Construction Practices Research Articles

Exploration and Practice of Three-Dimensional Textbook Construction for Higher Vocational Maritime English under the Digital Background

Exploration and Practice of Three-Dimensional Textbook Construction for Higher Vocational Maritime English under the Digital Background

Construction nanobiotechnology approach for performance enhancement of microbially induced biomineralization (MIB) using a biopolymer encapsulated spore-based system.

The integration of green construction practices within the built environment has been significantly advanced by biotechnological innovations, among which microbially induced biomineralization (MIB), predominantly facilitated by various strains of spore-forming bacilli, emerges as a pivotal mechanism for the self-healing of concrete. However, the practical deployment of this technology faces challenges, notably the compromised viability of bacterial spores due to germination triggered by severe shear stress during concrete mixing. To address this limitation, a water-insoluble polymer (extracellular polymeric substance) produced by Cellulomonas flavigena was utilized to encapsulate and protect the spores. The encapsulation process was rigorously verified through physicochemical methodologies, including X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, which revealed alterations in the interlayer spacings of the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) structure during the encapsulation process, indicating successful EPS coating of the spores. Furthermore, a proof of concept for the enhanced biomineralization capacity of EPS-coated spores was demonstrated. Standard analytical techniques confirmed the precipitation of calcite and vaterite among other minerals, underscoring the effectiveness of this novel approach. This breakthrough paves the way for the development of innovative, sustainable bioconcrete applications, aligning with broader environmental objectives and advancing the field of green construction technology.IMPORTANCEDevelopment of bioconcrete with self-healing capability through MIB constitutes an important sustainable construction biotechnology approach for restoration and repair of built environment. Like every promising technology, MIB also suffers from certain shortcomings in terms of compromised viability of the microbial cells after premature germination of the spores on exposure to shear stress caused during concrete mixing. In this study, these challenges were adequately addressed by successfully providing a protective coating of indigenously extracted EPS to the bacterial spores and elucidating the interactive mechanisms between them. The results showed stable encapsulation of the spores while providing mechanistic insights of the encapsulation phenomenon. The data also showed enhanced rate of biomineralization by encapsulated microbes when subjected to stress conditions.

Mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete incorporating supplementary cementitious materials as binding agents

This research investigates the environmental impact of cement production by exploring eco-friendly geopolymer binders as alternatives. Geopolymer concrete, developed using silica and alumina-rich precursors such as pozzolanic materials, achieves high compressive strength, up to 43.6 N/mm2 with a 16 M concentration and integrated steel fibers. Utilizing manual mixing and industrial by-products, the study pioneers cast-in-situ geopolymers with innovative curing techniques. The paper presents experimental results on the engineering properties of geopolymer concretes of 40 MPa, cured at 100 °C and 60 °C. The study systematically varies binder content, examining proportions of fly ash, GGBS, metakaolin, and silica fume, along with different mix ratios and molar concentrations. Key findings include increased compressive strength with higher NaOH concentration, peaking at 35.2 N/mm2 and 34.22 N/mm2 for 14 M mixes at 7 and 28 days, and 40.29 N/mm2 for 16 M mixes at 7 days. Optimal results were observed at higher curing temperatures, especially with 14 M and 16 M compositions at 100 °C. The study recommends mechanized mixing for efficiency and calls for further investigation into the microstructure and chemistry of geopolymers to advance sustainable construction practices. This research represents a significant step towards eco-conscious building materials, reducing the environmental impact of the construction industry.

Determination of Fracture Mechanic Parameters of Concretes Based on Cement Matrix Enhanced by Fly Ash and Nano-Silica.

This study presents test results and deep discussion regarding measurements of the fracture toughness of new concrete composites based on ternary blended cements (TCs). A composition of the most commonly used mineral additive (i.e., fly ash (FA)) in combination with nano-silica (NS) has been proposed as a partial replacement of the ordinary Portland cement (OPC) binder. The novelty of this article is related to the fact that ordinary concretes with FA + NS additives are most often used in construction practice, and there is a decided lack of fracture toughness test results concerning these materials. Therefore, in order to fill this gap in the literature, an extensive evaluation of the fracture mechanic parameters of TC was carried out. Four series of concretes were created, one of which was the reference concrete (REF), and the remaining three were TCs. The effect of a constant content of 5% NS and various FA contents, such as 0, 15%, and 25% wt., as a partial replacement of cement was studied. The parameters of the linear and nonlinear fracture mechanics were analyzed in this study (i.e., the critical stress intensity factor (KIcS), critical crack tip opening displacement (CTODc), and critical unit work of failure (JIc)). In addition, the main mechanical parameters (i.e., the compressive strength (fcm) and splitting tensile strength (fctm)) were evaluated. Based on the studies, it was found that the addition of 5% NS without FA increased the strength and fracture parameters of the concrete by approximately 20%. On the other hand, supplementing the composition of the binder with 5% NS in combination with the 15% FA additive caused an increase in all mechanical parameters by approximately another 20%. However, an increase in the FA content in the concrete mix of another 10% caused a smaller increase in all analyzed factors (i.e., by approximately 10%) compared with a composite with the addition of the NS modifier only. In addition, from an ecological point of view, by utilizing fine waste FA particles combined with extremely fine particles of NS to produce ordinary concretes, the demand for OPC can be reduced, thereby lowering CO2 emissions. Hence, the findings of this research hold practical importance for the future application of such materials in the development of green concretes.

Optimization and Evaluation of Alkali Activated Fly Ash for Lightweight Aggregate Production

This study investigates the utilization of solid waste, specifically fly ash, and other materials to produce aggregates through geopolymerisation. The research aims to explore the properties of fly ash aggregates and assess their viability in concrete production. The objectives of the study encompass the preparation of aggregates using different proportions of fly ash and alkali activator such as sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate, alongside the casting of concrete cubes utilizing the artificial aggregate. The methodology employed involves the preparation of alkali activator, mix proportioning, and the subsequent processes of mixing, casting, crushing, and curing. Various ratios of fly ash to activator (2.5:1, 3:1, and 3.5:1) were investigated, with corresponding results obtained for properties such as abrasion value, impact value, bulk specific gravity, and water absorption. The findings reveal that the properties of the fly ash aggregates vary with different ratios, with notable differences observed in abrasion value, impact value, bulk specific gravity, and water absorption. For 2.5:1 abrasion value is 26.02%, impact value is 19.32%, bulk specific gravity 1.821 and water absorption 9.61%.For 3:1 abrasion value is 37.14%, impact value is 25.15%, bulk specific gravity 1.78 and water absorption 10.58%.For 3.5:1 abrasion value is 46.5%, imapct value is 32.87%, bulk specific gravity 1.648 and water absorption 12.83%. Casting cude using ratio 2.5:1, 28 day strength is 20.46 N/mm2.. This research project offers an eco-friendly solution for utilizing fly ash in the production of high-performance aggregates, contributing to sustainable construction practices. The implications of the findings include reduced environmental impact, enhanced resource efficiency, and the potential for resilient and environmentally conscious built environments. Further research and development in this area could lead to broader adoption of geopolymerized fly ash aggregates in the construction industry, paving the way for a more sustainable and Greener future.

Mitigating digital transformation risks for circular construction in emerging economies: an empirical investigation in Vietnam

Although emerging economies are increasingly adopting digital solutions, integrating these technologies with circular construction practices remains relatively unexplored, which could impede the sector’s transformation. This study addresses this gap by investigating the complex risk landscape, identifying 23 critical concerns through a quantitative approach. Utilizing data collected from 248 construction professionals in Vietnam, this study scrutinized and assessed these risks using reliability testing, Kruskal-Wallis test, exploratory factor analysis, relative importance index, and risk mapping techniques. The results revealed the differences in how clients, contractors, and consultants perceived digital transformation risks for circular construction. In addition, the findings indicated the most significant risks, including negative returns on investments, income loss, competition, legal uncertainties, cyberattacks, and high digitization costs. Furthermore, a comparative analysis showed that countries with similar socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds may exhibit markedly different risk profiles. Theoretically, this work bridges circularity and digitalization, offering theoretical insights into risk dynamics in emerging economies. Moreover, the practical implications are substantial, providing valuable strategies for decision-makers and stakeholders in Vietnam and beyond, paving the way for a more resilient and sustainable future for the construction industry.

Harnessing Natural Pozzolan for Sustainable Heating and Cooling: Thermal Performance and Building Efficiency in Moroccan Climates

The need to construct environmentally friendly buildings to meet current environmental and ecological standards is urgent. This study introduces a new multi-layer construction material with two outer layers of ordinary mortar and an inner layer of a pozzolane-limes composite to meet this need. The thermal efficiency of this material in building construction is investigated using TRNSYS18 simulations for two distinct climatic zones in Morocco, with a particular focus on its impact on heating dynamics. The primary objective is to evaluate the thermal performance of multi-layered pozzolanic materials, for which mortar samples are meticulously prepared as a reference in the two different climatic zones (Azilal and Errachidia). Using the asymmetric hot plate method under both stable and transient conditions, the authors conduct thermal characterization experiments. The results underscore the improvement in thermal performance made possible by the incorporation of pozzolan as an aggregate in the multi-layer material compared to ordinary mortar. Specifically, thermal conductivity improves significantly, from 0.735 W m−1 K−1 for ordinary mortar to 0.4 W m−1 K−1 for multi-layered pozzolanic materials, representing a 46% mass gain. Additionally, effusivity decreases from 730 to 604 J m−2 K−1 s−1/2, while diffusivity decreases from 3.78 to 2.23 × 10−7 m2 s−1, further attesting to the material’s thermal efficacy. TRNSYS18 simulations corroborate the viability of using multi-layered materials as building envelopes, revealing potential annual heating gains of 25% in Azilal and 5% in Errachidia. These findings underscore the promising prospects of integrating these materials into sustainable construction practices.

Assessment of Air Pollution Levels from a Building Construction Site on Lagos Island

The introduction highlights the challenges of air pollution from construction activities on a site in Lagos Island, Nigeria, emphasizing the need for comprehensive studies to assess air pollution levels and evaluate its implications for public health and environmental quality. The methodology outlines the monthly data collection process, using the Earth Sense Zephyr (equipped with electrochemical detectors for gases) to measure CO, NO, NO₂, O₃, and Optical light scattering for particles) to measure PM₂.₅, and PM₁₀, and the ARA n-FRM Sampler for additional data collection on PM₂.₅, and PM₁₀. The study found that CO, NO, and NO₂ levels were influenced by construction activities, vehicle emissions and industrial sources, with notable peaks in CO and NO concentrations during specific months. Ozone levels remained consistently low, likely due to the "titration effect," while particulate matter (PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀) showed significant seasonal variation, peaking during the dry season due to construction dust and dry weather conditions. The findings underscore the need for stringent regulatory measures and effective dust control practices, particularly during periods of increased construction activity and dry weather, to mitigate air pollution and protect public health. In conclusion, the study provides valuable insights into the dynamics of air pollution from a typical construction site in Lagos Island, emphasizing the urgency of sustainable interventions to safeguard public health and environmental integrity. The study proposes enhanced monitoring and surveillance, stringent regulatory measures, promotion of sustainable construction practices, and public awareness and education, to address the challenges associated with construction-related air pollution on Lagos Island.

Advancing the Sustainability of Geopolymer Technology through the Development of Rice Husk Ash Based Solid Activators

Rice husk ash (RHA), an agricultural waste byproduct, has already been tested as a component in geopolymeric binders, typically as part of the precursor solid mix, alongside materials like fly ash (FA), slag, and cement. This study presents a novel approach where RHA is employed to create a solid activator, aimed at entirely replacing commercial sodium silicates. The synthesis process involves mixing RHA, NaOH (NH), and water by applying a SiO2/Na2O molar ratio equal to 1, followed by mild thermal treatment at 150 °C for 1 h, resulting in the production of a solid powder characterized by high Na2SiO3 content (60–76%). Additionally, microwave treatment (SiO2/Na2O = 1, 460 W for 5 min) increases the environmental and economical sustainability of alkali silicates production from RHA since this processing is 12 times faster than conventional thermal treatment reducing at the same time the final product’s embodied energy. The efficacy of this new material as a sole solid activator for the geopolymerization of Greek FA is investigated through various techniques (XRD, FTIR, SEM). One-part geopolymers prepared with RHA-based solid activators demonstrated mechanical performance comparable to those prepared with commercial products (~62 MPa at 7 days). This research contributes to the advancement of sustainable construction practices emphasizing the importance of local materials and reduced environmental impact in achieving long-term sustainability goals.

Comparing Between the Awareness and Adoption of Sustainable Construction Practices in Kenya

Comparing Between the Awareness and Adoption of Sustainable Construction Practices in Kenya

Impact of groove-and-tongue parameters on the bonding behavior between 3d-printed UHP-SHCC and cast normal concrete

The utilization of 3D-printed formworks represents a significant advancement in traditional construction practices, offering the potential to enhance structural capacity and effectively address reinforcement challenges in 3D concrete printing. Ensuring strong bonding between formwork and cast concrete is critical for structural integrity. In this study, 11 composite specimens with varying groove-and-tongue parameters including the layer number, spacing, length, and thickness of tongues undergo splitting tests. Results reveal that increasing the tongue’s layer number enhances the interfacial splitting tensile strength, whereas tongue spacing has minimal impact on interfacial strength, and a thicker tongue negatively affects the interfacial splitting tensile strength. An optimized groove-and-tongue configuration can significantly increase the interfacial splitting tensile strength from 2.10 MPa to 3.66 MPa, with a maximum increase rate of 70.4% and achieving a higher value (20.8%) than that of fully cast normal concrete. A splitting tensile strength model is proposed, with predictions aligning well with experimental results.

Challenges to the adoption of biomimicry as a sustainable approach in the Nigerian construction industry

ABSTRACT Nigeria's construction industry, which mirrors a global trend, actively seeks methods to ensure a sustainable future. Sustainable construction practices have become a focal point for research and development, and biomimicry presents significant potential in achieving this goal. However, despite its advantages, challenges impede its widespread adoption. This study employed a multi-pronged approach, combining an in-depth literature review with descriptive and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of data collected through well-structured questionnaires administered to construction professionals. The study of 243 responses, alongside existing literature, suggests that a lack of awareness regarding biomimicry principles presents the primary barrier to its adoption. Furthermore, the identified challenges were categorised into three distinct groups: regulatory, institutional, and attitudinal. To address the challenges of biomimicry adoption in the construction industry, the paper proposes a three-pronged solution: implementing regulatory measures, improving professional practices, and prioritising stakeholder education.

Unlocking the efficacy of cement-shell encapsulation for microbial self-healing process of concrete cracks

Oxygen supply and bacterial viability are crucial for efficient calcium carbonate precipitation in concrete crack healing processes. However, the open deliverance of oxygen-releasing compounds (ORCs) and bacterial spores during concrete mixing and casting poses a threat to spore viability and limits oxygen availability. To address these challenges, we developed an innovative approach integrating an oxygen self-supply strategy with bacterial strain B6. As such, B6 spores, along with Ca(OH)2 and CaO2 as oxygen sources and essential nutrients, were embedded within cement-shell microcapsules to build a microbial self-healing system. The result shows that in the presence of oxygen source and nutrients, B6 group (BPN) exhibits successful crack repair, achieving a repair ratio of approximately 100% after 30 days, while other control groups show less effective repair rates (20–60%). Moreover, water permeability significantly improves in the BPN specimens after crack repair, reaching 0 ml/cm−2·min, highlighting the efficacy of the developed self-healing system. Encapsulating the healing agent within cement shell effectively mitigates the reactivity between ORCs (CaO2) and water, thereby facilitating stable oxygen supply and safe delivery of microbial agents during crack healing. Furthermore, in-situ micromorphology and composition identification of crack repair materials affirm the presence of calcium carbonate precipitation to seal the concrete cracks. The encapsulation of healing material within cement shell stands out as an innovative approach, demonstrating an efficient self-healing process of concrete cracks. These findings might unveil new possibilities for bio-concrete to be used in sustainable and resilient construction practices, particularly in environments prone to cracking and water ingress.

3D Printed Concrete: Fresh and Hardened Properties

3D concrete printing (3D CP) is an advanced form of additive manufacturing (AM), that allows for the creation of complex geometrical structures using concrete. This technology has the potential to reduce construction time and labour costs while minimizing material waste. However, there are also challenges related to material properties, structural integrity, and standardization of construction practices. The primary challenge in developing 3D printable cementitious materials lies in engineering specific fresh properties that enable extrusion-based printing. Unlike cast concrete, where formwork provides dimensional stability during the printing process, the absence of formwork in 3D printing necessitates fresh mixtures with low-slump and high-thixotropy to be suitable for concrete 3D printing. Additionally, the orthotropic nature of the resulting 3D printed object due to the extrusion process impacts its mechanical properties. Therefore, this research aims to study the effect of water content and loading directions on 3D printed concrete. A pre-mix material from Sika was used in this study. Three mixes were prepared by using three different water to dry material (w/d) ratios, 0.140 l/kg, 0.145 l/kg and 0.150 l/kg. The experiments focused on analysing flowability, green strength, mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity), water absorption, porosity, and chemical transformations at high temperatures through thermoanalytical measurement. The results showed that the mixture containing 0.145 l/kg (w/d) exhibited satisfactory 3D printability, optimal mechanical performance, lower porosities compared with mixtures 0.140 and 0.150, and same total porosity compared with cast specimen.

Enhanced Structural Design of Prestressed Arched Trusses through Multi-Objective Optimization and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making

The structural design of prestressed arched trusses presents a complex challenge due to the need to balance multiple conflicting objectives such as structural performance, weight, and constructability. This complexity is further compounded by the interdependent nature of the structural elements, which necessitates a comprehensive optimization approach. Addressing this challenge is crucial for advancing construction practices and improving the efficiency and safety of structural designs. The integration of advanced optimization algorithms and decision-making techniques offers a promising avenue for enhancing the design process of prestressed arched trusses. This study proposes the use of three advanced multi-objective optimization algorithms: NSGA-III, CTAEA, and SMS-EMOA, to optimize the structural design of prestressed arched trusses. The performance of these algorithms was evaluated using generational distance and inverted generational distance metrics. Additionally, the non-dominated optimal designs generated by these algorithms were assessed and ranked using multiple multi-criteria decision-making techniques, including SAW, FUCA, TOPSIS, PROMETHEE, and VIKOR. This approach allowed for a robust comparison of the algorithms and provided insights into their effectiveness in balancing the different design objectives. The results of the study indicated that NSGA-III exhibited superior performance with a GD value of 0.215, reflecting a closer proximity of its solutions to the Pareto front, and an IGD value of 0.329, indicating a well-distributed set of solutions across the Pareto front. In comparison, CTAEA and SMS-EMOA showed higher GD values of 0.326 and 0.436, respectively, suggesting less convergence to the Pareto front. However, SMS-EMOA demonstrated a balanced performance in terms of constructability and structural weight, with an IGD value of 0.434. The statistical significance of these differences was confirmed by the Kruskal–Wallis test, with p-values of 2.50×10−15 for GD and 5.15×10−06 for IGD. These findings underscore the advantages and limitations of each algorithm, providing valuable insights for future applications in structural optimization.

The Quantitative Genetics of Human Disease: 2 Polygenic Risk Scores

In this the second of an anticipated four papers, we examine polygenic risk scores from a quantitative genetics perspective. In its most simplistic form, a polygenic risk score (PRS) analysis involves estimating the genetic effects of alleles in one study and then using those estimates to predict phenotype in another sample of individuals. Almost since the first application of these types of analyses it has been noted that PRSs often give unexpected and difficult-to-interpret results, particularly when applying effect-size estimates taken from individuals with ancestry very different than those to whom it is applied (applying PRSs across differing populations). To understand these seemingly perplexing observations, we deconstruct the effects of applying valid statistical estimates taken from one population to another when the two populations have differing allele frequencies at the sites contributing effect, when alleles with effects in one population are absent from the other, and finally when there is differing linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns in the two populations. It will be shown that many of the seemingly most confusing results in the field are natural consequences of these factors. Given our best current understanding of human demographic history, most of the patterns seen in PRS analysis can be predicted as resulting from systematic differences in allele frequency and LD. Put the other way around, the most challenging and confusing results seen in cross population application of PRSs are likely to be the result of allele frequency and LD differences, not differences in the genetic effects of individual alleles. PRS analysis is an important tool both for understanding the genetic basis of complex phenotypes and, potentially, for identifying individuals at risk of developing disease before such disease manifests. As such it has the potential to be among the most important analysis frameworks in human genetics. Nevertheless, when a PRS is trained in people with one ancestry and then applied to people with another, the PRS’s behavior is often unpredictable, and sometimes is seemingly perverse. PRS distributions are often nearly non-overlapping between individuals with differing ancestry, i.e., odds ratios for unaffected people with one ancestry might be vastly larger than affected individuals from another. The correlation between a PRS and known phenotype might differ substantially, and sometimes the correlation is higher among people with ancestry different than the one used to create the PRS. Naively, one might conclude from these observations that the genetic basis of traits differs substantially among people of differing ancestry, and that the behavior of a PRS is difficult to predict when applied to new study populations. Differing definitions of genetic effect sizes are discussed, and key observations are made. It is shown that when populations differ in allele frequency, a locus affecting phenotype could have equal differences in allelic (additive) effects or equal additive variances, but not both. They cannot have equal additive effects, equal allelic penetrances, or equal odds ratios. PRS is defined, and its moments are derived. The effect of differing allele frequency and LD patterns is described. Perplexing PRS observations are discussed in light of theory and human demographic history. Suggestions for best practices for PRS construction are made. The most confusing results seen in cross population application of PRSs are often the predictable result of allele frequency and LD differences. There is relatively little evidence for systematic differences in the genetic basis of disease in individuals of differing ancestry, other than that which results from environmental, allele frequency, and LD differences.

Niches and Niche Construction in Biology and Scientific Practice

Niches and Niche Construction in Biology and Scientific Practice

Using meta-heuristic algorithms with multi-layer perceptron for prediction of ultimate bearing capacity

ABSTRACT This study presents an innovative approach to predicting the Ultimate Bearing Capacity (Qu) in civil engineering, integrating a Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP) neural network using the Artificial Rabbits Optimization (ARO) and Improved Manta-Ray Foraging Optimizer (IMRFO) methods. The MLP effectively captures complex, non-linear relationships within geotechnical datasets, while the IMRFO and ARO algorithms fine-tune the MLP’s parameters for optimal performance. Validation results demonstrate the efficacy of this method, with the MLP+IMRFO (MLIM) model achieving an R2 value of 0.996 and a MARE of 0.113, highlighting its potential for enhancing predictive accuracy in civil engineering applications. This combined methodology offers a state-of-the-art solution for Qu forecasting, contributing to safer and more efficient construction practices.

The recycling potential of fibre reinforced concrete with 4D Dramix® fibres: Experimental analysis and model verification

This experimental study aims to advance sustainable construction practices by exploring the recycling potential of steel fibre reinforced concrete with 4D Dramix® fibres from the company Bekaert. In this research steel fibres from reinforced concrete specimens with varying fibre quantities of two 4D Dramix® fibre types, more precisely, the 55/50 BG and 65/50 BG fibres are recycled. A jaw crusher at the recycling company AC Materials (Flanders, Belgium) and an impact crusher at the research and development company CTP (Wallonia, Belgium) are employed to optimize the quantity and quality of the recycled fibres. Subsequently, the recycled steel fibres are reintegrated into fresh concrete mixes. The recycling process of the fibres results in a general decrease of the residual tensile strength capacity for the concrete mixtures with recycled fibres (RSFRC) compared to those with new fibres (NSFRC), and the deviation increases with increasing crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD). It was found that fibres recovered by the impact crushing process are (generally) shorter than those obtained from the jaw crusher, which results in a fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) with a somewhat lower post-cracking tensile strength. Nevertheless, most recycled fibres retain 75 % of their original capacity, considering the mean residual tensile strength of the FRC mixtures. Consequently, current findings show promising results for the recycling potential of steel fibres and the residual strength behaviour of RSFRC compared to NSFRC. Additionally, this study highlights the potential for an improved constitutive tensile model for FRC mixtures, where the design parameters ka and kc can be estimated based on the fR3k/fR1k-ratio.

Seismic Performance of Industrial Buildings During the 2023 Kahramanmaras, Turkey Earthquakes

ABSTRACT This study investigates the structural performance of industrial buildings following the February 6, 2023, earthquakes in Kahramanmaras, Turkey, focusing mainly on industrial zones. Causes of damage and damage levels were evaluated for 389 industrial structures, including precast concrete and steel structures. This research demonstrates the need for improved construction practices, advanced seismic design, and quality control. Commonly observed structural damage is highlighted. Identifying the critical common structural damage types is essential to developing effective mitigation strategies and enhancing earthquake resilience. It is concluded that advanced seismic design practices can significantly improve the overall structural performance, resilience, and functional recovery.