Individual Housing Construction Research Articles

Approaches to sustainable development of production systems in the sphere of housing construction on the basis of application of “green” standards

Aim. To determine the problematics of the application of “green” standards in the field of housing construction and its impact on the management of sustainable development of production systems based on the application of “green” standards in the marketing sphere, as well as to propose options for solutions to problematic issues and directions for further research.Objectives. To analyze statistical information, as well as regulatory documentation in the field of “green” certification of residential real estate; to identify the problems of applied standards; to offer possible solutions to problematic issues in the aspect of application of “green” standards in the marketing sphere; to determine the necessary measures to implement the principles of sustainable development of production systems in general and adaptation of “green” standards in the assortment policy, marketing sphere of production systems in particular; to determine the directions for further research.Methods. When conducting the research, general scientific methods such as general analysis, expert assessments and generalization, document analysis, abstraction, comparison were used.Results. In the course of the study, the research revealed consolidated groups of problems, including “green” certification in the sphere of individual housing construction in conditions of non-systemic control of the process and results of activity in the marketing sphere of production systems (defined as a goal of further research); the problems of application of the approved and implemented in 2022 “green” state standard in the field of apartment building were revealed. During the analysis of regulatory documentation (GOST R 70346-2022. “Green” standards. Buildings of multifamily residential “green”. Evaluation methods and criteria for design, construction and operation) methodological problems of applying the criteria of group No. 6 “Materials and resource efficiency” are studied, possible solutions are proposed, directions for further research are outlined, the impact of these issues on the complex of management of sustainable development of production systems based on the application of “green” standards in the marketing sphere is shown. In addition, the classification of building evaluation stages in terms of construction stages is given.Conclusions. Approaches to the sustainable development of production systems in the sphere of housing construction, production and application of building materials have a special significance in public policy. An example is the “green” state standard, which is adopted in 2022, its popularization including through “Dom.RF”. However, the current certification mechanism, with all its advantages and merits, has a number of limitations in its application: lack of information from the developer, especially about completed objects, lack of comprehensive systems and registers of “green” solutions and materials, insufficient regulatory mechanisms in case of conflict between environmental friendliness and economic efficiency. These limitations are analyzed in the context of the block of criteria № 6 “Materials and resource efficiency”, and possible solutions are proposed, including the development of a comprehensive system and register of solutions and materials that meet the principles of sustainable development; accumulation of optional but necessary data on the certification of materials and solutions by the developer; proportional reduction of the tax base to compensate for the additional costs arising from the use of more expensive but more environmentally friendly materials and solutions; introduction of a new system and registry of “green” solutions and materials that meet the principles of sustainable development. The authors also identify directions for future research.

An Assessment of the Impact of the Protection Zone Regime for Cultural Heritage Sites on the Value of Land for Individual Housing Construction in the Context of a Low-Activity Market

An Assessment of the Impact of the Protection Zone Regime for Cultural Heritage Sites on the Value of Land for Individual Housing Construction in the Context of a Low-Activity Market

Конституционное право на жилище военнослужащих в свете изменений в законодательстве

The article examines current changes related to the exercise of the right to housing by military personnel in connection with a special military operation. Changes in the geopolitical situation and participation in hostilities on the territory of Ukraine served as the reason for the legislative expansion of social guarantees for participants in the SVO of persons, including their inclusion in the list of persons who can exercise the right to receive free land for individual housing construction, preferential mortgages, etc.

LEGAL REGULATION OF INDIVIDUAL HOUSING CONSTRUCTION: PROBLEMS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT

The purpose of the research. The article is devoted to the analysis of law enforcement problems arising in the sphere of individual housing construction. Despite the fact that in recent years the state has actively supported individual housing construction (hereinafter referred to as housing construction), both by developing and implementing various socially oriented programs, providing support measures for certain categories of the population, and by improving legislation and reducing administrative barriers, the problems of law enforcement remain. The concretization of the characteristics of housing leads to disputes in connection with the classification of constructed housing as unauthorized construction in the case of deviations from the established norms. There are also disputes of other nature, which are also considered in this article. The purpose of the study is to identify modern problems of legal regulation of housing and communal services based on the analysis of the practice of judicial enforcement and to find ways to solve them. Results. As a result of the study, the author's conclusions are formulated on what problems of legal regulation can be defined as the most urgent and require action, as well as proposals to improve legislation in this area, proposals to change the existing wording of the norms of current law.

ECONOMIC CONSTANT OF INTRODUCING RESOURCE-SAVING TECHNOLOGIES AT A CONSTRUCTION COMPANY IN AN UNSTABLE MARKET ENVIRONMENT WITH LIMITED RESOURCES

Theoretical concepts and applied possibilities concerning the feasibility of introducing resource-saving technologies in a construction company under the influence of an unstable market environment and limited resources are determined. The article considers the dependence of construction production on many factors of the external and internal environment: natural and climatic, engineering and geological, economic, suppliers, sub-suppliers. This leads to the existence of a variety of projected cost and time indicators for a given construction project. This is due to the impossibility of obtaining accurate information on the conditions of project implementation. In the authors’ opinion, the limited availability of raw materials and the threat of their depletion are the reason for the constant rational use of raw materials and the search for new energy sources. The authors argue that in an unstable market environment and with limited resources, introducing resource-saving technologies can have a significant economic impact. Economic benefits, reduction of negative impact on the environment, improvement of the company’s image and status are the main advantages of introducing such technologies. It is necessary to compare the economic benefits of implementing resource-saving technologies with the costs of their installation and operation in order to determine the economic feasibility constant. Economic benefits include increased productivity, reduced costs due to resource savings and improved product quality. Costs are related to the installation of new technology, replacement of equipment, staff training and other factors. Economic feasibility is an economic assessment that helps determine whether introducing resource-saving technologies is economically viable. It can help construction companies make decisions about investing in new technologies in the context of an unstable market environment and limited resources. The article gives examples of the use of cost-effective resource-saving technologies: the reconstruction of Maidan Nezalezhnosti (Independence Square) – the use of inventory shuttering in the complex use of softeners and chemical additives to concrete; the rationale for types of individual housing construction using recycled materials and the introduction of energy-saving technologies; the concept of “smart building”; the use of recycled materials such as bottles, paper, plastic and other materials in the construction of buildings. The article concludes that the use of resource-saving technologies can be an effective tool for ensuring the competitiveness and sustainable development of a construction company in an unstable market environment and with limited resources.

Increasing the energy efficiency of wooden house construction

Individual housing construction in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is actively developing. Rising housing prices in multi-storey buildings, increasing building density, and socio-demographic factors are increasing the popularity of individual construction. Technologies for such construction imply the widespread use of available local building materials, in particular wood. During the study, the designs of private houses in the settlement - the regional center of the Krasnoyarsk Territory - were analyzed. It was found that 90% of the sample examined were houses built from timber. Using simulation modeling methods, the actual thermal resistance of the enclosing structure made of timber with a cross-section of 0.15×0.15 m was determined. The calculated value was compared with the standard resistance indicator of the enclosing structure, taking into account energy saving standards. The Elcut solid modeling system was used in the work. The required heat flow power to maintain stationary heat transfer conditions was determined. It has been established that the design enclosing structure does not provide the required thermal resistance taking into account energy saving standards. It is necessary to consider a multilayer enclosing structure and increase the design resistance by insulating the outer surface of the wall with heat-insulating materials.

ЦИФРОВАЯ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ ЭКОНОМИКИ

The article considers modern trends in the development of the market of individual housing construction in Russia and foreign countries. It is shown that the development of private homeownership is based on the tendency to individualization of personal space, which is a bright attribute of the national mentality of the inhabitants of countries with the lowest density of settlement. Besides, having one's own house will stimulate people to create a family and increase the number of children. The features of the Soviet period in the sphere of construction and spatial development are analyzed. The then existing emphasis on the development of mass apartment construction and high degree of urbanization led to the degradation of rural areas due to the mass outflow of population to the cities. Today it is necessary to change the existing model of spatial development, using foreign experience of suburbanization as a progressive direction of low-rise housing development. The authors emphasize that government support and IT technologies can act as drivers in the development of the Russian housing market.

Thermal efficiency of the enclosing structures of an individual residential house in conditions of interconstant thermal energy generation

The involvement of recycled wood resources and low-quality wood in the processing provides an active source of raw materials for the construction industry. Environmentally friendly building materials in the form of wood-mineral composites (WMC) help recycle this waste and help conserve natural resources. The study examined the thermal performance of enclosing structures in the form of a frame wall filled with mineral wool, walls made of aerated concrete blocks and stands made of WMC. The purpose of the work was to determine the thermal regime of enclosing structures under stationary and non-stationary thermal conditions. The unsteady mode was created by simulating the generation of thermal energy for 10 hours a day. The mode corresponds as closely as possible to the actual operating conditions of an individual housing construction project, provided that it is heated by a solid fuel boiler or stove with periodic generation of thermal energy. The total simulation time is 5 days. It has been established that in a stationary thermal mode, all considered structures comply with sanitary and hygienic requirements and heat conservation standards.

РАЗВИТИЕ РЫНКА ИНДИВИДУАЛЬНОГО ЖИЛИЩНОГО СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА: РОССИЙСКИЕ И МИРОВЫЕ ТРЕНДЫ

The article considers modern trends in the development of the market of individual housing construction in Russia and foreign countries. It is shown that the development of private homeownership is based on the tendency to individualization of personal space, which is a bright attribute of the national mentality of the inhabitants of countries with the lowest density of settlement. Besides, having one's own house will stimulate people to create a family and increase the number of children. The features of the Soviet period in the sphere of construction and spatial development are analyzed. The then existing emphasis on the development of mass apartment construction and high degree of urbanization led to the degradation of rural areas due to the mass outflow of population to the cities. Today it is necessary to change the existing model of spatial development, using foreign experience of suburbanization as a progressive direction of low-rise housing development. The authors emphasize that government support and IT technologies can act as drivers in the development of the Russian housing market.

Study of electric consumption of individual housing construction facilities of different stories and area

In the Russian Federation, the construction of individual housing construction projects is being carried out at an increasing pace, for the construction of electrical networks for which there are no regulatory documents with an adequate methodology for calculating electrical loads. This situation led to low load on power grid equipment, and accordingly, investments became non-refundable. Sustainable development of private and industrial construction of individual housing projects is possible only with the development of regulatory technical documents that meet modern trends. To accomplish this task, research work was carried out to develop regulatory documents used in the design of electrical networks in cottage villages, taking into account the different number of floors and area of individual housing construction projects. Using the example of two cottage villages in Kazan, based on the parameter of daily and monthly electricity consumption, it was possible to obtain a sample whose data obeys the law of normal distribution. The analysis of sample sets of cottages in the villages shows that according to the power consumption parameter they can be grouped depending on the number of floors and area of the houses. The results obtained make it possible to formulate a future methodology for calculating electrical loads with amendments to the Federal Code of Rules.

МЕТОД СНИЖЕНИЯ ДЕФИЦИТА ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКОЙ МОЩНОСТИ В ИРКУТСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ, ВЫЗВАННОГО МАССОВЫМ ИНДИВИДУАЛЬНЫМ ЖИЛИЩНЫМ СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВОМ

In the southern of the Irkutsk region, a shortage of electricity has arisen due to various reasons. Over the past two years, this shortage has also been due to rapid individual housing construc-tion with electric heating of houses, as well as the intensive development of “cryptocurrency mining”. This is facilitated by low electricity tariffs, at which these consumer groups pay for the electricity they consume. If limiting “mining” requires the development of federal legislation, then in order to reduce the power consumption of individual houses, at existing tariffs, insula-tion of these houses is required. Calculations have shown that these measures can result in power savings of hundreds of megawatts

Problems of mortgage housing lending in conditions of economic instability and prospects for its development

This article analyzes the problems of mortgage housing lending in the Russian Federation. Such an indicator as the dynamics of housing commissioning is considered, the dynamics of the commissioning of apartment buildings (MCD) and individual housing construction (IHS) are compared, and trend methods for forecasting the prospects for the development of the housing mortgage lending market based on a time series are proposed.

Technological Sovereignty and Demographic Growth as Key Elements of State Security in the Current Geopolitical Reality

This paper examines the importance of enhancing policies of technological sovereignty and demographic growth in order to increase the economic power of the state, which is a key condition for success in the geopolitical confrontation with the United States and NATO countries. The article uses specific and general analysis methods, comparison and analogy method, scientific works of researchers who consider the issue of import substitution and demography, interviews and speeches of persons holding public office, as well as the author’s empirical observations of the processes of public administration in these areas. Having considered the issue, the author has come to conclusion that to ensure the parity of the Russian economy with the world leaders, it is necessary to focus on the development of domestic high-tech production. Moreover, it should be combined with a change in the approach to the solving of the demographic problem by focusing on the resettlement of citizens in the framework of individual housing construction.

Rational use of land in rural areas

Purpose – rational approaches to the use of land resources and regulation of landproperty relations of land categories of rural settlements (RS) are considered. Methods – monographic, analytical, statistical and abstract-logical. Results – the paper shows the problems of land use in the RS on the example of the regions of Kazakhstan and a number of rural districts. Problems of rural territorial units that need to be solved are identified. An assessment of the current regulatory and legislative framework regulating the rights of land users whose land is jointly owned is given, as well as the prospects for organizational and economic development. Options are proposed for a more complete and objective monitoring of the available territorial reserves of populated areas using improved methods for calculating the cadastral and market value of agricultural land. In turn, the economy of sustainable territories depends on how efficiently the land use of sites is organized. One of the most important aspects of the regional policy regarding the expenditure of land resources is the issue of increasing the effectiveness of their operation. Conclusions – the results of the research can be directed to the development of territorial planning schemes for the rational use of land in rural settlements and applied in practical land management activities, in particular, to provide information to the population with databases in the context of regions, districts and rural districts on the available land areas of rural settlements and management of land and property relations during their digitalization, as well as in electronic format for the introduction of a map of the land area of individual housing construction, personal subsidiary plots, etc. Attention should be paid to the quantitative reduction in agricultural land caused by rejection for industrial and urban planning needs.

Пути совершенствования жилищной политики в России

The article provides a brief overview of the situation in the Russian economy one year after the imposition of sanctions by the United States, European countries, and their allies because the special military operation was launched in Ukraine. The assessment of the difficult situation of the housing construction industry for 2023 is given. This evaluation became possible due to an imbalance of supply and demand, because of high real estate prices and a large number of unsold flats, and because of decreases in demand due to purchases in 2021 of flats for the future, uncertainty about the future, and reduced purchasing power of citizens. Assuming a long period of sanctions, the author’s vision of ways to improve housing policy is presented, which can become one of the main drivers of social and economic development of Russia under sanctions. The key proposal is to change the emphasis in housing policy from high-rise to low-rise individual housing construction. This fact will help to maintain production by companies that are connected with housing construction industry. Low-rise housing construction will contribute to the inclusion of urban districts in the agglomeration. It is suggested to stimulate the development of the market of individual low-rise housing by expanding the list of preferential mortgage programs, increasing funding, using public-private and municipal-private partnerships, founding construction savings banks, using digital technologies and ecosystems. To set the strategic goals of housing policy and to monitor the effectiveness of its further implementation, the author’s methodology for calculating a generalized integral indicator is proposed. It takes into account the development in the economic, housing, and digital spheres.

"The development of the construction industry and housing and utilities in the Russian Federation until 2030 with a forecast until 2035"

The article considers the Strategy for the development of the construction industry and housing and utilities services of the Russian Federation until 2030 with a forecast until 2035 considering the proposed urban policy of the Russian Federation, the development of urban and rural areas, as well as the development of individual housing construction.

Inventory of lands of gardening partnerships with the purpose of increasing the efficiency of territory use

The purpose of the paper is to study and analyze the inventory of lands of gardening partnerships as a way to increase the efficiency of use of the territory using the example of gardening partnerships in the Belomestnensky rural settlement of the Belgorod region. As a result of the survey, it was revealed that out of 17 SNT, in 7 the actual area is larger than the area allocated by decisions and regulations of the authorities, in 6 the situation is the opposite: the actual area is less. For a clear example, potential revenues from paying land taxes to the local budget were calculated and analyzed before and after inclusion within the boundaries of a populated area and the transfer of land from “gardening” to “individual housing construction.” As a result of studying the scientific material and the regulatory framework, the conclusion was made: an inventory of lands of gardening partnerships is an effective tool for increasing the efficiency of use of the territory of a municipality.

Возможность применения данных по многоквартирным домам фонда развития территорий при исследовании городских агломераций

The continued rapid growth of metropolitan areas is being actively studied by urban researchers in different branches of science. The modern development of information technology has boosted the arsenal of available data and tools for researchers. One of these types of data are multiple dwellings data in Russia today, provided through the open data from Territorial Development Fund. Scientists from different areas of science actively use them, but their features are poorly covered precisely as spatial data and the possibilities for their application. The authors analyzed the possibilities and limitations of using such data to study metropolitan areas (on the materials of the St. Petersburg metropolitan area). The process used by the authors for obtaining spatial data and visualization options, including quantitative analysis, were described. The possibilities of visualization are demonstrated considering the ignoring of the administrative divisions and the analysis of spatial autocorrelation. The key features of the data are the ability to ignore the administrative divisions and the expansion of the time series for research. At the same time, indicated errors in the data, which in general should slightly distort the true picture of the housing stock differentiation. This is expressed in the low actual update efficiency from 2020 and the absence of about 10–20 % of attributive data. An important limitation of the data is the lack of information on individual housing construction. The impact of identified problems can be reduced by integrating with other types of data. An important feature of the data is the presence of an address in accordance with the federal address information system (FIAS), which allows for accurate geo-referencing of data on multiple dwellings, but with limitations associated with the shortcomings of FIAS. Based on the analysis of the experience of predecessors and the own experience of the study, options for using data are proposed, in particular, population density modeling, identification of urban morphotypes, visualization and quantitative analysis of changes in the spatial structure of metropolitan areas. This study is one of the first to analyze the data on multiple dwellings as a type of spatial data and possible directions of GIS-analysis.

СТРУКТУРНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ДИНАМИКИ ВВОДА ЖИЛЬЯ В 15 РЕСПУБЛИКАХ СССР В 1918–1990 ГГ.

This article considers the structure and dynamics of housing construction in the 15 Republics of the USSR, subdivided into five macroregions, from 1918 to 1990 based on a dataset compiled by the author from more than 120 statistical yearbooks of the USSR and the Union Republics. We employ housing completions by total floor space as a main indicator for our analysis by Republic of the USSR in general and in urban and rural areas. This indicator is further subdivided into four sources of financing: (1) housing completions by state and cooperative enterpises and organisations; (2) by housing construction cooperatives; (3) by inhabitants at their own expense and with state loans; (4) by collective farms (kolkhozes). The article reveals that, contrary to a quite widespread opinion in the contemporary public discourse about the predominance of the state in housing provision in the USSR since the 1920s, individual housing construction continued to play a leading role in the structure of housing completions by source of financing until the beginning of the 1960s, and the majority of the Union Republics were characterised by considerable volumes of housing construction financed by the population until the end of the 1980s. It is also shown that the degree of urbanisation influenced substantially the proportion between state housing construction and housing construction financed by inhabitants at the level of the Union Republics.

ОСНОВНЫЕ ЭТАПЫ ЖИЛИЩНОГО СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА В СССР В 1920–1980-Х ГОДАХ (ЧАСТЬ III)

According to the Rosstat, around six seventh of the population of the Russian Federation currently keep on living in houses built from 6 to 7. Nevertheless, such issues as macro-level housing construction trends in the USSR and the structure of housing construction by source of financing have often been overlooked in the contemporary Russian economic literature. In this article, we identify five stages of the development of housing construction in the USSR during the period from 1918 to 1990. Our analysis rests upon indicators on housing completions by five-year plan and the evolution of the legistation for the housing sector. In Part I of the article, we present our review of approaches to periodisation of housing construction in the USSR from the standpoint of different research disciplines. It contains also our analysis of the first stage from 1918 to 1928 based on a broad range of sources. Part II of the article examines the results of the second stage (from 1929 to 1941) and the third stage (from 1941 to 1955), whereas Part III of the article studies the evolution of housing construction during the fourth stage (from 1956 to 1975) and the fifth stage (from 1976 to 1990). Particular attention is paid to individual housing construction, housing construction cooperatives and housing construction in rural areas as factors that influenced substantially the overall dynamics of housing construction during most of the time of the USSR’s existence.