Construction Of Subsurface Dams Research Articles

Statistical and machine learning analysis for the application of microbially induced carbonate precipitation as a physical barrier to control seawater intrusion

Seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers is a significant problem that can be addressed through the construction of subsurface dams or physical cut-off barriers. An alternative method is the use of microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) to reduce the hydraulic conductivity of the porous medium and create a physical barrier. However, the effectiveness of this method depends on various factors, and the scientific literature presents conflicting results, making it challenging to generalise the findings. To overcome this challenge, a statistical and machine learning (ML) approach is employed to infer the causes for the reduction in hydraulic conductivity and identify the optimum MICP parameters for preventing seawater intrusion. The study involves data curation, exploratory analysis, and the development of various models to fit the input data (k-Nearest Neighbours – kNN, Support Vector Regression – SVR, Random Forests – RF, Gradient Boosting – XgBoost, Linear model with interaction terms, Ensemble learning algorithms with weighted averages – EnL-WA and stacking – EnL-Stack). The models performed reasonably well in the region where permeability reduction is sensitive to carbonate increase capturing the permeability reduction profile with respect to cementation level while demonstrating that they can be used in initial assessments of the specific conditions (e.g., soil properties). The best performing algorithms were the EnL-Stack and RF followed by XgBoost and SVR. The MICP method is effective in reducing hydraulic conductivity provided that the various biochemical parameters are optimised. Critical biochemical parameters for successful MICP formulations are the bacterial optical density, the urease activity, calcium chloride concentration and flow rate as well as the interaction terms across the properties of the porous media and the biochemical parameters. The models were used to identify the optimum MICP formulation for various porous media properties and the maximum permeability reduction profiles across cementation levels have been derived.

Nitrate transport behavior behind subsurface dams under varying hydrological conditions.

The construction of subsurface dams for controlling seawater intrusion triggers the accumulation of nitrate upstream of a dam. This is raising the concerns about nitrate contamination in those regions of coastal aquifers that are supposed to be used as a fresh groundwater source behind a subsurface dam. Research on this subject has been mostly restricted to the use of a simplified sea boundary (e.g., static and no slope), ignoring sea level fluctuations driven by tides. In this study, the combined effect of tides and subsurface dams on nitrate pollution in upstream groundwater was examined through laboratory experiments and numerical simulations. The results revealed that the difference in the extent of nitrate contamination under various conditions (i.e., static, tidal, static with a dam, and tidal with a dam) was related to the temporal pollution behavior. In the early stage, nitrate contamination in upstream groundwater was essentially identical for different scenarios. Both tides and subsurface dams were found to increase nitrate contamination in upstream aquifers. The extent of nitrate contamination increased with higher tidal amplitudes, whereas the increment was more evident for a large tidal amplitude. The effects of tides and subsurface dams on nitrate contamination were also regulated by the locations and infiltration rates of the pollution source. Interestingly, under the joint action of tides and subsurface dams, the increment in the extent of nitrate pollution was greater than the sum of their individual effects. The increased pollutions caused by subsurface dams and tides were quantified as 9.47% and 37.22%, respectively, whereas the increased value caused by their joint action was measured as 51.10%. These findings suggest that tidal activity should not be overlooked when assessing nitrate contamination in upstream groundwater.

Assessing the Impact of Groundwater Extraction on the Performance of Fractured Concrete Subsurface Dam in Controlling Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers

Among the well-known approaches for controlling seawater intrusion during extensive freshwater abstraction from coastal aquifers is the construction of subsurface dams. In the current research, the SEAWAT code is being implemented to examine the impact of groundwater extraction on the effectiveness of a damaged subsurface dam for controlling saltwater intrusion. Simulations were performed numerically to check impact of the subsurface dam height, dam location, well height, well location, abstraction rate, fracture aperture, fracture location, seawater density and fracture dimension on the effectiveness of subsurface dam as a countermeasure to prevent saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers. Increasing the abstraction rate from 1 × 10−6 to 5 × 10−6 m3/s caused the seawater to advance more into the freshwater, and the loss of effectiveness increased. The minimum and maximum value of loss of subsurface dam effectiveness was recorded to be 34.6% to 93%, respectively, for the abstraction rates from the well equal 1 × 10−6 and 5 × 10−6 m3/s, consequentially. When the dimensionless value of well height location Lw/Ld is increased from 1.0 to 2.0, the effectiveness of the subsurface dam is reduced by around 20%. The findings demonstrate that the well location, well depth, abstraction rate, location of the dam, fracture aperture, and density of saltwater all affect the effectiveness impairment of the fractured subsurface dam for controlling saltwater intrusion. Decision makers could use findings of this research to better manage groundwater resources in coastal aquifers.

Investigation of the elevation of saltwater wedge due to subsurface dams

AbstractSubsurface dams are rather effective and used for the prevention of saltwater intrusion in coastal regions around the world. We carried out the laboratory experiments to investigate the elevation of saltwater wedge after the construction of subsurface dams. The elevation of saltwater wedge refers to the upward movement of the downstream saltwater wedge because the subsurface dams obstruct the regional groundwater flow and reduce the freshwater discharge. Consequently, the saltwater wedge cannot further extend in the longitudinal direction but rises in the vertical profile resulting in significant downstream aquifer salinization. In order to quantitatively address this issue, field‐scale numerical simulations were conducted to explore the influence of various dam heights, distances, and hydraulic gradients on the elevation of saltwater wedge. Our investigation shows that the upward movement of the saltwater wedge and its areal extension in the vertical domain of the downstream aquifer become more severe with a higher dam and performed a great dependence on the freshwater discharge. Furthermore, the increase of the hydraulic gradient and the dam distance from the sea boundary leads to a more pronounced wedge elevation. This phenomenon comes from the variation of the freshwater discharge due to the modification of dam height, location, and hydraulic gradient. Large freshwater discharge can generate greater repulsive force to restrain the elevation of saltwater wedge. These conclusions provide theoretical references for the behaviour of the freshwater–seawater interface after the construction of subsurface dams and help optimize the design strategy to better utilize the coastal groundwater resources.

Locating suitable sites for construction of subsurface dams in semiarid region of Iran: using modified ELECTRE III

Due to the climate change and global warming, water shortage is known as a serious worldwide issue particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Utilization of subsurface dams (SSD) could be a solution to this matter, but finding a suitable site for construction of a SSD is an engineering challenge. Selection of the optimum location is carried out by evaluating different positive and negative criteria. Criteria are combined by means of multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM), such as AHP, ANP, TOPSIS and other well-known methods. In these research, because of the complexity of the decision and this fact that the results in other MCDM methods are very similar to each other, we choose ELECTRE method which is performed for site selection of SSDs. 10 regions out of 50 are studied as SSD alternatives in Isfahan province of Iran. For performing ELECTRE method, 14 criteria have been defined based on four different aspects of SSD construction that are hydrogeology, socio-economy, geology and climate change. The most important criteria include average annual rainfall, area of upper basin, distance from villages and stream slope. The modified ELECTRE III method was used to rank the alternatives from the most suitable choice for constructing a subsurface dam to the least. Hoseinabad area was finally selected to construct the sub-surface dam. Application of an advanced MCDM method like ELECTRE reduces some uncertainties in SSD site selection and this developed methodology can be used as a base for more detailed field investigations.

A hybrid multi-criteria decision making method for site selection of subsurface dams in semi-arid region of Iran

Water shortage is one of the most critical problems all around the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Using groundwater can be an efficient solution in such lands. Although significant care and appropriate water resource management strategies are required to be implemented. Nowadays, subsurface dams (SSD) are widely used worldwide since they are proved to have advantages over surface dams in some cases. Selection of the suitable site for SSD construction is critical. This selection is made based on advantages and disadvantages of each location. Multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM) is an efficient method for optimum site selection. In this study, 10 regions were chosen as alternatives for construction of subsurface dams in Isfahan province of Iran. These alternatives were then ranked using ELECTRE I, II and modified ELECTRE III based on geological, hydrological, climatological and socio-economical criteria. Results from different ELECTRE methods are combined by applying the grade average, and Borda and Copeland ranking strategies. Application of an advanced MCDM method reduced uncertainties in subsurface dams (SSD) site selection. Alternative 5 (Hoseinabad) was introduced as the best location for subsurface dam construction. This methodology can be used as a basis for more detailed field investigations.

A hybrid multiple criteria decision-making model for the sustainable management of aquifers

In this study, a hybrid multiple criteria decision-making (HMCDM) model was proposed for prioritizing scenarios for managing groundwater use from an aquifer. Three scenarios, including the construction of subsurface dams, the use of artificial recharge and reducing groundwater use by 5% and 10% were considered to assess the most sustainable development approach. The examined MCDM models were: simple additive weighting (SAW); and MTAHP which is a hybridization of the modified TOPSIS and the analytic hierarchy process models. The criteria proposed for determining the order preference of the scenarios included the sustainable development index (IU) and a modified water exploitation index as well as economic, social and environmental indices. To assess the technical and economic impacts of the management scenarios, modeling of the aquifer was simulated for a 3-year period using these scenarios. The results of the assessment indicated that the scenario of water withdrawal reduction by 10% was the best scenario determined in MTAHP followed by a reduction in groundwater withdrawal by 5%, the use of artificial recharge and the construction of a subsurface dam, respectively. The difference between the results of MTAHP and SAW models was in their first and third ranks, in such a way artificial recharge scored the first rank in SAW model and the third rank in MTAHP model, also withdrawal reduction by 10% scored third rank in SAW model and first rank in MTAHP model. The results of these two models have demonstrated that the construction of a subsurface dam in Shahrekord aquifer is not an appropriate management option. According to the results of this study, MTAHP models can be applied for ranking feasible management scenarios in aquifers using the redefined sustainable development and modified groundwater exploitation indices introduced in this study.

Assessment of water resources by the construction of subsurface dam

This study shows the assessment methodology for the water resources of subsurface dams. The study area is SSangcheon subsurface dam. It is at the estuary of SSangcheon watershed forming the unconfined alluvial aquifer. there are several candidate area which are geologically similar to it at East coast. The groundwater level was computed by a 2-D FDM model, where the watershed discharge is the input as the infiltration term. The baseflow computed as the mean value of 3 watershed dischrge model is 0.5 m3/sec. And considering the inflow near the baseflow as the dry season inflow, The groundwater level according to the change of inflow and pumping rate was computed. Specifically, Using the real pumping rate 28000 m3/day which is equal to the supply amount of drinking water to Sokcho city, The inflow which induce the descended groundwater level to the bottom of aquifer or the ascended groundwater level that cause the surface flow was eatimated. The simulation for increased pumping rate and additional well construction to increase the water resources, was executed. And at the extreme dry season, available pumping rate was estimated.

A Spatial Multi-Criteria Analysis Approach for Locating Suitable Sites for Construction of Subsurface Dams in Northern Pakistan

Pakistan is an agricultural country with an increasing interest for hydropower. Water management problems such as sedimentation and evaporation have been of high concern for surface water reservoirs for many years. Therefore, groundwater storage through subsurface dams could be promising, especially considering the monsoon rainfall and seasonal river flows in Pakistan. The paper aims to develop and test a methodology to locate suitable sites for construction of subsurface dams using spatial multi-criteria analysis (SMCA) in the northern parts of Pakistan. For the study, spatial data on geology, slope, land cover, soil depth and topographic wetness index (TWI) was used. Two weighting techniques, i.e. the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the factor interaction method (FIM), were employed and compared. The sensitivity of the two methods as well as of the model parameters was analysed. The suitability map derived from AHP yielded about 3 % (16 km2) of the total area as most suitable, about 4 % (22 km2) as moderately suitable and about 0.8 % (5 km2) as least suitable. The suitability map derived from FIM identified about 2.7 % (14 km2) of the total area as most suitable, about 4 % (22 km2) as moderately suitable and about 1 % (7 km2) as least suitable. The sensitivity analyses suggested that AHP was a more robust weighting technique than FIM and that land cover was the most sensitive factor. The methodology presented here shows promising results and could be used in early planning to locate suitable sites for construction of subsurface dams.

Evaluation of Selected Site Location for Subsurface Dam Construction within Isayi Watershed Using GIS and RS Garmiyan Area, Kurdistan Region

Garmiyan area suffers from many water problems such as poor rainfall rate, water shortage, aridity and absence of groundwater in many places. Hence the subsurface dam is the best solution due to many advantages such as low cost of construction, least maintenance, low evaporation, no contamination, utilization of the land over the dam and better storage. The objective of this study is to evaluate the suitability of the selected site location for subsurface dam construction, to serve as strategic water supply storage, to solute the aridity and water shortage in this area of arid to semi arid climate in Isayi watershed within the stream deposits. Geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing through satellite images and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) interpretation and analysis have facilitated the investigation with more accuracy. ArcGIS helped in construction of thematic maps of the studied area. The geologic, structural, geomorphologic, hydrologic and hydrogeologic characteristics with GPR survey show the suitability of the selected site location for construction of subsurface dam. According to the standard water quality for domestic, irrigation and livestock the water quality of all water samples are within the recommended range and the best time to be chosen, for construction of the subsurface dam, is during the autumn season from September to November.

Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) by the Construction of Sub-surface Dams in the Semi-arid Regions: A Case Study of the Kalangi River Basin, Andhra Pradesh

Abstract Overuse of groundwater in coastal areas, due to high population and agricultural activity results in seawater intrusion into the coastal aquifer. This paper presents the control measures taken to manage aquifer recharge (MAR) and also to overcome the problem of seawater intrusion into the coastal aquifer along the Kalangi river, Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh, India having connectivity with Pulicat (saltwater) lake estuary. Due to overexploitation of groundwater and less rainfall in past years, adjacent seawater has started intruding in the Kalangi river sub-surface and deteriorating groundwater quality up to 11.6 km from the confluence of the river with Pulicat lake. To prevent this situtation, sub-surface dams were constructed in traditional manner using local earth material in three different places across the Kalangi river near Sullurpet town. The water storage capacities calculated after the sub-surface dams’ construction are 1.28 mcft at GK Engineering College, 6.23 mcft at Challamagudi and 3.143 mcft at Holy Cross School sites. The Holy Cross School sub-surface dam is the first full scale dam-cum-check dam constructed to prevent salt water intrusion in the Kalangi river at Sullurpet, Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh. At the Kalangi river estuary portion (at the mouth of sea) a groyne was reconstructed over old groyne site with the introduction of clay bed and wooden sheet piles at down stream. Apart from prevention of sea water entry into Kalangi river sub-surface (during seasons) the groyne top level was raised to prevent mixing of high sea water tides with fresh water and ensuring additional storage of fresh water at upstream side. The reconstructed groyne was serving the purpose of obstructing the surface seawater entry in the Kalangi river and water quality has improved in the river as well as in the wells. After construction of sub-surface dam, as per the Simpson ratio classification, there is substantial improvement of water quality in the SHAR infiltration well situated near the Holy Cross School sub-surface dam.

Locating suitable sites for the construction of subsurface dams using GIS

Subsurface dams constitute an affordable and effective method for the sustainable development and management of groundwater resources when constructed on suitable sites. Such dams have rarely been constructed in crystalline rock areas and to best of our knowledge, geographic information system (GIS) has never been used in any methodology for locating suitable sites for constructing these dams. This paper presents a new methodology to locate suitable sites for the construction of subsurface dams using GIS software supported by groundwater balance modelling in a study area Boda-Kalvsvik, Sweden. Groundwater resources were calculated based on digitized geological data and assumptions regarding stratigraphic layering taken from well archive data and geological maps. These estimates were then compared with future extractions for domestic water supply using a temporally dynamic water balance model. Suitability analyses for subsurface dams were based on calculated topographic wetness index (TWI) values and geological data, including stratigraphic information. Groundwater balance calculations indicated that many of the most populated areas were susceptible to frequent water supply shortages. Of the 34 sub-catchments within the study area: ten were over-extracted, nine did not have any water supply demand at all, one was self-sufficient and the remaining 14 were able to meet the water supply demand with surplus storage capacity. Six suitable sites for the construction of subsurface dams were suggested in the vicinity of the over-extracted sites based on suitability analysis and groundwater balance estimates. The new methodology shows encouraging results for regions with humid climate but having limited natural water storage capacities. The developed methodology can be used as a preliminary planning step for subsurface dam construction, establishing a base for more detailed field investigations.

Optimization of pumping rate and recharge through numerical modeling with special reference to small coral island aquifer

The groundwater is the only source of availability of fresh water in tiny coral islands. In the past decades, there has been growing demand for fresh water to meet the need of domestic besides other purposes. The aquifer system on these islands is fragile besides being subjected to various stresses like high subsurface discharge, increased abstraction, improper disposal of waste water and tidal waves of ocean all of which subject the aquifer prone to sea water intrusion and thus reduction and deterioration the water quality. Therefore, understanding the aquifer’s behavior and then work out a sustainable option for fresh water is essential. The paper concerns optimizing of pumping and artificial recharge paces to reduce the effects of various stresses over tiny and fragile lens-shaped coral island aquifer system. The density driven ground water flow was simulated using SEAWAT (MODFLOW and MT3D based computer program) model. Detailed hydrogeological investigations were carried out to determine the quantity of freshwater that could be pumped to avoid the seawater intrusion into the aquifer through modeling. Initial heads, physical parameters and boundary conditions of the study area have been defined in the model based on field data, geophysical measurements and interpretations and hydrogeological studies. The model was calibrated by obtaining a match of computed and observed values of the water table, as hydraulic head is much more sensitive to pumping rates than any other stress. A few sentences about: flow model were utilized to derive optimal pumping rate; the effect of artificial recharge through the model, has also proved that the salt-water intrusion could be stopped by raising the water level through temporarily storing the artificially recharged water post construction of subsurface dam near the coast.

Groundwater management in northern Iraq

Groundwater is vital and the sole resource in most of the studied region of northern Iraq. It has a significant role in agriculture, water supply and health, and the elimination of poverty in rural areas. Although Iraq is currently dramatically disturbed by complex political and socio-economic problems, in its northern part, i.e. the Kurdish-inhabited region, fast urbanization and economic expansion are visible everywhere. Monitoring and water management schemes are necessary to prevent aquifer over-exploitation in the region. Artificial recharge with temporary runoff water, construction of subsurface dams and several other aquifer management and regulation measures have been designed, and some implemented, in order to improve the water situation. Recommendations, presented to the local professionals and decision-makers in water management, include creation of Water Master Plans and Water User Associations, synchronization of drilling programmes, rehabilitation of the existing well fields, opening of new well fields, and the incorporation of new spring intakes in some areas with large groundwater reserves, as well as construction of numerous small-scale schemes for initial in situ water treatment where saline groundwater is present.

Subsurface dams to harvest rainwater— a case study of the Swarnamukhi River basin, Southern India

Declining water level trends and yields of wells, deterioration of groundwater quality and drying up of shallow wells are common in many parts of India. This is mainly attributed to the recurrence of drought years, over exploitation of groundwater, increase in the number of groundwater structures and explosion of population. In this subcontinent, the saving of water has to be done on the days it rains. India receives much of its rainfall in just 100 h in a year mostly during the monsoon period. If this water is not captured or stored, the rest of the year experiences a precarious situation manifest in water scarcity. The main objective behind the construction of subsurface dams in the Swarnamukhi River basin was to harvest the base flow infiltrating into sandy alluvium as waste to the sea and thereby to increase groundwater potential for meeting future water demands. An analysis of hydrographs of piezometers of four subsurface dams, monitored during October 2001–December 2002, reveals that there is an average rise of 1.44 m in post-monsoon and 1.80 m in the pre-monsoon period after the subsurface dams were constructed. Further, during the pre-monsoon month of June, much before construction of subsurface dams in October 2001, the water level was found fluctuating in the range of 3.1–10 m, in contrast to the fluctuation ranging from 0.4 to 3.1 m during the period following the construction of dams. Hence, the planning of rainwater harvesting structures entails thorough scientific investigations for identifying the most suitable locations for subsurface dams.