Bridges are the key to connecting the entire highway, directly affecting the economic and social benefits of the highway. In recent years, China’s highway bridges have faced such phenomena as frequent traffic accidents caused by heavy traffic, high vehicle loads, and fast speeds, and the severity of accidents has become worse. It is imperative to evaluate the safety of bridges. Bridge safety risk assessment is an important means to effectively prevent and reduce traffic accidents. Based on the in-depth analysis of the influencing factors of bridge construction safety, this paper determines the impact of bridge construction safety evaluation index system, on this basis, adopts the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), establishes a bridge construction safety risk evaluation model based on the AHP, proposes the impact the key factors of bridge construction safety, and provides a reference for improving the bridge construction safety in China.