Construction Of New Power Plants Research Articles

A constrained price-based demand response framework employing utility functions in three-state Overlapping Generation and Gift and Bequest based model in distribution system

Demand response provides an opportunity for consumers to play a significant role in the operation of the electric grid by reducing or shifting their electricity usage during peak periods in response to time-based rates or other forms of financial incentives. These programs are important as they have the potential to help electricity providers save money through reductions in peak demand and the ability to defer construction of new power plants and power delivery systems specifically, those reserved for use during peak times. For the successful application of DR in day-to-day life, DR models are necessary to be implemented. Many of the existing DR models primarily focus on the formulation of after-DR demand based on price elasticity. Though these models are devoid of basic humans’ micro-economic behavior, which is an essential part of a DR stakeholder. Considering these shortcomings of the existing DR literature, this paper envisages formulating DR models based on the foundation of basic humans’ manifestations of demand flexibility, willingness, load recovery, and altruistic behavior. Hence, this paper proposes two price-based DR models known as the three-state Overlapping Generation (OLG) model and the Gift and Bequest (G&B) based DR model. These models are based on customers’ microeconomic behaviours and are suitable for representing load recovery with minimal parameters. Both three-state OLG and G&B-based DR models are examined on IEEE 33-bus and 118-bus distribution systems and are compared with the existing price-elasticity model (PEM) and two-state OLG-based DR model.

Behavioral and socio-economic determinants of urban households’ investment in energy efficient technologies: evidence from Ethiopia

Wide uses of energy-efficient technologies have the potential to save a significant amount of electricity, which may allow deferral of construction of new power plants. However, in low-income countries, there is low use of energy-efficient technologies. This paper studies the behavioral and socio-economic determinants of urban households’ investment in energy efficiency improvements in Ethiopia. It considers multiple technologies and uses a multivariate probit model to take into account the sequential or simultaneous adoption of energy-efficient technologies. Using a random sample of 1,400 urban households from nine regions in Ethiopia, the study finds that most households (86%) adopt energy-efficient technologies and other energy conservation activities mainly to reduce energy expenditure. Interestingly, at least 12% of the respondents adopt these activities out of concern for the environment and future generations, which is encouraging. The multivariate probit regression result shows that households’ educational status, income or occupational status, access to credit, and age are significant determinants of households’ investment in energy-efficient technologies. The results illustrate there is a need for policies that incentivize or promote firms to sell energy-efficient products, for example, using installment (credit) and also a policy on the language of product specifications–using local language.

Energy and Capacity Saving Potential in the Residential Sector of Oman

The substantial rise in Oman's load in recent years prompted researchers to investigate ways to reduce the construction of new power plants. Reducing the electricity consumption during the peak hours will provide the flexibility to lower the need of the generation units to be added on the system. This paper aims to find out the energy saving potential from the residential sector of Oman, specifically Main Interconnected System (MIS) load. Usually, the annual report circulated by the Authority for Public Service Regulation (APSR) provides the statistics of demand consumed. It states that about 45.2% accounts for residential consumption in 2021. A survey from different papers that emphasize the valuable contribution of energy savings from the residential sector is carried out. WASP-IV software is used to conduct the optimization generation expansion plan for a 20-year period. Another case is studied for the 25.2% decrease in home building consumption. The methodology is explained, as are the assumptions and constraints of the study. The results show a noticeable decrease in the total generation cost, environmental cost, and LOLP percentage for the energy saving case study compared with the base case.

The Italian Pathway for Energy Transition: From the Coal Phase Out to the Problems Related to Natural Gas

In Italy, the de-carbonization process descending from the National Energy Strategy (NES) of the November 2017 and the National Energy and Climate Plans (NECPs) of December 2019 has led two specific effects: the progressive ending of coal use as a fuel for the production of electricity and the emanation of authorization acts for the conversion to natural gas of existing coal-fired power plants and/or for the construction of new power plants powered by natural gas. These new plants will be technologically advanced and designed to guarantee the safety of the national electricity grid in periods of greatest energy demand and will have to support the growing part of energy produced with plants powered by renewable energy sources (especially wind and photovoltaic). This reference context will necessarily have to take into account the recent gas supply difficulties due to the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, which could lead to a reconsideration of the projects for the construction of new gas plants by focusing on other energy sources. This paper hence aims to quantify and to evaluate the effective environmental benefits for atmospheric emissions, related to the replacement of coal with natural gas. Starting from the electrical powers replaced and installed, the potential reductions in greenhouse gas emissions will be examined, comparing the current emission situation in terms of CO2, with the future scenarios deriving from the construction of thermoelectric plants whose projects are currently under authorization.

Electricity Supply Strategy for PT Freeport Indonesia’s Production Expansion

PT Freeport Indonesia (PTFI) plans to build a new power generation facility in the face of production expansion, especially underground mine and mill optimization, which has an impact on increasing the demand for electricity up to 374.8 MW. The selection of the right type of power plant, will greatly determine the continuity of the electricity supply operation. There are many things to consider, making it difficult for companies to determine the type of new power plant. Therefore, this study aims to (1) determine the most important factors to consider in the construction of PTFI's new power plant; (2) provide recommendations for the choice of the best type of new power plant for PTFI. This study uses the method of literature review, expert interviews and questionnaires, which are processed using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The results of the study indicate that conformity with the existing power generation facilities and support from government policies are the most important factors and sub-factors that must be considered by PTFI in the construction of new power plants in the Special Mining Business License (IUPK) area. The recommended type of new power plant is the Dual Fuel Power Plant (DFPP). Keywords: analytical hierarchy process, consideration factors, electricity supply strategy, power generation, production expansion

Assessing Local Power Generation Potentials of Photovoltaics, Engine Cogeneration, and Heat Pumps: The Case of a Major Swiss City

In this paper, we investigate the potentials of distributed generation (DG) in a medium-sized Swiss city. We show the role of private households in the sustainable energy transition process induced by Swiss energy policy. For the analysis, we define six scenarios that enable us to study the potentials and impacts of different combinations of DG technologies in terms of costs, CO2 emissions, and amounts and shares of DG provided by non-industrial end-users (essentially private households and the services sector). Three variants are investigated, one with real electricity costs and CO2 emissions, one with increased electricity costs (e.g., construction of new power plants), and one with increased CO2 emissions (e.g., due to the planned nuclear phase-out in Switzerland). We find that non-industrial entities can play an important role as prosumers. They mitigate the need for centralized generation. Within a scenario where the non-industrial energy end-users install water-water heat pumps and photovoltaics, a total reduction of the gas procurement from the grid is possible whereas the electricity demand from the grid increases by 24%. This scenario reveals higher DG electricity costs in comparison to conventional electricity supply, but the total costs of energy supply decrease due to the elimination of gas supply, and the CO2 emissions can be reduced by 68%.

Prospects for the Development of Renewable Energy in the Crimean Peninsula

The Crimean Peninsula is the flagship of the development of renewable energy, as it is not only an actively developing region, but also a resort center. The energy complex of the Crimean Peninsula in recent years has increased due to the construction of new power plants (Balaklava TPP and Tavricheskaya TPP) with a total capacity of 940 MW, as well as the construction of new 220 and 330 kV transmission lines, which ensured that the peninsula’s power supply deficit was covered. A review of the regional development and use of renewable energy sources is carried out. Based on the data obtained, an analysis is made of the problems and prospects for the development of renewable energy in the region. The development of renewable energy for the Crimean Peninsula plays an important role in order to achieve environmental safety and develop the economic potential of the region. The paper substantiates the priority use of renewable energy in the region, as well as the solution of emerging problems with an increase in the share of renewable energy in the total generation. The appearance of excess electricity in the power system and the possibility of balancing the generated power of renewable energy and thermal power plants, while reducing the cost of electricity. Investment attractiveness and active population growth in the region leads to an increase in generating capacity and an increase in the maneuverability of the energy system with a significant impact of RES. The efficiency of renewable energy in the energy system, the world experience in managing renewable energy generation, the actual impact of renewable energy on the energy system in conditions of electricity shortage, and forecast work schedules of the SES wind farm provided by the electric power industry entities in the assigned way are taken into account when forming the dispatch schedule and are accepted at the request of the subject. The available experience of existing SES in the power system of the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol requires additional research, including through field testing of generating equipment. Further full-scale tests should be carried out under the conditions of a real electric power mode of the power system, which requires the introduction of modern information technologies that ensure the exchange of technological information and the implementation of appropriate control actions. The work is underway to create a regulatory framework for the control of renewable energy source operation.

Витрати палива технологій теплової енергетики в маневрених режимах

A characteristic feature of the present day development of power engineering lies in the increase in the unevenness of power systems schedules. The structure of generating powers of Ukrainian energy engineering is overloaded with basic powers and characterized by a sharp deficit of maneuvering wanes. To cover the uneven load of the power system during the operation of existing and construction of new power plants, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of their operation under maneuvering modes. This paper determines the influence of work of power plants i under maneuvering modes on the specific consumption of conditional fuel on the released electric energy at working on gas or coal fuel. Fuel consumption for starting of a unit depends on its type and downtime in reserve. The use of steam–and–gas facilities and gas turbines helps to enhance the maneuverability of power plants. Alternative options for the development of thermal energy are the introduction of gas–piston power plants and power units with fluidized–bed boilers. We present formulas for the calculations of fuel consumption on by power units for start–ups and specific consumptions depending on the load and degree of their involvement to regulating loads for different thermal energy technologies: steam–turbine condensation and district heating power units; steam–and–gas and gas turbine plants; gas piston installations; power units with fluidized bed boilers. For enhancing the maneuverability of power plants, working on fossil fuels, their modernization and renewal of software are necessary. Quantitative assessment of the efficiency of power units and separate power plants during their operation under variable modes is important for forecasting the structure of generating capacities of power systems, the need to introduce peak and semi–peak capacities, the choice of the most profitable composition of operating equipment at different schedules of electrical loads Keywords: thermal power, power unit, maneuverable mode, electrical load, specific fuel consumption

Effects of the move towards Gen IV reactors in capacity expansion planning by total generation cost and environmental impact optimization

Nowadays, it is necessary to accelerate the construction of new power plant in face of rising energy demand in such a way that the electricity will be generated at the lowest cost while reducing emissions caused by that generation. The expansion planning is one of the most important issues in electricity management. Nuclear energy comes forward with the low-carbon technology and increasing competitiveness to expand the share of generated energy by introducing Gen IV reactors. In this paper, the generation expansion planning of these new Gen reactors is investigated using the WASP software. Iran power grid is selected as a case of study. We present a comparison of the twenty-one year perspective on the future with the development of (1) traditional thermal power plants and Gen II reactors, (2) Gen III + reactors with traditional thermal power plants, (3) Gen IV reactors and traditional thermal power plants, (4) Gen III + reactors and the new generation of the thermal power plant, (5) the new generation of thermal power plants and the Gen IV reactors. The results show that the Gen IV reactors have the most developing among other types of power plants leading to reduce the operating costs and emissions. The obtained results show that the use of new Gen of combined cycle power plant and Gen IV reactors make the emissions and cost to be reduced to 16% and 72% of Gen II NPPs and traditional thermal power plants, respectively.

Prospects for the Development of Renewable Energy in the Crimean Peninsula

Крымский полуостров сегодня – флагман развития возобновляемой энергетики, поскольку является не только активно развивающимся регионом, но и курортным центром. Энергетический комплекс Крымского полуострова за последние годы увеличился благодаря строительству новых электрических станций (Балаклавской ТЭС и Таврической ТЭС) суммарной мощностью 940 МВт, а также строительству новых ЛЭП 220 и 330 кВ, что обеспечило покрытие дефицита энергоснабжения полуострова. Произведен обзор регионального развития и использования возобновляемых источников энергии. На основании полученных данных проведен анализ проблем и перспектив развития возобновляемой энергетики в регионе.Развитие возобновляемых источников энергии (ВИЭ) для Крымского полуострова играет важную роль в целях достижения экологической безопасности и развития экономического потенциала региона. Обосновано приоритетное использования ВИЭ в регионе, а также решение возникающих проблем при увеличении доли ВИЭ в составе суммарной генерации. Появление избытка электроэнергии в энергосистеме и наличие возможности балансирования вырабатываемой мощности ВИЭ и тепловых электростанций ведет к снижению стоимости электроэнергии. Инвестиционная привлекательность и активный рост населения в регионе обусловливает увеличение генерирующей мощности и увеличение маневренности энергосистемы при существенном влиянии возобновляемых источников энергии. Эффективность работы ВИЭ в энергосистеме, мировой опыт управления генерацией ВИЭ, фактическое влияние ВИЭ на энергосистему в условиях дефицита электроэнергии, прогнозные графики работы солнечных электростанций (СЭС) ВЭС, предоставляемые субъектами электроэнергетики в установленном порядке, учитываются при формировании диспетчерского графика.Существующий опыт действующих СЭС в энергосистеме Республики Крым и г. Севастополя требует дополнительных исследований, в том числе путем проведения натурных испытаний генерирующего оборудования. Дальнейшие натурные испытания должны проводиться в условиях реального электроэнергетического режима работы энергосистемы, для чего требуется внедрение современных информационных технологий, обеспечивающих обмен технологической информацией и реализацию соответствующих управляющих воздействий. Ведется работа по созданию нормативной базы регулирования работы ВИЭ.

Determination of suitable locations for the construction of gas power plant using multicriteria decision and Dempster–Shafer model in GIS

ABSTRACT With the growth of the population, the development of industrial, agricultural and so on, the amount of gas demand has been increasing steadily. Supplying the required gas energy often involves the construction of new power plants. The construction of power plants has social, economic, political and environmental consequences. Given the impact of power plant location in the cost of production and transmission of energy, environment, and so on, the importance of selecting the right place for the construction of the power plant is obvious. Therefore, in this study, geographical information system (GIS) based fuzzy-analytic hierarchy process (AHP) as one of the multicriteria decision methods and Dempster–Shafer theory (DST) methods are used to determine suitable locations for construction of gas power plant in Esfahan province, southwest of Iran. Different layers including distance to pipeline, distance to road, lithology, distance to stream, elevation, slope, and land use are prepared using ArcGIS. Subsequently, the importance of each factor in determining gas power plant location is defined using membership function. In the fuzzy-AHP method, membership function fuzzy maps for each layer are prepared. The DST model in Matlab is also used. The method was applied with three levels of confidence 99.5%, 99%, and 95% with the results compare. The results with the fuzzy method showed that 9.57% of the study area is unsuitable for the gas power location. On the hand, the results of the DST model showed that unsuitable areas for the DST method occupy 10.36%, 13.01%, and 19.55% of study area for levels of confidence of 95%, 99%, and 99.5%, respectively.

RELIABLE AND SAFE ENERGY RESOURCES TRANSPORTATION FROM RUSSIA TO CHINA

Background The most important role of pipeline transport in hydrocarbon raw materials supply to the countries of near and far abroad is obvious and is the subject not only of scientific and economic researches, but also of political research. The interest of Russia and China in the development of bilateral mutually beneficial relations in the field of production, transportation and consumption of energy resources is obvious. First of all, it is oil and gas pipeline transport. The East Siberia - Pacific Ocean (ESPO) oil pipeline has been built and is successfully operating. Construction of the Siberia-1 Power Pipeline (Eastern route) is being completed. The leaders of our countries V. Putin and Xi Jienping have indicated the design and construction of the Siberian-2, or Altai Power Pipeline (Western route). The liquefied natural gas and oil transportation by new ice class ships across the Arctic Ocean (Northern Route) is very promising for the near future. An important object of cooperation is the construction completion of the Amur Gas Processing Plant, which will supply helium and processed gas to China. Our countries also have long-term agreements for the construction of new power plants in Russia to meet the needs of the northern regions of China. Aims and Objectives To study the current state of pipeline transport in Russia and China, to identify existing problems and to propose ways of their solution, which allow to significantly increase the reliability and safety of pipelines, to review promising ideas in the field of diagnostics and repair of linear part of pipelines, to offer recommendations for further research and implementation of scientific innovations. Results There have been developed a scientific and technical concept of increasing the reliability and safety of oil and gas transport from Russia to China, presented the directions of this concept, a list of problems to be solved. These decisions assume high efficiency of technical and organizational measures for application of modern technologies for pipeline systems construction and operation. The concept ensures rational use of natural resources, creation of diagnostic and control systems for facilities, design and construction at the global level, as well as environmental protection, improvement of environmental conditions of pipeline transport facilities and increase of environmental safety of the population.

Lignite deposits of the Poznań rift valleys system as a guarantee of energy security for Poland

Current and future EU regulations are forcing Poland to reduce the participation of coal in the energy mix in 2030 and in the more distant perspective for the significant development of unsteady renewable sources. The stability of the Polish power system will still be based on lignite that is the cheapest source of energy in the country. This involves the exploitation of new deposits and construction of new power plants that will be useful as the reserve for renewable sources. The Poznań rift valleys system belongs to the richest lignite-bearing areas in Poland. In total, there are estimated over 7.8 billion tons of lignite possible to extraction. These deposits should be a gua­rantee of energy security for Poland.

Decomposing public support for energy policy: What drives acceptance of and intentions to protest against renewable energy expansion in Germany?

Based on data from a large-scale survey (n=3400) conducted in Germany, we analyze citizens’ acceptance and protest intentions regarding the construction of new power plants for renewable energy production. We differentiate between wind energy, solar energy, and biomass energy; natural gas is used as a reference category. We measure protest intentions and acceptance regarding the construction of new power plants within a 10-kilometer radius of respondents’ place of residence. Protest and acceptance are explained by several competing theoretical determinants such as specific attitudes towards each energy source, general attitudes towards climate change, social norms, the “not-in-my-backyard” phenomenon, place attachment, and conditional cooperation. We use decomposition models used in labor market research to study endowment, discrimination, and characteristics effects related to different attitudinal dimensions and their influence on acceptance and protest intentions. Our results show more positive attitudes, less protest intentions, and a stronger acceptance of solar energy, followed by wind energy, biomass energy, and natural gas. Theory comparison reveals, for instance, that “not-in-my-backyard” beliefs have high explanatory power, climate change concern is only relevant for the acceptance of wind energy and solar energy, and place attachment seems to be a useful concept for explaining protest intentions. The decomposition models indicate that attitudes are strong determinants of acceptance and protest intentions where, in addition to endowment effects, we also find some indications of discrimination effects (i.e., different weights of attitudinal dimensions) and characteristics effects (i.e., effects of respondents’ characteristics). Finally, we discuss the policy implications of these results.

Methodology and mathematical model with the continuous time for the selection of the optimal power of the gas turbine set for the dual fuel gas-steam combined cycle in a parallel system

Technological rationality with regard to the use of existing coal resources in power sector is based on the use of so-called clean coal technologies. One of them is the dual fuel gas-steam combined cycle technology, which couples the Joule gas turbine cycle with the Clausius-Rankine cycle of the steam turbine. Systems coupled in parallel of such units, apart from the construction of new power plants, has a large modernization potential for already existing combined heat and power plants and coal-fired power plants. Dual fuel systems may in fact be the result of a gas turbine repowering of the existing thermal coal structures. This paper presents technical and economic calculation results for various investment outlays, when the steam part works with supercritical and subcritical parameters of fresh steam, assuming different efficiency of the Clausius-Rankine cycle. Figures were obtained using innovative methodology and mathematical models of total NPV profit, discounted for the current moment achieved from the operation of the dual-fuel gas-steam power unit with a continuous time. Results are presented for a wide range of changes in prices of energy carriers and environmental charges, such as the CO2 emission allowances, including current prices level and fees.

Análisis de la Implementación de una Estrategia de Reducción del Consumo Energético en el Sector Residencial del Ecuador: Evaluación del Impacto en la Matriz Energética

En el presente artículo se realiza una evaluación del impacto en la matriz energética de la implementación de una estrategia de Reducción del consumo energético en el sector residencial del Ecuador. La propuesta de Reducción del consumo energético residencial considera la electrificación de los sistemas de cocción y calentamiento de agua en las viviendas, por medio de sistemas de alta eficiencia en sustitución de los cilindros de GLP. Asimismo, se evalúa la reducción del consumo energético en las viviendas debido a la integración de criterios bioclimáticos en la construcción de viviendas y edificios, así como, a la sustitución de equipos eléctricos ineficientes de refrigeración e iluminación con ayuda del software de Simulación y Análisis de la Matriz Energética, SAME. En el escenario de sustitución del GLP revela que implicaría un incremento del consumo eléctrico doméstico lo que exigiría la construcción de nuevas centrales eléctricas para cubrir el incremento de demanda esperada. La implementación de estrategias de eficiencia energética, basada en la integración de equipos eficientes de refrigeración e iluminación, así como la integración de sistemas solares térmicos, permitiría reducir sustancialmente la construcción de nuevas centrales hidroeléctricas, evitando la importación de electricidad de países vecinos y el impacto medioambiental de las represas hidroeléctricas.

Vietnam and Ukraine: Briliant Relations in New Period

The article describes the development and strengthening of communication between Ukraine and Vietnam thanks to tireless work of many generations. Ukraine provided tremendous efficient moral and material assistance to Vietnam while it conducted struggle for peace and national independence as well as in the period of post-war national reconstruction. In the course of this war, thousands of Ukrainian advisors and military experts marched long distances throughout Vietnam to make their contribution to assisting the Vietnamese nation. Tens of thousands of Vietnamese, namely high-ranking officials in various fields, have been trained in Ukraine and obtained the necessary knowledge and skills. Ukrainians have made a significant contribution to the development of Vietnam. Over the last 26 years, traditional friendship and all-round cooperation between the two states have transformed into a comprehensive partnership. That upshot is the establishment of a new development basis of Vietnamese-Ukrainian relations that were rapidly developing in all domains, including economy, politics, defense, trade, science, education, and humanitarian cooperation. Ukraine is highly interested in developing cooperation with Vietnam, especially on those matters related to giving permission to Ukraine for vegetable exports to Vietnamese market. Ukraine also purports to deepen cooperation in the realm of machinery production, energy, in particular in projects of modernization, improvement or construction of new power plants in Vietnam. Besides, Vietnam is the only foreign state where Ukraine has its own port. Vietnamese and Ukrainian enterprises in the realm of agriculture, mining, IT, vessel construction, and footwear industry have concluded a range of agreements. Keywords: Vietnam, cooperation, Ukraine, Vietnamese nation, comprehensive partnership, Vietnamese-Ukrainian agreements.

Sovereign wealth funds – Driving growth of the nuclear power sector

The nuclear industry is experiencing significantly difficult times, and one of the crucial concerns is that the construction of new power plants is being stymied by the lack of long-term investment capital. State-owned investment funds, frequently referred to as sovereign wealth funds (SWFs), represent the fastest-growing group of global investors whose total assets under management have soared from $2 billion in 2005 to $6.6 billion in 2014, according to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) are simultaneously looking for investment opportunities with long term horizon and guaranteed stable income.An example of the symbiotic relationship is the one between Rosatom - the Russian Federation National Nuclear Corporation and the Russian SWFs. It demonstrates a specific business model where the SWF serves as a funding and financial guarantee authority for the state-owned corporation. This kind of relationship offers unique advantages to the entire industry, significantly strengthens Russia's international position, and contributes substantially to government revenues.Despite its economic and political advantages, this model also involves specific threats, especially in times of economic recession when a large fiscal deficit can have a devastating impact on the whole industry and simultaneously lead to severe damage in international relationships.

Public attitudes toward the construction of new power plants in South Korea

South Korea is facing difficulties securing sufficient generating capacity to meet its rapidly growing electricity demand because of public opposition to new power plants. Therefore, considering public attitudes toward energy supply facilities is crucial to implement a national energy plan. In this study, we empirically analyze South Korean attitudes, perceptions, and ideology factors related to building new fossil fuel, nuclear, and renewable energy power plants. We find that fossil fuel and nuclear power generation could incur additional social costs owing to the strength of public opposition and NIMBY (not in my backyard) syndrome despite their cheaper generation cost than renewables. Further, while the public generally agrees to expand renewable energy nationally, it could oppose such proposals locally. Finally, an increase in the public’s knowledge about renewables and nuclear fuel could help improve attitudes toward these energy sources, whereas an increase in environmentalism may improve attitudes toward renewables only.

Effect of Reconfiguration and Capacitor Placement on Power Loss Reduction and Voltage Profile Improvement

Reconfiguration is an important method to minimize power loss and load interruption by creating an optimal configuration of a system. Furthermore, by increasing demand and value of consumption, construction of new power plants can be postponed in networks by reconfiguration and proper arrangement of linkage switches. This method is feasible for radial networks, which create meshes of linkage switches. One convenient way to achieve a system with minimal power loss and interruption is to utilize capacitors. Optimal placement and sizing of capacitors in such applications is an important issue in the literature. In this paper, cat swarm optimization is introduced as a new metaheuristic algorithm to achieve this purpose. Simulation has been carried out in two feasible networks, 69-bus and 33-bus systems.