Construction Of Underground Dams Research Articles

Underground dam site selection using hydrological modelling and analytic network process

The location of Iran on the dry belt of the earth has caused the expansion of the desert in central and southern regions. One of the supply water methods in these regions is the underground water resources. Underground dam is one of hydraulic structures to storage and recharge water into the aquifer. The aim of this paper is to determine the best location to build underground dam using hydrologic and network process models. In determining the location of an underground dam, many factors can be considered. One of the most important ones is the subsurface flow in the area. In this study, hydrological modelling was done by SWAT to calculate the subsurface flow. At first, by using the Boolean logic method, seventeen suitable locations were selected. The selection process was based on criteria such as ground slope, land use, geology and hydrology. Then, the areas were modelled in SWAT and the subsurface flows and runoff volumes were calculated by SUFI2 (Sequential Uncertainty Fitting Ver. 2) algorithm. In the next stage, the locations were ranked using the Analytic Network Process (ANP). The decision criteria that were considered in ANP included reservoir volume, dam axis, and economic and social issues (drinkable water demand, Agriculture water demand, Distance from road Distance from village). Finally, 17 points were selected and prioritized for underground dam construction. The results of this study point that combination of SWAT modelling and ANP can be considered as a useful approach in the selection and ranking process in identifying optimum sites for underground dams. The results of this study made it possible to identify suitable places for the construction of underground dams by saving time and money by using the Decision Support System. Despite the complexity of criteria, possible floods can be predicted and managed better in the studied area.

Modern approaches to the construction of anti-filtration elements at the base of hydrotechnical construction

The technologies of the device of anti-filtration elements in ground dams of hydrotechnical construction are considered. Currently, the following problem is relevant, which of the methods of the device of anti-filtration elements is more expedient, profitable and less time-consuming. Promising areas of innovative developments for the construction of underground dams are: the method of jet cementation; the method of injection curtains. A detailed analysis of technologies for the construction of anti-filtration elements at the Sangtudinskaya hydroelectric power station (HPP)-1 is carried out on the example of the jet cementation method. A wide range of non-ground construction materials is used to create anti-filtration elements in ground dams and non-rock foundations of dams. These are stone building materials based on binders, polymer materials, wood and even steel. However, the materials used for anti-filtration devices differ from those used in industrial and civil construction. They may differ in structure, composition, and application technology.

Selecting proper sites for underground dam construction using Multi-Attribute Utility Theory in arid and semi-arid regions

Selecting proper sites for underground dam construction using Multi-Attribute Utility Theory in arid and semi-arid regions

Prioritizing suitable locations for underground dam construction in south-east of Bushehr Province

The solutions to deal with the water crisis are summarized into two strategies for managing water resources and extraction of new sources of water. In Iran, due to geographical and climatic conditions, water resources management has a high priority. One of the methods to control and store water in wet periods for using in dry periods is construction of underground dams. The most important problem in the development and creation of underground dams is the complexity of determining suitable areas for the dams. The study area has been confronted with critical water condition due to improper temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall, uncontrolled abstraction of groundwater, drop in groundwater level and interference of saline and fresh water. Therefore, the construction of underground dams can be a practical solution to prevent groundwater levels from falling, land use change, and gradual groundwater salinity. The present study was conducted to find the underground dams using Boolean logic and for priority of underground dam sites using MCDM methods including AHP, ANP, VIKOR, TOPSIS and ELECTRE III in four counties of Bushehr, Tangestan, Dashti, and Jam in southern Iran. The results obtained by Boolean logic showed that the 305 km2 of the studied site has potential for underground dam construction. In the next step, according to Google Earth images and based on different indices including axial length, reservoir, lithology and distance from village and roads, 23 potential axes were identified afterward, by extensive field surveys. Among these 23 potential axes, 6 locations were identified as suitable. To prioritize these six areas, the MCDM models were used. Finally, the results of the MCDM models showed that the sites have different ranks of 1–6 for constructing underground dams. Based on the rank from the Copeland method, Zayer Abbasi and Faghih Hasenan sites achieved the first and the last (sixth) priority, respectively.

Concentration of Traces Metals in Underground Dams in the Semi-Arid of the Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil: Case Study of the Sub-Basin of the Cobras River

Several studies were carried out and drought coexistence technologies were developed to deal with the problem of drought in semiarid regions, such as the construction of underground dams, which became a tool for rural development, mainly for family agriculture. However, there are still scarce informations regarding technical studies on the water security level of underground dams, especially about trace metal contamination due to the use and agricultural occupation of the soils downstream of the dams. In this work, the level of contamination of trace metals in waters of underground dams, during two hydrological years, was evaluated around of the sub-basin of the Cobras river, in the Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil. The analysis of the results indicated that the water samples stored in the Alexandre and Ginaldo underground dams are within the permitted drinking patterns and did not suffer, on the other hand, any alteration in their quality that requires treatment for human consumption, fitting into Class 1. Most of the samples from the waters of the Boa Vista and Ademar dams are above the maximum allowable value for iron (Fe), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni), requiring a differentiated treatment for human consumption, and can be classified as Class 2. The probable contamination of the waters stored in the underground dams may be of geological origin, since the largest accumulation of trace metals occurred in the lower area of the river course greater drained area, leading to believe that the metals come from the rock weathering that make up the geological framework of the region.

Assessment of the potential areas for underground dam construction in Roomeshgan, Lorestan province, Iran

One of the methods for dealing with the problem of water shortage and the decline of groundwater levels in the arid areas is the construction of underground dams. It is difficult to make a decision about suitable locations for the construction of underground dams because of the necessity to consider numerous factors. Some of these criteria are hydrological, geological and geomorphologic characteristics of the area. By applying the GIS and AHP methods, this study attempted to introduce the suitable locations for construction of underground dams in Roomeshgan area in Lorestan Province, Iran. For this purpose, factors such as slope, lithology, land use, alluvium thickness, water quality, and distance from the well, fault and stream and rivers network were used. Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for the possibility of considering various qualitative and quantitative criteria, the process can be one way to select the appropriate location for constructing an underground dam. In this study, after the assessment of the used layers in the Expert Choice software, weight mapping of each layer was prepared. Then, the map of suitable areas for construction of the underground dam was prepared by overlapping the weight mappings of each layer in ArcGIS software. According to the results, 15.87 %, 11.96 %, 35.75 %, 33.23 % and 3.18 % of the region are located in very poor, poor, moderate, suitable and very suitable areas, respectively. After several field surveys of the area with three percent, six locations were selected for underground dam construction. The results show that the factors mentioned above have the most important role in locating the underground dam construction and the chosen method has high accuracy.

Evaluation of MAR Methods for Semi-Arid, Cold Regions

Mongolia is a semi-arid, highly continental region with highly variable precipitation and river discharge. The groundwater aquifer located near Ulaanbaatar, the capital city of Mongolia, is the only one source for city water supply consumption, and it is important to ensure that groundwater is available now and in the future. The main watercourse near the capital city is the Tuul River, fed by precipitation in the Khentii Mountains. The semi-arid and cold environment shows high variability in precipitation and river discharge. However, due to absence of precipitation in winter and spring, the riverbed usually runs dry during these times of the year, and weather observations show that the dry period has been extending in recent years. However, in parallel with urban development, the extended groundwater aquifer has shown a clear decline, and the groundwater levels have dropped significantly. Therefore, a groundwater management system based on managed aquifer recharge is proposed, and a strategy to implement these measures in the Tuul River valley is presented in this paper. This strategy consists of the enhancement of natural recharge rates during the wet summer from the northern drainage canal, an additional increase in groundwater recharge through melting the ice storage in the dry period, as well as the construction of underground dams to accumulate groundwater and a surface water reservoir that releases a constant discharge in the outlet. To increase natural recharge rates of groundwater during the early dry period through the melting ice storage period, the MATLAB icing code, which was written for ice storage for limited and unlimited areas, was considered through finite element subsurface FLOW (FEFLOW) simulation scenarios as a water source in ice form on the surface. A study of the artificial permafrost of underground as an ice dam was processed in FEFLOW simulation scenarios for accumulating groundwater resources. The results of these artificial recharging methods were individually calculated, combined, and compared with the surface reservoir, which releases a constant discharge through the dam. In this paper, new ideas are presented involving managed aquifer recharge—MAR methods, and include application to aufeis, a mass of layered ice for groundwater recharge by melting. Additionally, the accumulation of groundwater using artificial permafrost is used as an underground dam. In addition, was considered recharging scenario only with constant release water amount from water reservoir also with all MAR methods together with reservoir combination.

Determination of Suitable Areas for underground Dam Construction Using Boolean and Fuzzy Logics in Central Areas of Ardebil Province

Determination of Suitable Areas for underground Dam Construction Using Boolean and Fuzzy Logics in Central Areas of Ardebil Province

Suitable identification of underground dam locations, using decision-making methods in a semi-arid region of Iranian Semnan Plain

The problem of water shortage has always been one of the most principle issues in the world. Due to the seasonality of the surface water drainages and subsurface structures in semi-arid and arid regions, it is necessary to use structures like underground dams. Underground dams are structures that are constructed on the waterways of the groundwater and cause the water to rise and store in its reservoir. Due to the costly and timely location of underground dams, the use of GIS techniques along with decision-making methods is considered as one of the tools used in these studies. The study area is located on the northwest of Semnan province in Iran. The purpose of this study was to determine the proper location of underground dam with using decision-making methods. In this research, at the first step, the necessity of selecting a subsurface water drainage structure that stores and controls flow of water in semi-arid and arid areas are reviewed. At second step, a number of criteria influence upon the decision-making process during the identification of the most suitable site is concerned. Step three was applying AHP technique to prioritize eight different locations, concerning diverse aspects including economic, environmental, technical, and social. At the fourth step, the techniques of TOPSIS and EDAS are applied resulting in prioritizations that appear to have approximately ranked the same. Finally, four axes as the best ones were able to be offered as agreed upon by all groups regarding the sites of underground dam construction.

Locating suitable sites for the construction of underground dams using the subsurface flow simulation (SWAT model) and analytical network process (ANP) (case study: Daroongar watershed, Iran)

Underground dams are constructions that prevent the natural flow of ground water and create underground water resources. Although lateral-flow volume is one of the main criteria to locate an underground dam, this factor is ignored in the most studies. In this research, the water balance equation was simulated using the SWAT model in the Daroongar watershed (northeastern Iran), and the paths of subsurface water flows were identified. Continuing by giving the weight to an 11-layer analytical network process (ANP), potential suitable locations for the construction of underground dams were determined. With the implementation of the SWAT model in the Daroongar watershed, R2, bR2, and NS (Nash Satklyf) coefficients were 0.77, 0.75, and 0.68, respectively, in the calibration phase; in the validation phase, they were 0.71, 0.67, and 0.61 in the same order. All these coefficients show that the efficiency of the SWAT model in simulating water balance is acceptable. Results of the sensitivity analysis of the SWAT model show 27 effective parameters, where the runoff curve number (CN2) was identified as the most important parameter. The results of the ANP model prove that subsurface flow, weighing 0.131, includes the most weight allocated. Results from the ANP model indicated that this is necessary for determining the extent of subsurface flow using the SWAT model. In addition, the reservoir volume and runoff volume, respectively, with a weight of 0.109 and 0.101 are more important than other factors. As a result, the greater the current subsurface stream, the more important it is in relation with other streams. The results showed that streams with ranks 3 and 4, which are located on slopes less than 15%, are suitable for the construction of underground dams.

Limits and conditions for the exploitation of alluvial aquifers in the Brazilian semi-arid region

ABSTRACT Easily exploitable aquifers are formed along river beds in the Brazilian semi-arid region and present characteristics that enable the construction of underground dams. The estimate of the potential effective exploitation of these aquifers must take into account the pumping limits of the wells, the upstream groundwater inflows and the flows to downstream reaches and through the underground dam, whose reduction influences the downstream supply. The current research presents a real case study about an aquifer reach, with underground dam and wells, which was analyzed through computational model. We simulated the groundwater flow patterns according to different exploitation scenarios and found that there should be water extraction limitations to assure the required downstream flows. The limitations can be minimized through appropriate well locations and exploitation regimes, as well as through the implementation of underground dams. The definition of these measures becomes possible through the sound use of computational simulation, but their effective implementation will depend on negotiations among users at the basin scale, so that appropriate water permits can be issued.

Hydrochemistry of alluvial aquifer in the Cobra River sub-basin

ABSTRACT The regional characteristics of waters from alluvial aquifers are different, since they depend on geology and climate. Also, there may be local variation in the quality of the available water when the water source is superficial (rivers and lakes) or is underground due to geology. In order to investigate the groundwater quality of the alluvial aquifer in the Sub-Basin of the Cobra River (RN) for construction of underground dams, five wells, four in the main river and one in the tributary, were monitored in dry and rainy seasons, during two hydrological years. Fifteen water samples from ‘Amazonas’ wells were collected for hydrochemical assessment. Multivariate analysis were performed to evaluate the origin of aquifer recharge and water hydrochemical characteristics. Hydrochemical assessment results indicated that Na+ and Cl- ions have greater influence on the salinization of the studied area. There are risks of worsening salinization and toxicity problems in the middle and lower courses of the Cobra River Sub-Basin.

Identifying of Suitable Location for Underground Dam Construction in Alashtar Basin by ANP

Identifying of Suitable Location for Underground Dam Construction in Alashtar Basin by ANP

Density-dependent numerical simulations of the impact of underground dams on groundwater storage on Samui island, Thailand

Samui island in southern Thailand has become an increasingly attractive tourist spot over the last decades. However, the enormous numbers of tourists has led to deficits of the available water resources, mainly surface water stored in a few reservoirs across the island during the dry season of the year, which is also the main tourist season. The Department of Groundwater Resources (DGR) has been aware of this problem and initialized a project of underground dam construction which is supposed to impede the natural groundwater outflow toward the sea and, hence, to increase the usable groundwater storage on Samui island during the dry season. The dam will be initially designed as two impermeable underground-walls amid the two rock-gorges that cut through the three layers of the aquifer system, reaching down to a maximum depth of about 50 m. A top of the 2 m wide dam which ends below the upper unconfined aquifer layer, a vertical layer of high permeability will be specified, so that a “spillway-like” over-flow of the groundwater with only minor impacts on the subsurface ecology downstream toward the sea will be generated. Based on this conceptual model, a 3D-variable density groundwater flow and transport model has been set up and calibrated in both steady and transient modes. In the subsequent modeling analysis the underground dam with the above spillway characteristics has been embedded into the model by specifying the corresponding vertical curtains of low and high conductivity, respectively. Finally, groundwater pumps upstream of the underground dams have been included into the model. Simulations without and with the hydraulic structures have been performed to ascertain the differences with respect to groundwater levels and storage and to evaluate the overall functionality of the underground dam. The results show that the underground dam is able to raise groundwater levels, that is, groundwater storage. The budget analysis of the simulation sets indicates that the underground dams serve well their purpose, particularly, for long dry spells, as more groundwater can be pumped out than would be possible without such a hydraulic structure. Finally, analyses of the seawater intrusion problem based on (1) the Ghyben-Herzberg formula, (2) analytical solutions of the sharp interface problem under Dupuit’s assumption, and (3) using the density-dependent SEAWAT – flow and solute transport modeling of the transition zone have been carried out. Differences in the landward extensions of the seawater intrusion fronts for the analytical and numerical solutions are found; however, the general predictions of the analytical theory are supported by the SEAWAT model in general, that is, a landward progression of the seawater intrusion front for pumping conditions and a partly retreat again in the presence of the two underground dams. In any case, seawater intrusion in the coastal zone of the study region does not extend deep enough inland to adversely impact the quality of the pumped groundwater there.

ESTRATÉGIAS PARA POTENCIALIZAR A RETENÇÃO E DISPONIBILIDADE DE ÁGUA NO SOLO

O solo é conhecido pelo seu robusto potencial na armazenagem de água. No entanto, haveriam formas de potencializar a armazenagem de água no solo especialmente em períodos de secas? Sabe-se que a dinâmica da água é regida por vários fatores, tais como precipitação, infiltração, estrutura do solo, matéria orgânica, entre outros, por isso é difícil de ser prevista e melhorada, e esta revisão tem como objetivo salientar as principais técnicas de manejo que beneficiem a retenção e disponibilidade de água para a exploração agrícola. Técnicas como adição de matéria orgânica, biocarvão, polímeros sintéticos (hidrogéis), bem como, construção de barragens subterrâneas e reservatórios (Dammer Diker) têm mostrado resultados promissores quanto a retenção de água no solo, embora algumas destas necessitem de estudos mais aprofundados. Para que a produção de alimentos aumente, com qualidade e sem necessitar de irrigações adicionais é necessário que os estudos sobre este tema continuem, especialmente em campo e em solos característicos no Brasil.

Study of Management Method Using Lifting Load and Electrical Current for Cut-off Wall to Reach Base Layer in Under-ground Dam Construction

Study of Management Method Using Lifting Load and Electrical Current for Cut-off Wall to Reach Base Layer in Under-ground Dam Construction

Locating Suitable Sites for Construction of Underground Dams

Abstract. Iran has been stated in dry and semidry area. Therefore development and storage of ground water by underground dams can be suitable. Pyrzal and Javrdh region has been placed in Khuzestan North east of Kohgiloye city , and according to DO Marthon classification is considered as semidry climate. In this study, Decision making tree is consisted of : Reservoir and economic criteria for reservoir , four minor criteria were considered : Decline, hydraulic conductivity , effective porosity and foundation permeability and for economical factors to location of dam and distance of dam from usage place were considered . To determine the exact location of dam axis in a point of route 27 primary locations were districted. Them regarding to location of the selected locations in map , site priorities of 15 locations were recognized . Finally storage rate of each of the suggested priorities were calculated.

Sustainability of the Limited Resources in the Island Achieved by Application of Construction Technology―In Considering about the Underground Dam Construction in Taramajima Island, Okinawa Prefecture―

Sustainability of the Limited Resources in the Island Achieved by Application of Construction Technology―In Considering about the Underground Dam Construction in Taramajima Island, Okinawa Prefecture―

DIFERENTES TIPOS DE ÁGUA E SEU EFEITO NA UNIFORMIDADE DE GOTEJADORES NA CULTURA DE TOMATE

1 RESUMO O sistema de irrigação mais apropriado na aplicação de efluentes tratados é o gotejamento, pois não há o risco de contaminação dos frutos e parte aérea da planta e menor possibilidade de contaminação dos agricultores e consumidores, além da economia de água e energia, apresentando, como limitação, a suscetibilidade ao entupimento. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a uniformidade de aplicação de água na irrigação por gotejamento superficial e subsuperficial, antes e após um ciclo da cultura do tomate de mesa irrigado com água residuária tratada proveniente de abate de bovinos, fertirrigação convencional e água natural de um córrego. Os ensaios de vazão por emissor foram realizados em três linhas de cada combinação de água e tipo de gotejamento, em um total de 12 gotejadores por lateral, nos emissores novos e após 90 dias do ciclo da cultura. Com as vazões, foram calculados o CUC, CUD e CUE de cada tratamento. Houve maior redução dos valores de CUC, CUD e CUE na irrigação com água residuária e gotejamento enterrado. Após o ciclo da cultura do tomate o CUC foi classificado como excelente,o CUD como bom e o CUE como excelente para a maioria dos tratamentos. Palavras-chaves: gotejamento subsuperficial, efluente, fertirrigação. THEBALDI, M. S.; ROCHA, M. S. da; SANDRI, D.; FELISBERTO, A. B.; AVELINO NETO, S. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT WATER TYPES ON THE DRIP UNIFORMITY IN TOMATO CULTURE 2 ABSTRACT Despite of showing some susceptibility to clogging the drip irrigation system is the most suitable for the application of treated effluents, because there is no risk of fruit and leaves contamination and has reduced possibility of farmer or consumer contamination as well as water and energy savings,. This research aimed to evaluate water application uniformity using surface and subsurface drip irrigation with treated wastewater from cattle slaughter, conventional fertigation and natural water from a stream before and after one fresh tomato crop cycle. On the 90th day of the crop cycle emitter flows were evaluated in three lines of each combination of water and drip type on a total of 12 drip emitters per lateral line. Values of CUC, CUD and CUE for each treatment were computed from the flow measurements. Higher reduction of the CUC, CUD and CUE values were found for wastewater irrigation and subsurface drip irrigation. Once the tomato cycle was over, the CUC was rated excellent, the CUD good and the CUE excellent for most treatments. Keywords: subsurface drip irrigation, effluents, fertigation. r ank� eex�� P� different water accumulation capacities after its execution. Such differences need be further studied and better understood because of the confusion regarding its actual terminology. Variations in underground dam construction techniques demonstrate its great adaptability to different environments and consumer needs. Thus, the aim of this research was to describe the historical development of the semantic usage of the terms connected to the underground water storage technology in the Brazilian semi-arid. It also proposes a new systematization and characterization of construction methods variations emerging the division of underground dams in the two groups: submerse and submersible. The ASA Brasil and EMBRAPA (submersible) models are indicated for family supply in situations of low potential water supply whereas the Costa & Melo (submerse) one is more appropriated when a greater water supply is required. There’s no ideal methodology for construct underground dams, but the one that best fits to the environmental condition of the place where it intends to be build and also social reality of the beneficiary family. Keywords: Life in the semiarid, Rainwater, Family agriculture.

Estimating potential for exploitation of karst aquifer: case example on two Serbian karst aquifer

Rational use of karst water resources depends considerably on the existence of a successful approach to estimating karst groundwater potential for exploitation. The term groundwater potential for exploitation involves the application of regulatory measures affecting natural outflow regime. Generally, the concept of controlling the artificial discharge regime is based on two principles. The first one, the “borrowing” of water from deeper (storage) part of storage, is based mainly on the construction of groundwater wells. The second one, considers increasing dynamic reserves by providing additional artificial water storage thereby controlling the groundwater discharge regime, is based on the construction of underground dams. This paper examines how these two concepts can be used to increase potential groundwater usage from two karst springs in Serbia—St. Petka and Perucac. The ability to potentially increase the amount of karst ground water available for future exploitation may facilitate and give important directions to the future research.