively correlated; for instance, if students produced longer texts using the keyboard, they did so similarly with STT. In conclusion, young students can benefit from STT as a complement to traditional transcription, developing their narrative textual expression and reflective skills in knowledge acquisition. The implications of these results are discussed.