Construction Of Eco-industrial Parks Research Articles

Development of inter-territorial interaction and cooperation in the field of waste management

Aim. To build a system of inter-territorial interaction and cooperation in the sphere of waste management.Objectives. To develop a model of interterritorial interaction and cooperation in the sphere of waste management; to offer directions and forms of interterritorial interaction and cooperation in the investigated sphere.Methods. The author used the methods of analysis and synthesis, generalization and classification, as well as modeling. Legislative acts of the Russian Federation (RF), data of official governmental sites of the RF and the Republic of Bashkortostan, scientific articles, monographs, periodicals in the field of ecological monitoring of territories, data of the public-law company “Russian Ecological Operator” (PPC “REO”), statistical collections devoted to the researched subject served as a methodological basis for model building.Results. The author of the article proposes a model of inter-territorial interaction and cooperation, which includes the definition of ratings of regions, forms and directions, assessment of risks and effectiveness of inter-territorial interaction and cooperation. It is argued that interaction and cooperation in this area can be realized through participation in investment for the creation of infrastructure facilities for waste management; through participation in tenders on the electronic trading platform for the purchase of secondary raw materials; construction of eco-industrial parks, allowing to reduce to the maximum the amount of waste going to landfill; awareness-raising activities to popularize the principles of closed-cycle economy; eco-volunteering, creation of an eco-monitoring system.Conclusions. The model of interterritorial interaction and cooperation in the sphere of waste management proposed by the author allows to improve its quality, to ensure the efficiency of territorial development, viability of waste management infrastructure, full utilization of the potential of regions and the sphere of waste management.

How to promote industrial park recycling transformation in China: An analytic framework based on critical material flow

As an important conduit of industrial development, industrial parks have contributed significantly to economic development, particularly through the construction of eco-industrial parks (EIPs). With the increase in the number and type of parks, industrial park recycling transformation (IPRT) has been pivotal in developing the circular economy concept at the regional level in China. Compared with EIPs, this study identifies the characteristics of IPRT as green, cyclic, efficient, shared, and sustainable. To effectively explore how to promote IPRT development, the concept of critical material flow with material flow analysis is introduced to trace materials that are critical to high consumption areas with significant environmental impacts. The paper also suggests that cleaner production audits of enterprises can provide a basis for critical material flow analysis. Analysis of critical material flow pathways can facilitate the establishment of reverse logistics, which is important for achieving closed-loop IPRT through imitation of natural ecosystem cycles. In addition, an information system and database management platform are required to support critical material flow analysis in IPRT. Using a case study of the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, the findings reveal that IPRT can be promoted from enterprises at the micro-level to parks at the macro-level based on critical material flow analysis. These results provide a methodological and practical reference for improving the stability of the industrial symbiosis of EIPs and contribute to IPRT research. Moreover, an analytic framework is provided that demonstrates how to promote IPRT in practice.

The ecosystem service value as a new eco-efficiency indicator for industrial parks

The ecologicalization of industrial parks and the construction of eco-industrial parks (EIPs) are new trends within industrial clusters. However, land use changes and the related losses of ecosystem services are often neglected in ecological evaluations of industrial parks. This negligence is particularly significant in developing countries such as China, where the economic outputs of land use have significantly improved, but a considerable number of farms and forests have been exposed to industrial land, which greatly reduces the regional natural capital. This article proposes a set of eco-efficiency indicators for evaluating the ecological performance of an industrial park from the perspective of the ecosystem services or natural capital reflected by such services. A corresponding efficiency evaluation model and index system was constructed and used in a case study of Ningguo Gangkou industrial park in eastern China. Based on a comparative analysis of the eco-efficiency of the Gangkou industrial park in 2007 and 2015, we found that although the total ecosystem service value (ESV) of Gangkou in 2015 had increased by 27% compared with that of 2007, the maintenance of the ecological regulating and supporting services of the park had declined, and the indirect economic value of these services had decreased by 14%. Because of the development of the park over the last 10 years, the different ecosystems and the relevant ecosystem services had undergone different degrees of changes. The main task of this study was to establish an ESV-based eco-efficiency evaluation index system that can be used by decision makers for sustainable landscape planning and development.

Emergy-based comparative analysis of energy intensity in different industrial systems.

With the rapid economic development, energy consumption of China has been the second place in the world next to the USA. Usually, measuring energy consumption intensity or efficiency applies heat unit which is joule per gross domestic production (GDP) or coal equivalent per GDP. However, this measuring approach is only oriented by the conversion coefficient of heat combustion which does not match the real value of the materials during their formation in the ecological system. This study applied emergy analysis to evaluate the energy consumption intensity to fill this gap. Emergy analysis is considered as a bridge between ecological system and economic system, which can evaluate the contribution of ecological products and services as well as the load placed on environmental systems. In this study, emergy indicator for performing energy consumption intensity of primary energy was proposed. Industrial production is assumed as the main contributor of energy consumption compared to primary and tertiary industries. Therefore, this study validated this method by investigating the two industrial case studies which were Dalian Economic Development Area (DEDA) and Fuzhou economic and technological area (FETA), to comparatively study on their energy consumption intensity between the different kinds of industrial systems and investigate the reasons behind the differences. The results show that primary energy consumption (PEC) of DEDA was much higher than that of FETA during 2006 to 2010 and its primary energy consumption ratio (PECR) to total emergy involvement had a dramatically decline from year 2006 to 2010. In the same time, nonrenewable energy of PEC in DEDA was also much higher than that in FETA. The reason was that industrial structure of DEDA was mainly formed by heavy industries like petro-chemistry industry, manufacturing industries, and high energy-intensive industries. However, FETA was formed by electronic business, food industry, and light industries. Although the GDP of DEDA was much higher than that of FETA, its energy intensity was higher as well. Through the 5-year development, energy consumption intensity in DEDA made a significant reduction from 3.90E+16 seJ/$ to 1.84E+16 seJ/$, which was attributed by the improvement of industrial structure, construction of eco-industrial park and circular economic industrial park. The proposed emergy indicator for demonstrating energy consumption intensity overcame the weakness that the indicator was only transformed from the heat burning. Therefore, this study shows an optional way to measure energy consumption intensity from the perspective of material ecological contribution.

The Application of Environmental Performance Evaluation in the Administration of Eco-Industrial Park in China

Eco-industrial park is the carrier of circular economy in industrial zone. A lot of the theory and practice of eco-industrial park to carry out in China. The methods and representations, showing systematically the environmental benefit through ecologically construction of Eco-industrial park, are the important parts of the Eco-industrial park administration system. Environmental performance evaluation could systematically manifest the whole configuration of construction of Eco-industrial park, from different points of view from park administrators, enterprises, and publics. This paper discussed the significance of environmental performance evaluation for Eco-industrial park in China, introduced the current application status and development trend of environmental performance evaluation in the administration of Eco-industrial park in China.

An Analysis of Decoupling of Economic Development and Environmental Pressure Based on the Park Level: A Case of TEDA

Based on the decoupling elasticity model, an analysis is carried out on decoupling relationships between GDP and indicators of resource consumptions and pollutant emissions in Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA). Decoupling elastic coefficients (DECs) of GDP and energy consumption & water usage for nine years (2003-2011) along with the counterparts between GDP and emissions of COD & SO2 for six years (2006-2010), are calculated respectively. The results are as follows: first, the overall trends between development of GDP and intensity of resource consumptions and pollutant emissions per unit of GDP turn out to be almost perfect decoupling relationships. Second, the DECs of GDP and total energy consumption (TEC), along with weak or better decoupling in 6 of 7 years, displays in good condition from 2005 to 2011 and the ones of GDP and total water usage (TWU) improves a lot, compared to the period of 2004-2007, with a more favorable form of strong or weak decoupling during the period of 2008-2011. Third, strong (40%) or weak (60%) decoupling are witnessed among all the DECs between GDP and COD & SO2 for five years from 2006 to 2010. It is concluded that construction of eco-industrial park, the main practice of industrial ecology and theory of circular economy, accompanied with circulating fluidized transformation, is powerful driving force for TEDA to realize decoupling relationships between economic growth and environmental pressures and can contribute to achievement of decoupling at bigger level, country or regions.

Evaluation on Environmental Planning of Eco-Industrial Park in China

An Eco-industrial Park (EIP) is an industrial park developed according to the theory of industrial ecology, which can significantly reduce industrial pollution and improve regional or local sustainability. On the account of the requirements on energy and material flows connection, the construction and development of EIPs are contingent for effective environmental plannings. China initiated the construction of EIPs during foundation of the previous economic and technological development or high-tech districts in 2001, by classifying EIPs into 3 categories: Integrated Eco-Industrial Park, Sector Eco-Industrial Park and Venous Industry based on Eco-Industrial Park. In each category, EIP contributes significantly to the regional and local economy as well as regional and sustainable development. The environmental planning for EIP is guided by three independent standards and by the HJT 409-2007 guides for the establishment of EIP Planning, which makes regulations on the principles, methods, contents and detailed requirements of the EIP planning. The purpose of this study is to identify the effectiveness of EIP planning in China. This article reviews the theory and practice of EIPs in China and summarizes Chinas environmental planning (EP) system. A case of EIP is presented for qualitative analysis and for the evaluation of the effectiveness of the EIP planning. The results of the evaluation on both the achievements and the processes of plannings goals, from the perspective of environmental carrying capacity (ECC), reveal the challenges of EIP planning in China. Then recommendations are provided on how to improve Chinas EP system for EIP to achieve the desired results.

Optimizing Layout and Amount of Eco-Industrial Demonstration Parks in Jilin Province, China

A great number of Eco-industrial demonstration parks (EIDPs) have been built across China in order to set examples for the full implementation of circular economy and eco-industry. However, a series of problems appear, such as confusing definitions on the two concepts of Eco-industrial parks (EIPs) and EIDPs, disorderly macro layout of EIDPs, lacking a regional network system of EIDPs, etc.. The article holds that EIDPs, besides the basic characteristics of EIPs, should highlight the exemplary role. The location and amount of EIDPs in those regions should be decided through macro layout and amount optimization of EIDPs. In light of this view, a case study in Jinlin Province is applied. The net of EIDPS can set examples for the construction of EIPs across the province, and also avoid redundant construction as well as cut the cost of demonstration.

Pattern of the 3rd Party Reverse Logistics System in Ecological Industrial Park

Since it lacks theoretical and technological solutions for guiding the eco-transformation of 1st and 2nd generation of development estates (industrial parks) and construction of eco-industrial parks (EIP), the principles for construction and optimization of EIP were put forward through the analyzing of the function and structure of industrial eco-system in EIPs. The 3rd Party Reverse Logistic System (3PRLS) was then introduced to improve the efficiency of materials recycling rate in the operation of EIP. The operation and profit model of 3PRLS were provided, and its information platform was designed for accomplishing the former functions by applying the knowledge of expert system, network topology, and data base. This research introduced the “decomposer” – the 3PRLS to traditional linear industrial system, which is satisfied with market condition as well as technologically feasibility. The technical solution for 3PRLS was also provided.

Economic and environmental optimization of a multi-site utility network for an industrial complex

Most chemical companies consume a lot of steam, water and electrical resources in the production process. Given recent record fuel costs, utility networks must be optimized to reduce the overall cost of production. Environmental concerns must also be considered when preparing modifications to satisfy the requirements for industrial utilities, since wastes discharged from the utility networks are restricted by environmental regulations. Construction of Eco-Industrial Parks (EIPs) has drawn attention as a promising approach for retrofitting existing industrial parks to improve energy efficiency. The optimization of the utility network within an industrial complex is one of the most important undertakings to minimize energy consumption and waste loads in the EIP. In this work, a systematic approach to optimize the utility network of an industrial complex is presented. An important issue in the optimization of a utility network is the desire of the companies to achieve high profits while complying with the environmental regulations. Therefore, the proposed optimization was performed with consideration of both economic and environmental factors. The proposed approach consists of unit modeling using thermodynamic principles, mass and energy balances, development of a multi-period Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model for the integration of utility systems in an industrial complex, and an economic/environmental analysis of the results. This approach is applied to the Yeosu Industrial Complex, considering seasonal utility demands. The results show that both the total utility cost and waste load are reduced by optimizing the utility network of an industrial complex.