Raw Material For Construction Research Articles

Problems of waste rock formation during mining of Western Donbass coal reserves: state-of-the-art and solutions

Purpose. The research purpose is to analyze and generalize the problems of waste rock accumulation, as well as to determine the directions for their possible solution in order to improve the ecological-economic conditions for mining coal reserves in the Western Donbass. Methods. A comprehensive scientific-methodological approach is used, which consists in studying regional accounts on the state of the environment, data from the register of waste disposal sites in the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, peculiarities of placement of dumps according to the Google Earth program and collected mine data. To study the feasibility of processing dumps, a SWOT-analysis is used, as well as the analysis of existing technologies for processing the rock mass from waste dumps, based on foreign and domestic experience. Findings. Nine rock dumps have been identified, formed as a result of the functioning of the Western Donbass coal mines, where almost 130 million tons of waste rocks have been accumulated on an area of about 190 hectares. It is noted that the reclamation of disturbed lands as the main means of rock utilization is insufficient. Based on a thorough analysis of the SWOT-analysis results, a strategic direction for processing has been determined – the use of rock mass as a raw material for construction (materials and roads) with accompanying extraction of coal, aluminum and iron. The existing technologies for the processing of waste rocks have been systematized. It has been determined that the largest scaling of waste dump processing in the Western Donbass mines can be achieved with a combination of mechanical-chemical methods, among which gravity and magnetic beneficiation methods, mechanical grinding and chemical leaching are priority. Originality. The mechanisms for handling coal waste from coal mines in the Western Donbass have been determined to solve ecological-economic problems associated with their accumulation. Practical implications. The research results reveal possible ways of solving the problems of waste rock accumulation in the Western Donbass mines, which makes ecological and economic sense.

Comparative study of fly ash and rice husk ash as cement replacement in pervious concrete: mechanical characteristics and sustainability analysis

ABSTRACT Pervious concrete is a special type of concrete consisting of cement, coarse aggregate and water. Cement is a widely used raw material for construction including pervious concrete and had led to the release of huge amounts of CO2 to the environment. Therefore, there is lot of research interest in finding supplementary cementitious materials. The present study examined and compared the feasibility of using industrial waste fly ash (FA) and agricultural waste rice husk ash (RHA) for sustainable pervious concrete production. An experimental program was performed with substitution of FA and RHA contents of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% as cement replacement and water to binder ratio of 0.3, 0.35, 0.4 and 0.45. The characteristics of pervious concrete and sustainability analysis were compared for both FA and RHA replacement with control concrete mortar. The results showed that both FA and RHA have a negative effect on permeability. The compressive strength was optimum for FA content lies between 10% and 15% replacement level and RHA content of 5% replacement level. Furthermore, the utilisation of FA and RHA decreased production cost, the total embodied energy and carbon emission, resulting in cost-effective and eco-friendly pervious concrete.

Analytical and Laboratory Investigation on the Use of RAP and Waste Plastic for Conservative Planning of Road Construction Raw Materials

Abstract The current work emphasizes improving the procedure for analysis and design of flexible pavement by considering a variety of materials to be used in different layers of pavement. Field investigation and laboratory analysis were carried out to classify the subgrade soil based on their strength parameter. It is observed that most of the flexible pavement near Satara is getting deteriorated earlier than its design life. In the present study, the effect of waste materials individually and in combination on the physical properties, rutting, and fatigue behavior of pavement by laboratory and analytical investigation is evaluated. The various important input parameters like traffic characteristics, moduli of paving materials, etc. are used in structural models. The output of structural models in the form of strains, stresses, and deflection are used in distress models while the output of these distress models is examined against fatigue and rutting criteria recommended by the Guidelines for the Design of Flexible Pavements (IRC:37-2012). The computed strains at the critical locations are compared with allowable limits to decide the thicknesses of hypothetical conditions formed under different combinations of varying materials and thicknesses. The design charts proposed by consideration of multiple factors of varying nature are more realistic and optimum design charts, which can be considered to replace existing pavement sections with an eco-friendly and economic approach.

Evaluation of radioactivity concentration of some selected mineral rocks from Mayo-Belwa Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria

Radiation from natural sources is constantly present around people and their surroundings. Natural Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) present in rock, soil and underground water are the major sources of this radiation. In this study, radioactivity concentration of 238U, 232Th, and 40K from Ten (10) different Granite (GN), Gneiss (GS), and Migmatite (MG) rocks samples obtained from Mayo Belwa Local Government Area of Adamawa State were evaluated using a well calibrated and shielded Canberra 3 x 3 inch NaI(Tl) detector at the National Institute of Radiation Protection and Research (NIRPR), University of Ibadan. Rock samples were cleaned, pulverised and placed in the detector for counting, and based on standard expressions, the radionuclide content of the granite rock samples were evaluated. The result shows that the activity concentration of 238U, 232Th, and 40K in GN samples varies from 62.44 – 117.67 Bq/kg, 76.59 – 165.58 Bq/kg, and 688.03 – 1472.42 Bq/kg with corresponding mean of 74.59 ± 3.12, 104.41 ± 3.12, and 950.16 ± 3.12 Bq/kg. Activity concentration of 238U, 232Th, and 40K in GS samples ranges from 19.23 – 36.49 Bq/kg, 29.06 – 49.42 Bq/kg, and 310 – 924.21 Bq/kg with corresponding mean of 28.1 ± 5.36Bq/kg, 38.92 ± 6.38 Bq/kg, and 664.21 ±178.14 Bq/kg. Activity concentration of 238U, 232Th, and 40K in MG samples ranges from 32.11 – 74.73 Bq/kg, 40.79 – 105.87 Bq/kg, and 453.34 – 1040.77 Bq/kg with corresponding mean of 50.19 ± 14.35 Bq/kg, 60.50 ± 19.96 Bq/kg, and 714.88 ± 200.37 Bq/kg. The mean activity from this study are higher than the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) global mean of 238U (32 Bq/kg), 232Th (45 Bq/kg), and 40K (420 Bq/kg) in soil and rock samples except for 238U and 232Th in GS samples which are lower than the recommended standards. The results signifies that usage of such rocks as building construction raw materials might pose radiological hazards in the long run. Therefore, mineral content of the rock responsible for the high radionuclide concentration should be investigated.

Basic properties of foamconcrete on quartzcement binder

Subject of research: the article considers foamconcrete on quartz cement binder, the mass introduction of quartz raw materials in construction can be considered practically achievable and economically profitable.
 Purpose of research: the technology of foam concrete on quartz-cement binder is proposed by introducing an ultrafine filler (nanomodifier) from activated quartz waste into the binder, reduces cement consumption by 10 % and improves its physical and mechanical properties.
 Methods and objects of research: the nanomodifier was obtained with mechanical and mechanohydraulic activation, the proposed filler activation technologies will improve the structure of cement stone forming foamconcrete pore-forming partitions by increasing the packing density and chemical activity of nanoscale particles in the processes of hydrate compounds phase formation.
 Main results of research: the proposed technology of heat-insulating foamconcrete on quartzcement binder allows you to create a pore structure with a diameter of 52 microns at a density of 500 kg/m3 foamconcrete samples and a total porosity of 6575 %, and will also increase the strength characteristics of foamconcrete to 7.713.8 % due to discrete reinforcement with quartz waste (nanomodifier) of pore-forming partitions.

Manufacturing of Brick from Medical Waste (MW)

The environmental concern of Medical Waste (MW) generation has escalated to an alarming level due to the versatility and high demand in various applications due to COVID 19. Reusing MW to make construction material looks to be an environmentally acceptable solution to finding an effective way to use them. This is also because traditional building materials take a lot of energy to manufacture, which has numerous negative environmental consequences. This paper summarises prior investigations on repurposing various MW as a construction raw material and aggregate, as well as their quality, with a focus on bricks and paving blocks. This research begins by demonstrating the characteristics of plastics and the environmental effects of MW. After that, there will be a talk of MW reuse and how it influences total construction material quality. According to this study, only a few investigations on the use of MW in the production of paving blocks have been conducted. Furthermore, the majority of studies used compressive strength and water absorption as the principal criteria for evaluating brick and paving block quality. The compressive strength is found to be 12-13 N/mm2 and water absorption is found to be less than 1% for the prepared sample.

Sustainable Sourcing of Raw Materials for Construction: From the Earth to the Moon and Beyond

Each year, nearly 40 billion tonnes of raw materials extracted from the Earth’s crust feed into the construction industry. The associated material flows dramatically contribute to anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Therefore, more sustainable supply chains must be envisaged based on the use of locally available resources and the principles of circular economy. Drawing inspiration from vernacular architecture, innovative solutions for green construction based on sustainable exploitation of local resources can be posited. This strategy has also inspired the proposed practice of in situ resource utilization on planetary bodies such as the Moon and Mars.

Waste utilization of sewage sludge and red mud based on chemical looping catalytic oxidation

Sewage sludge and red mud are industrial wastes that are potentially harmful to the environment. Their environmentally friendly treatment has been a global challenge due to their huge production and limited disposal capacity. Red mud, which contains Fe2O3 and Al2O3, can be used as an oxygen carrier. The organic matter contained in the sludge can be used as fuel. Based on the above characteristics, we propose a comprehensive waste reuse method: red mud was used as an oxygen carrier, sewage sludge was used as fuel and ultra-low concentration methane was used as an oxidizing gas. The method employs waste's heat and mass transfer properties to achieve comprehensive treatment and reuse of gas–solid phase waste. The factors influencing waste treatment efficiency as well as the mechanism of the reaction process have been thoroughly investigated. By adjusting the O/C ratio and water vapor percentage at 950℃, the carbon conversion and CO2 selectivity could reach 94.34 %, 76.50 %, respectively. The methane conversion was close to 99.80 %, and the H2 and CO yields were up to 37.98 × 10−4 mol and 21.67 × 10−4 mol, respectively. The microscopic morphology and properties of used OC particles remained stable. The migration characteristics of heavy metal elements indicated that bed material composed of sludge and red mud has the potential to be used as a raw material for construction after sieving. This study proposes a new comprehensive method for reusing sewage sludge, red mud, and low-concentration methane that would be efficiently recycled in one process.

Experimental Studies on Ternary Blended Concrete using GGBS and Calcined Clay

Abstract: Concrete is the most widely used and versatile building material in all kinds of civil engineering structures.A little more than 5% of global CO2 emissions are attributable to cement, the primary component of concrete.Concrete is strengthened using suitable alternative materials to make it more environmentally friendly.Making the concrete industry sustainable is essential in the current climate in order to reduce its detrimental environmental effects.When choosing raw materials for construction, environmentally friendly products must be employed.The concrete industry is constantly looking for supplemental cementitious materials (SCMs) to address the problem of solid waste disposal.Cement can be substituted with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), a solid waste made by the iron and steel industry. Cement alternatives can also be made from other resources, such as calcined clay, which is commonly found in oil sand tailings.This study's objective is to experimentally investigate the effects of GGBS in structural concrete by partially substituting calcined clay for cement (5, 10, and 15 percent) and cement for the remaining cement volume.Numerous tests, such as compressive,tensile,and flexural tests,will be used

Raw Material Market Disruptions During COVID-19: How Agility Can Create a Competitive Advantage?

Abstract This paper’s objective is to present a comprehensive view on the evolution of main raw materials used by European manufacturers from technical and construction fields (ferrous metals, non-ferrous, polymers and timber) over the last 2 years described by high volatility. This topic is particularly relevant nowadays since raw materials shortages put the ongoing economic recovery under pressure. The value added of this analysis consists in a clear picture of the disruptions triggered by the ongoing sanitary crisis on construction raw materials market since spring 2020. For companies, raw materials control is a mandatory purpose to keep under control direct cost of production and stay competitive. Obviously, all manufactures were affected by this market volatility but some of them have been more resilient to shocks and managed to perform better than others. Therefore, they obtained a competitive advantage based on their agility on sourcing and controlling the supply of their main raw materials. Besides capturing the trends of main raw materials on the European market, this paper includes a practical guideline that might be considered by decision makers to tame the impact of raw materials volatility on their performance and help them to boost their resilience and agility to obtain a competitive advantage.

KARAKTERISTIK GLULAM BAMBU APUS (Gigantochloa Apus) MENGGUNAKAN PEREKAT STYROFOAM BERDASARKAN JUMLAH DAN POLA PEYUSUNAN LAPISAN

Wood was a construction raw material that has long been developed before the advent of concrete and steel technology. The need of wood raw materials for construction was increasingly increasing while the availability of high quality wood was increasingly scarce. Therefore, in order to meet this an effort was needed to produce raw materials to replace wood, its was the development of laminated products or glulam made of bamboo apus (Gigantochloa apus) as structural and construction materials. Based on this, this study was conducted to determine the quality of glulam from Gigantochloa apus by using styrofoam adhesives based on number and pattern of layer arrangement. Sample was made of Gigantochloa apus with sized 30cm × 10cm arranged with the number and pattern of layer arrangement that have been determined. This study uses a complete randomized design combination with two treatments. Factor A was the number of layers (three layers, four layers and five layers) and factor B was the arrangement pattern (diagonal, horizontal and vertical). The physical and mechanical properties of glued laminated beams of Gigantochloa apus were tested based on JAS 234: 2003 Standard. The results showed that the quality of glulam met the physical properties of moisture content. While the mechanical properties of MOE and MOR did not meet the standards, so they did not be use as structural materials. Combination with horizontal, diagonal and horizontal lamina arrangement patterns gives the best results on the mechanical properties of glulam.

Methodology Maps for Model-Based Sensor-Data Interpretation to Support Civil-Infrastructure Management

With increasing urbanization and depleting reserves of raw materials for construction, sustainable management of existing infrastructure will be an important challenge in this century. Structural sensing has the potential to increase knowledge of infrastructure behavior and improve engineering decision making for asset management. Model-based methodologies such as residual minimization (RM), Bayesian model updating (BMU) and error-domain model falsification (EDMF) have been proposed to interpret monitoring data and support asset management. Application of these methodologies requires approximations and assumptions related to model class, model complexity and uncertainty estimations, which ultimately affect the accuracy of data interpretation and subsequent decision making. This paper introduces methodology maps in order to provide guidance for appropriate use of these methodologies. The development of these maps is supported by in-house evaluations of nineteen full-scale cases since 2016 and a two-decade assessment of applications of model-based methodologies. Nineteen full-scale studies include structural identification, fatigue-life assessment, post-seismic risk assessment and geotechnical-excavation risk quantification. In some cases, much, previously unknown, reserve capacity has been quantified. RM and BMU may be useful for model-based data interpretation when uncertainty assumptions and computational constraints are satisfied. EDMF is a special implementation of BMU. It is more compatible with usual uncertainty characteristics, the nature of typically available engineering knowledge and infrastructure evaluation concepts than other methodologies. EDMF is most applicable to contexts of high magnitudes of uncertainties, including significant levels of model bias and other sources of systematic uncertainty. EDMF also provides additional practical advantages due to its ease of use and flexibility when information changes. In this paper, such observations have been leveraged to develop methodology maps. These maps guide users when selecting appropriate methodologies to interpret monitoring information through reference to uncertainty conditions and computational constraints. This improves asset-management decision making. These maps are thus expected to lead to lower maintenance costs and more sustainable infrastructure compared with current practice.

Analisis pasar expanded perlite Indonesia

The availability of perlite is always associated with volcanic activities, so perlite has a huge potential in Indonesia. The use of perlite abroad has developed for various applications, but is still limited in Indonesia. One of the perlite development efforts in Indonesia is an analysis to seek market of the expanded perlite. The purpose of this market analysis is to find out the characteristics and opportunities of the expanded perlite market both domestically and export. Methods of data collection were carried out through direct survey and non-survey, while the processing model and technical analysis used descriptive statistical approaches, trend analysis, and economic analysis models. Expanded perlite is most widely used as a construction raw material, filler, and filter. Domestic market opportunities include insulation or heat in cryogenic tanks, cement in drilling, lightweight brick, mortar, refractory aggregate, plaster, and planting media. The results of this study are expected to be use as an input for the government and stakeholders in formulating their policies so that the potential of perlite can be developed on a prospective basis.

Measurement of Construction Materials Properties Using Wi-Fi and Convolutional Neural Networks

The process of identifying the physical properties of raw construction materials is vital in several industrial and quality assurance applications. Ideally, this process needs to be performed without damaging the sample and at low-cost, while obtaining high-accurate results. In this work, a novel non-destructive construction materials classification tool is proposed. The proposed method is based on passing Wi-Fi signals through the observed samples, then analyzing the Channel State Information (CSI) magnitude and phase components. The collected CSI data packets are pre-processed by performing an averaging operation. Then, the resulting data are divided into training and validation sets and used to train Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Here, the trained CNN models are formulated either as classifiers or regression models, depending on the material under test. If the objective is to sort materials within specific classes, then the CNN is formulated as a classifier. Alternatively, if the goal is to estimate a continuously varying parameter in a material, then the CNN is formulated as a regression model. Furthermore, as per the collected data, the proposed method is used to identify the construction materials based on their thickness, water content value (moisture), and compaction. The obtained experimental results effectively demonstrate the potential and merits of the proposed method. Overall, the trained CNN models achieved a 100% validation accuracy and a low validation loss, which confirms that the method is valid and highly accurate.

Exploring urbanization and critical habitat loss through land cover change around the Bons Sinais Estuary, Mozambique

Estuaries supply direct and indirect multi-sectoral opportunities including for transport, natural resource use and climate protection. These provisions support livelihoods and contribute to social and economic development. The Bons Sinais Estuary in Zambézia Province, central Mozambique, is adjacent to the provincial administrative capital Quelimane, some 25 km from the coast. The rapid growth of Quelimane has increased the demand for natural resources from the estuary, including space, food, fuelwood, transport and raw materials for construction and economic activities. Expansion of the built environment has extended into low-lying lands, mostly within the critical estuarine functional zone with inevitable consequences, such as damage to natural habitats and flooding of occupied areas during rainy seasons. The aim of this study was to analyse three decades of change (1991 – 2018) in land use and land cover (LU/LC) in the Bons Sinais Estuary, focussing on the growth of Quelimane city and the transformation of estuarine and surrounding habitats. The method relied on open-access satellite images and a LU/LC change analysis to quantify the spatio-temporal changes brought about by economic development and related human activities. A combination of low-intensity fieldwork and satellite-derived data (Landsat-5, sensor: Thematic Mapper and Landsat-8; sensors: Operational Land Imager, Thermal Infra-Red Scanner) was used to generate LU/LC information classified according to the features: mangrove trees; wetlands; estuary intertidal areas; built-up area; cultivated trees; and cultivated land. From 1991 onwards, there was an overall increase in cultivated crops (66 %), development (79 %) (including rural human settlements) and intertidal mudflats (12 %) with a concomitant decline in critical wetlands (16 %) and mangroves (12 %). The study predicts a worsening of the impacts on the estuarine ecosystem with further growth of Quelimane city. To reverse the negative trend on estuary health, the recommendation is for management interventions that promote sustainable LU, and urban development plans that consider ecosystem conservation and active restoration.

Evaluating radiation risks and resource opportunities associated with phosphogypsum in the Philippines

Phosphogypsum (PG) accumulates during wet-phosphoric acid production for fertilizers. In the Philippines, PG is partly (40%) utilized to produce gypsum walls and cement. This work assesses the radiological risks and resource opportunities associated with PG stacks in the Philippines. The conducted in situ radiometric survey measured the activity concentrations of 40K, 238U, and 232Th at 270 locations. Besides, another 120 surface samples were collected. Pure PG exceeds the recommended radiation limits, but simple dilution with conventional materials can make PG available as an inexpensive secondary raw material for construction. PG further contains relevant concentrations of rare earths and Y (195 ppm).

Partial Replacement of Pumice Stone in Concrete As Coarse Aggregate Material

In design of concrete structures, concrete plays an important role in the contemporary background as raw material for construction has been decreased. Therefore construction industry has acquaint with novel methods by making use of the available waste material for partial replacement by using alternative aggregates instead of ordinary aggregates. In this study, pumice stone is used as replacement materials for concrete where it is found in the abyssal of the red clay or in deepest portion of the ocean, and partially replacing by Pumice, blends with cement. The physical, mechanical and durability properties of concrete was investigated by conduction compressive strength and tensile strength on the ordinary and replaced concrete with varied percentage of pumice from 5% to 30%. It’s obsereved that environmental and economical benefits can be achieved if waste materials can be used to replace the coarse aggregate in order to use the waste materials effectively in areas with abundant availability of materials. This thesis work on the effectiveness of partial substitutions of pumice for coarse aggregate in producing adequate strength gain. In the present thesis work comparison of fresh concrete and hardened properties of concrete for both conventional concrete and Replaced concrete for varying percentage of replacement of pumice stone to coarse aggregate and based on the experimental results, it’s concluded that 25% partial replacement by pumice gives maximum compresive strength.

Conceptual design and cost analysis of a large‐scale plant for converting red mud into building materials

AbstractThe high level of sodium in red mud (RM) is one of the main issues hindering its incorporation as a raw material for construction and building materials. This paper presents a few studies on building materials developed using more than 70% w/w RM content. A proposed industrial process flowchart together with capital (CAPEX) and operational expenditure (OPEX) for a large‐scale plant are presented here. It was estimated that the cost of processing 75 Mton of RM, over a period of 25 years, was US$ 17/ton, including CAPEX + OPEX. The products comprised pellets composed of RM and clay subjected to 1200°C in a straight‐grate kiln. The pellets can be used as road gravel, coarse aggregate in concrete, or converted into supplementary cement material for Portland cement. The collaboration of the construction and building material industry with the alumina industry will be beneficial to mitigate the environmental impacts of RM.

Potential of carbon stock on red jabon stand (Anthocephalus macrophyllus (Roxb.) Havil) in Tampinna Village, Angkona District, Luwu Timur Regency

In addition to producing wood as a raw material for construction, pulp and firewood, forests also serve as carbon sinks so they have an important role in the global carbon cycle. Red jabon is a fast-growing plant species, so it is suspected to have high carbon absorption. The purpose of this study is to know the potential of carbon content and increased uptake of carbon above the soil surface for species of red jabon (Anthocephalus macrophyllus (Roxb.) Havil) in the forest Tampinna village community. Methods of data collection in the field is done by census, that is data retrieval as a whole. In the sample tree, the diameter measured at breast height (dbh) and tree height (TBC). Furthermore, the resulting data was processed to determine the biomass produced by using allometric equations. Samples of 302 red jabon trees were obtained from six sites with four different age levels, which were three to six years old. Based on the result of paired observation test of red jabon biomass prediction by using volume formula gives bigger result than allometric equation. The average potential of total carbon uptake in red jabon stands is 19.57125 ton/ha. In general, there is a tendency that the older age of the tree stands to produce a large carbon content as well. Equation of relationship between age with carbon content in the form of quadratic.

Study on Engineering behavior of conventional cement concrete by partially replacing sea shell as Fine aggregate

In this study, it was investigate about the engineering behavior of conventional concrete of grade M25, by replacing the fine aggregate by partially with crushed sea shell. On because of progression in the field of infrastructure, the dearth of construction material becomes upsurge day by day. All the investigator was observe to find the substitute construction materials to meet the demand of construction in world wide. The reason behind is, while continuous utilizing of the natural raw material for construction decline the resource of those materials and further, it leads to affect the routine function of the earth and made drastic change in the life cycle of living beings. Therefore, it is obvious to find out the possible alternative material to suit for all type of construction. In this study, the sea shell was used as a fine aggregate in the method of crushed powder in an apparent proportion such as 10%, 20% and 30% replacing in the place of fine aggregate sand. The compression and split tensile behavior of sea shell aggregate mixed concrete comparatively with plain sand concrete was studied under different curing periods such as 7 days, 14 days and 28 days. It was shows that at 20% replacement of crushed sea shell aggregate provide the compressive strength of 35 N/mm2 at 28 days of curing nearly with the design strength of M25 grade conventional concrete. It was also noticed that, the percentage increase of crushed sea shell decline the strength of concrete as radically. Hence it was acclaimed that, the percentage of crushed sea shell as fixed equal or below 10 % to get a better strength of concrete.