Construction Of Chimneys Research Articles

Solar chimney design in rural areas of Anhui, China: CFD simulation, energy and carbon footprint assessment

China is currently undergoing a large-scale renovation of rural buildings. The solar chimney, a passive solar system, emerges as a cost-effective and easily implementable solution, particularly suitable for rural regions. This study designs a solar chimney in the Hui architectural style for renovating residential buildings in rural areas of Anhui province. A selected pilot building serves as the testbed for the solar chimney implementation, with plans to extend the design to other local renovation projects. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are employed to compare various solar chimney configurations and identify the optimal design for the case study. Results from the CFD simulations highlight the optimal configurations for the pilot building's solar chimney design. Additionally, a comparative analysis of heating and cooling energy consumption is conducted between buildings with and without solar chimneys to assess the energy-saving potential. Furthermore, a life cycle assessment evaluates the environmental impacts of solar chimney construction and the environmental benefits during operation. It is revealed that the solar chimney can reduce building energy consumption. The greenhouse gas emissions associated with solar chimney construction can be offset within one year. The study presents an effect diagram illustrating the renovated building with a solar chimney. This study provides valuable insights into the application of solar chimneys in developing rural areas to enhance indoor comfort and promote energy savings. Additionally, it offers guidance for exploring optimal solar chimney configurations for specific geographical regions areas.

Adaptive reuse of factory chimneys – industrial heritage symbols and urban landmarks

Industrial heritage buildings and sites are seen as an important part of urban regeneration and sustainable development strategies over the last two decades for a number of reasons. Of particular note is the genius loci that accompanies them, but also the potential to attract artists and creative industries. In this sense, factory chimneys are a strong visual element and also an important symbol. At the same time, thanks to their distinctive proportions, they have also become an unmissable part of the urban structure of cities, in which they can assume a compositional and orienting role (a landmark), comparable with church spires or belfries with all due respect. In order to design adaptive reuse of the chimney, it is therefore necessary to place it in a context that is not only spatial but also symbolic, both in relation to its immediate surroundings and in a wider context. Often, however, the subject of the new use of the chimney is only raised when at least the material context of the chimney was irreversibly altered; in extreme situations, the chimney is the only surviving element of the original structure. However, the lost authenticity – the originality of the preserved building structure or technological flow – also opens up new meanings and other possibilities for the use of a solitary chimney in a transformed environment. The contribution introduces adaptive reuse possibilities of the industrial chimneys within the sustainable urban development, considering both industrial heritage values and specific chimney construction limits.

Evaluation of possible integration of solar chimney power plants with high-rise buildings: A numerical analysis

The application of Solar Chimney Power Plants (SCPPs) has remained restricted to arid regions, and the construction of chimneys with great heights poses a barrier to their widespread usage. The current study investigates a hybrid approach integrating SCPPs with high-rise buildings, one step closer to sustainable buildings that utilize renewable energy sources for power needs. Numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the effect of reducing the collector area on flow behavior and power output. First, the numerical model was validated against the experimental data from the SCPP’s pilot plant in Manzanares. A detailed analysis was then performed to investigate the effect of reducing the collector area. The ensuing results depict that reduction in collector angle disrupts the symmetry of the flow resulting in reduction and deflection of the peak velocity near the base of the chimney. A threshold of 120° collector angle is found below which a strong swirling flow is detected inside the whole chimney tower, with a drop in the plant’s velocity, pressure, and temperature rise. Moreover, the results indicate that reducing the collector angle from 360° to 120° decreased the power output from 47.4 kW to 26.1 kW. The hybrid SCPP design aims to ease the construction of large chimneys in new high-rise buildings and proposes quantitative information on the plant’s performance when the collector area is reduced because of scarce land resources in urban areas.

Design and Execution of Demolition Works By Blasting of Industrial Constructions – Technical and Safety Aspects

Abstract The paper describes the practical way and security conditions of realizing the demolition of an industrial chimney located in an oil refinery platform, having in the immediate vicinity sensitive equipment and constructions. The chimney has a height of 150 m and consists of the outer tubular structure of reinforced concrete and an inner chimney made of refractory brick masonry. In order to establish the possible secondary effects generated by the blasting works, a risk assessment was made with reference to seismic wave, air shock wave, noise, dust and the level of shock generated by the impact of chimney construction with the soil. The demolition work was carried out successfully and due to protection and safety measures no unwanted events were recorded, and the measured values of the seismic wave generated by the impact with the ground of the chimney were non-dangerous, being below the values estimated in the risk assessment.

LTSM: Lightweight and Trusted Sharing Mechanism of IoT Data in Smart City

With the development of smart cities, the chimney construction method can no longer meet service needs. It is extremely urgent to build a unified urban brain, and the core issue is data sharing and fusion. Aiming at the problems of data island, data leakage, and high trust cost in the IoT of the smart city, a lightweight and trusted sharing mechanism (LTSM) is proposed. First, the blockchain is combined with federated learning to realize the data sharing, which not only protects the private data, but also ensures the sharing process trust. Then, a node selection algorithm based on credit value and a node evaluation algorithm based on smart contract are designed to improve the quality of federated learning. Finally, we propose an improved raft consensus to meet the delay and security requirements of the consortium blockchain in the smart city scenario. In the simulation, we evaluate the federated learning algorithm, the node selection algorithm, and the improved raft consensus, respectively. The experimental results show that the LTSM mechanism has a good application value. The federated learning model has a better accuracy, but its training time is also longer. The node selection algorithm is helpful to improve the accuracy of the federated learning model. The improved raft consensus improves the throughput.

Crayfish chimneys function as burrow-ventilation structures

Abstract Most crayfish species are capable of constructing underground burrows. Burrow construction provides crayfishes the potential to actively engineer microhabitat and optimize local environmental conditions. Little attention, however, has been paid to quantifying the environmental outcomes of burrow morphology. We examined the potential of chimneys to ventilate burrows via wind-assisted buoyancy ventilation. We first conducted proof-of-concept trials in the field using smoke tracers. We then used a wind tunnel to quantify effects of wind velocity, chimney height, burrow orientation, and tunnel angle on model burrow ventilation rates. We developed a predictive model to predict burrow airflow based on endogenous and exogenous factors, and proofed the model with field measurements from a natural burrow. Proof-of-concept trials showed that during breezy conditions (i.e., 8–16 km−h wind gusts), smoke generated near a natural burrow was rapidly drawn into the non-chimney entry, through the burrow, and out the chimney. Wind-tunnel trials revealed significant effects of chimney height and wind velocity on burrow airflow, but no significant effects of burrow orientation towards the prevailing wind direction, nor of the angle of the burrow beneath the chimney. A model developed from wind-tunnel trials predicted air velocities exiting a theoretical chimney that were within 85% of observed velocities exiting natural chimney-burrow complexes. We conclude that crayfish chimneys can serve as passive ventilation systems for crayfish burrows, with chimney height and wind velocity exerting particularly strong effects on airflow. Costs and benefits associated with chimney construction and ventilation are still speculative but should comprise a productive line of research for future studies focused on burrowing crayfish ecology and conservation.

Motion‐triggered laser photography reveals fine‐scale activity patterns for burrowing crayfish

Abstract Burrowing crayfish represent 15% of total crayfish species and 32% of imperilled species. Few life history studies exist for these species and more information is needed regarding their ecology, population status, distribution, and biogeography for effective conservation efforts. Challenges to gaining such information include sampling difficulty and small sample sizes. Collection efforts may be more efficient if activity patterns can be identified for species of interest. The goal of our study was to assess specific environmental indicators of burrowing crayfish activity patterns. We evaluated activity patterns of two primary burrowing crayfish species, Lacunicambarus erythrodactylus (Simon & Morris, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 127, 2014, 572) and Procambarus holifieldi (Schuster, Taylor, & Adams, Zootaxa, 4021, 2015, 1) using laser‐triggered digital photography for one‐year periods in the Bogue Chitto Creek floodplain, Dallas County, Alabama, U.S.A. We predicted that activity would be related to time of day, season, groundwater depth, and precipitation. Activity by L. erythrodactylus covaried significantly with time of day, daylength, groundwater temperature, and relative air temperature, while activity by P. holifieldi covaried with time of day, season, groundwater temperature, and relative air temperature. Additionally, burrow chimney construction by P. holifieldi covaried with daylength, groundwater temperature, relative air temperature, and precipitation. Out‐of‐burrow activity for both species was greatest at night and during periods of relatively cool groundwater temperatures and relatively warm air temperatures, which may be linked to thermal regulation behaviour. The probability of chimney construction by P. holifieldi increased with increasing daylength and decreasing precipitation and was highest during periods of cool groundwater temperatures and air temperatures. A distinct lull in activity from October through March for both species was likely to be the result of reproductive behaviours such as period of egg production and incubation within burrows. Identifying peak out‐of‐burrow activity periods for burrowing crayfish will allow collection efforts to be focused on periods of greatest activity, thereby facilitating the study of burrowing crayfish behaviour.

Elucidating the passivation kinetics and surface film chemistry of 254SMO stainless steel for chimney construction in simulated desulfurized flue gas condensates

Temperature-dependent passivation kinetics and surface film chemistry of 254SMO stainless steel in the simulated desulfurized flue gas condensates in thermal power plant chimney are investigated. Increasing temperature increases the electric field strength and multiplies the donor density, but exhibits little effect on point defect diffusivity within the passive film. The mixed CrIII-FeII/III-MoIV/VI oxide/hydroxide film with a higher amount of oxidized Cr and FeII compounds is formed at high temperatures. Anodic polarization generates a less oxidized film with higher FeII/FeIII and Crox+hy/Feox+hy ratios as compared to that formed at OCP when the film thickness is indistinguishable between the two film formation approaches. This steels provides an acceptable resistance to the attack of the flue gas in the chimney of thermal power plat.

Seismic behaviour of brickwork chimneys in buildings

The construction of chimneys of solid bricks in buildings with sloped roofs was commonplace in Bulgaria for almost a century. The collapse of a chimney during an earthquake could potentially lead to damages greatly exceeding the loss of the chimney itself, e.g. partial damage to the roof tiling and leaks, as well as material damage, injury or loss of life due to debris fall. A FEM model was created, in which the storeys of the building are represented in a generalised way, while the chimney is modelled explicitly as a cantilever supported at roof level. The internal forces in chimneys with heights ranging from 0.5 m to 2.0 m, belonging to buildings with height ranging from two to seven storeys were computed. Acceleration records from real earthquakes acting at the base of the building with varying peak ground acceleration and predominant period were used for input loading. The maximum tensile stresses at the bed joints were computed and were compared to the typical tensile strength of the mortars used for chimney construction, to assess the possibility of collapse. A simple, low-tech method for upgrading of existing chimneys by applying a coat of cement-based plaster with embedded fiberglass mesh is proposed.

Degradation of protective coatings in steel chimneys of flue gas desulfurisation systems

This paper presents problems associated with corrosion of steel stacks and changes in philosophy of corrosion protection when implemented into flue gas desulphurization systems. In-situ tests were taken by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at the stack which discharges flue gas before wet lime/limestone desulphurization. A very quick electrolyte absorption by the spherical infill vinylester coating was found using the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. An analysis of destruction shows a joint effect of mechanical and corrosion factors on the poor resistance of the coating. The poor resistance of the coating is also connected with the method of chimney construction and coating application.

Mineralizing Filamentous Bacteria from the Prony Bay Hydrothermal Field Give New Insights into the Functioning of Serpentinization-Based Subseafloor Ecosystems

Despite their potential importance as analogs of primitive microbial metabolisms, the knowledge of the structure and functioning of the deep ecosystems associated with serpentinizing environments is hampered by the lack of accessibility to relevant systems. These hyperalkaline environments are depleted in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), making the carbon sources and assimilation pathways in the associated ecosystems highly enigmatic. The Prony Bay Hydrothermal Field (PHF) is an active serpentinization site where, similar to Lost City (Mid-Atlantic Ridge), high-pH fluids rich in H2 and CH4 are discharged from carbonate chimneys at the seafloor, but in a shallower lagoonal environment. This study aimed to characterize the subsurface microbial ecology of this environment by focusing on the earliest stages of chimney construction, dominated by the discharge of hydrothermal fluids of subseafloor origin. By jointly examining the mineralogy and the microbial diversity of the conduits of juvenile edifices at the micrometric scale, we find a central role of uncultivated bacteria belonging to the Firmicutes in the ecology of the PHF. These bacteria, along with members of the phyla Acetothermia and Omnitrophica, are identified as the first chimneys inhabitants before archaeal Methanosarcinales. They are involved in the construction and early consolidation of the carbonate structures via organomineralization processes. Their predominance in the most juvenile and nascent hydrothermal chimneys, and their affiliation with environmental subsurface microorganisms, indicate that they are likely discharged with hydrothermal fluids from the subseafloor. They may thus be representative of endolithic serpentinization-based ecosystems, in an environment where DIC is limited. In contrast, heterotrophic and fermentative microorganisms may consume organic compounds from the abiotic by-products of serpentinization processes and/or from life in the deeper subsurface. We thus propose that the Firmicutes identified at PHF may have a versatile metabolism with the capability to use diverse organic compounds from biological or abiotic origin. From that perspective, this study sheds new light on the structure of deep microbial communities living at the energetic edge in serpentinites and may provide an alternative model of the earliest metabolisms.

The development of unfired clay building material using Brick Dust Waste and Mercia mudstone clay

This work reports the potential of using Brick Dust Waste (BDW) as a partial substitute for clay in the development of unfired clay building materials (brick, block and mortar). BDW is a waste material from the cutting of fired clay bricks. There are various reasons necessitating the cutting of bricks — corner bricks, construction of chimneys, and other uses needing bricks of various shapes and sizes. This results in the disposal of BDW as an environmental problem of concern. In order to investigate the clay replacement potential of BDW, four types of mixes were designed at varying BDW replacement levels — 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag, an industrial by-product from steel manufacture was activated using quick lime and the mixture was used to stabilise Mercia mudstone clay for unfired clay production. The 56day compressive results using cylinder test specimens showed a significant strength gain (up to 2.1N/mm2). Overall, the results suggest that it is possible to develop unfired clay building material using up to 20% BDW as partial substitutes for primary clay.

Chimney construction byChironomus ripariuslarvae in response to hypoxia: microbial implications for freshwater sediments

Many shallow aquatic ecosystems with high nutrient loads experience periods of O2 depletion that evoke behavioral responses by macrobenthic organisms. The sediment-dwelling midge larva Chironomus riparius reduces its deposit-feeding activity and allocates more time to burrow ven- tilation during periods of hypoxia. We investigated another striking behavioral adaptation of this species, i.e., the elongation of U-shaped sediment burrows to chimneys that tower above the sediment surface. Chironomus riparius larvae gradually abandoned burrow construction and took up chimney construction when exposed to hypoxic conditions in laboratory microcosms. Microsensors were used to show that the chimneys were oxic sediment compartments that were periodically irrigated by the larvae with oxygenated surface water. O2 uptake rates per unit interface area were significantly higher for chimneys than for the flat sediment surface. This observation was consistent with the dense colonization of the chimneys by bacteria. Chimneys may facilitate the larval acquisition of both O2 for respiration and microbial biomass for food. Given the mass abundance of C. riparius in many polluted and O2-deficient habitats, the chimneys also may contribute significantly to the patchiness of the benthic microbial community in terms of structure and function. In particular, the presence of chimneys might favor aerobic bacterial populations and their metabolism.

Wintering at Little Island Rock: A Fur Trade Site on Grand Island

AbstractResearch conducted by Hiawatha National Forest personnel in 2000–2002 investigated the well-preserved archaeological remains of a circa 1820s fur trader’s wintering post located on Grand Island, near the south shore of Lake Superior. The most likely occupant of this post was Henry A. Levake, a trader from Sault Sainte Marie (St. Mary’s Falls) who was accompanied by his Native American wife. Both archaeological and historical information show that the Little Island Rock Post is an example of a specialized cold-climate adaptation developed in the boreal forests of North America and in the northern portion of the temperate forests to the south. Key elements of this adaptation include: location near a late fall or winter fishery, use of large amounts of clay for chimney construction, and the presence of ample storage facilities, especially pits. Features associated with this adaptation at the Little Island Rock Post also reflect the multiethnic occupational subculture of the fur trade. This site fills...

CHIMNEY BUILDING IN THE FIDDLER CRAB UCA ARCUATA

Abstract The fiddler crab Uca arcuata (De Haan, 1835), which lives on intertidal mud flats, occasionally builds a cylindrical mud chimney that encircles its burrow entrance. Chimneys were more often found with burrows of females than with those of males (22% versus 10%). For both sexes, smaller individuals were more likely to construct chimneys. Chimneys were more abundant during the periods of male waving activity (May–August), but their abundance was unrelated to the semilunar tidal cycle. We experimentally demonstrated that individuals without burrows more often entered burrows without chimneys than burrows with chimneys. Because individuals compete for burrows, the function of chimney construction may be to decrease the likelihood that an individual loses its burrow to an opponent. The seasonal variation in chimney construction as well as differences in the probability of construction among various sex and size classes also support this conclusion.

高所における建設作業に従事する作業者の疲労に関する調査 : 特殊な環境における建築物の施工に関する人間工学的検討 第一報

A subjective survey was performed on a 200m high chimney construction project in order to analyse worker fatigue. Workers were given a questionaire and levels of cathecjolamin in urine was sampled, heart rate after work was measured and environmental factors were examined. Fatigue was observed in relation to the height of the work, the work load and other associated factors. This paper presents the symptoms of worker fatigue and shows that the chimney construction system appears to have an effect on the group organization of workers, the learning effect and the reduction of work-load.

Mineralogy and sulphur isotope geochemistry of the Broken Spur sulphides, 29°N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Abstract Massive sulphide-sulphate-oxides from the newly discovered Broken Spur hydrothermal field at 29°10′N on the slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge have been examined to determine their mineralogical, chemical and sulphur isotope characteristics. The chimney and spire samples are dominated by chalcopyrite-isocubanite-pyrrhotiteanhydrite, with the uppermost active areas composed of anhydrite-rich ‘beehive’ structures which act as diffusers for the hydrothermal fluids and scaffolding for the chimney construction. Delicate ‘organ-pipe’ chimney tips grow on the beehive structures. Samples from mounds and the base of active edifices are more enriched in Fe disulphides and sphalerite, with significant amounts of Fe oxyhydroxides and amorphous silica. Sulphur isotope values of sulphides range from −0.8 to 2.4‰, similar to those reported from the Snakepit hydrothermal vent field. This range is significantly lower than the range reported from the fast-spreading East Pacific Rise, and this may be a function of fluid flow paths in differing hydrothermal settings.

Arkitekten Carl Henric König

Summary Carl Henrik Konig (1726–1804) was one of the four city architects in Stockholm during the eighteenth century. He held this position from 1773 till his death, but had been employed in the city architects’ office since 1745. Not many of Konig's architectural works remain today, at any rate not many that we can be sure are by his hand. Some manors may perhaps be attributed to him: Skillinge and Gedsholm in Scania, Helgerum in Smaland and Skinnskatteberg in Vastmanland. Konig took a strong interest in training the pupils who were employed by the office and he wrote one of the few Swedish textbooks on building technique from that time. The Royal Library in Stockholm has in its possession the manuscript of a lecture and a collection of drawings which he probably used when teaching at the office. These contain a great deal of practical and technical advice concerning buildings and water pipes. The construction of chimneys, ovens and other fireplaces, for exemple, is discussed in detail. The manuscript an...

Random response of shell structures due to wind

An approach is outlined for the fatigue analysis of cylindrical shell structures subjected to the natural wind assuming the process to be a stationary random process. Two cantilever thin walled shells typical of chimney construction have been tested in a wind tunnel and comparisons made between measured strain spectra and computed values. The agreement obtained gives encouragement to the further development of the ideas proposed.

Biggest Tufplas chimney yet

Plastics Design & Engineering Ltd. of Culcheth, Lancashire who developed the Tufplas system of chimney construction have recently completed an impressively large chimney liner thought to be the largest in Europe incorporating plastics. It stands 350ft high and measures 11ft 6in diameter with an internal surface area of 13,000sq ft. It was built at the Grimsby works of British Titan Products Ltd. to vent steam and fumes of inorganic waste produced in the process of Titanium Dioxide manufacture.