Construction Drawings Research Articles

Building Information Modelling Usage in Federal Hydropower Design and Construction Management

The use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) is widespread within the engineering and construction industry, with huge strides in both usage and technological advances in the past two decades. The benefits of design collaboration, communication, visualization, and risk mitigation are untold. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers foresaw the benefits of BIM and began to write policy for its mandatory use across the enterprise in the early 2000s. As BIM technology evolved, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has struggled to keep pace with the speed of industry but continue to make improvements to policy and more widespread usage across the enterprise. The MILCON program sees widespread use in the planning and design phases using BIM for visualization, communication, creation of 2D construction drawings, and rough estimating. BIM usage stops short in two major areas of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers work: hydropower rehabilitation and construction management. Professionals from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in design management, hydropower engineering, and construction management all agreed that BIM, utilized and implemented properly, can have a very strong impact in each major field that would improve efficiencies, aid stakeholders in better understanding of complicated design concepts, and realize a more streamlined construction management process for complicated hydropower work. Through literature review and interviews with construction professionals, this research studied how BIM is being used within the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, specifically within hydropower rehabilitation programs, for design and construction management. This research also focused on how private industry has been and is currently using BIM in construction management, and to correlate how processes used in private industry may be used on hydropower generation unit rehabilitation projects at USACE-owned facilities.

Exploring the Reform of “Teachers, Teaching Materials, and Teaching Methods” Based on the “1+X” Certificate

In order to promote the reform of vocational education, the state has issued the National Vocational Education Reform Implementation Plan, in which the reform of “Teachers, Teaching Materials, and Teaching Methods” as well as the “1 + X” certificate have been the most prominent topics for discussion. Facing new opportunities for vocational education development, popularizing the blend of “1 + x” courses and certificates, strengthening the integration of production and education, as well as enhancing professional soft skills are urgent issues to solved. This article combines the “1+ X” certificate of civil engineering professional construction drawings and analyzes the necessity of promoting the “1 + X” professional skill level as well as the combination of certificate and curriculum construction in deepening the reform of “Teachers, Teaching Materials, and Teaching Methods.” Several suggestions have been put forward for the reform of “Teachers, Teaching Materials, and Teaching Methods,” which would be helpful for the practical exploration in the reform of “three teaching methods.”

Automated optimum visualization system for construction drawing reading

The task of reading drawings on construction sites has significant efficiency and cost problems. Recent products utilising laser projectors attempt to address the issue of drawing comprehension by projecting full scale versions of the drawings onto 3D surfaces, giving an in-place representation of the steps required to complete a task. However, they only allow projection in red or green at a single brightness level due to the inherent constraints of using a laser-based system, which could cause problems depending on the surface to be projected on and the ambient conditions. Thus, there is a need for a solution that is able to adjust the visualisation parameters of the displayed information based on the surface being projected onto. This study presents a system that automatically changes the visualisation parameters based on the colour and texture of the current surface to make drawings visible under any planar-like surfaces. The proposed system consists of software and hardware, and the software algorithm contains of two parts 1) the optimisation run that computes and updates the visualisation parameters and 2) the detection loop which runs continually and checks if the optimisation run needs to be triggered or not. In order to verify the proposed system, tests on 8 subjects with 4 background surfaces commonly found on site were performed. The test subjects were timed to find 10 bolt holes projected onto the surface using the optimisation system, which was then compared to a control case of black lines projected onto a white background. The system allowed users to complete the task on the real-world backgrounds in the same time as the control case, with the system resulting in up to a 600% decrease in recognition time on some backgrounds.

Lovina Beach landscape design in Buleleng Regency Bali based on landscape engineering

Lovina Beach is a famous tourist attraction on the northern island of Bali. This beach is somewhat unique because it has an exciting dolphin viewing attraction. However, some lack elements on-site reduce the value of beach tourism, such as unattractive design, many idle facilities, empty spaces, and puddle. This study aims to analyze and redesign the beach based on landscape engineering to overcome sustainability. The design stage consists of project acceptance, research and analysis, design, and construction drawings combined with the scoring system of the hydro-oceanographic analysis. The analysis aimed to identify the value of coastal vulnerability indexes. The results of this study are site plan concepts, perspective drawings, cut images, planting plans, and detailed engineering designs, which is formed on the results of analysis and synthesis, and preferences score. The design of this coastal waterscape will be used as a recommendation to the beach management.

DELAY RISK ASSESSMENT IN CRUSHER SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION AT PT FREEPORT INDONESIA UNDERGROUND MINE

The construction of a crusher system is a very important sequence in the underground mining stage. Therefore, the delays in completing construction will have a negative effect on production achievement. Of the three crusher systems with a capacity of around 2,500 tons per hour that have been completed to support the development of a new underground mine at PT Freeport Indonesia (PTFI), two of them have experienced a delay in completion of more than one month while the remaining one was completed faster. This study aims to assess the risk of delays in the construction of a crusher system in PTFI’s underground mine. The risk of delay was identified and registered from the history of the construction reports of the three previous crusher systems. Then the opinions of 35 selected experts are collected to provide an assessment on four scales of both consequences and likelihood scores. This expert assessment is used for risk analysis to determine the severity level of each risk. The result of this study identified 79 risks of delay in the construction of a crusher system in PTFI’s underground mine which can be grouped into five categories: 16 risks related to work area, 8 risks related to construction drawing, 22 risks related to materials, 3 risks related to administration, and 30 risks related to resources. From the results of risk analysis and evaluation, it was found that 17 risks of high severity delays required risk treatment: 1 risk in the work area, 11 risks to material, and 5 risks to resources. In very specific projects such as the construction of a crusher system in a remote underground mine, the risks related to materials and resources management are of high severity impact for project delays. Keywords: construction delay analysis, construction failure case studies, construction risk assessment, project risk management

Research on Examination of Construction Drawings of University Construction Projects

After completing the construction project approval, the universities will entrust a qualified design institute to carry out plan design, preliminary design and construction drawing design. Among them, the construction drawings are used to show the external shape, internal layout, detailed structure, and fixed facilities of the building, and its design depth meets the requirements for guiding construction. Construction drawings are an important basis for universities to compile bills of quantities, launch bidding, and organize construction. They are also a key factor for universities construction projects to achieve quality, investment, and schedule control goals. Therefore, the establishment of a complete construction drawing review mechanism to improve the quality of construction drawings is of great significance to the later project management.

FORENSIC ANALYSIS OF THE WUXI 312 VIADUCT OVERTURNING COLLAPSE

On October 10, 2019, a three-span concrete continuous box girder on National Highway 312 in Xishan District, Wuxi City, overturned under the action of two vehicles. Investigated the accident site first, then established a geometrically nonlinear finite element model based on wreckage photos and construction drawings, and studied the overturning mechanism. An overload determination method based on the strength and overturning stability effects is proposed. The results include: the overturning test results based on the standard lane load demonstrate that the bridge does not meet the overturning test requirements specified in the Specification for Design of Highway Reinforced Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Bridge and Culvert (2018 edition); the superstructure under the action of the overloaded vehicle first rotated, then slid, and finally exhibited a combination of substantial rotation and sliding overturning mode; the superstructure has a certain safety margin between bearing separation and overturning; the calculation based on the strength and overturning stability effect proves that the overturning effect generated by the overloaded vehicle is greater than the overturning capacity of the structure, indicating that the overturning is mainly attributed to the overload. However, the structural bending capacity turns out to be sufficient through further calculation, indicating that the overturning damage occurred earlier than the occurrence of strength damage, and that the overturning resistance and bending resistance do not match.

Capturing variability in material intensity of single-family dwellings: A case study of Toronto, Canada

The need to reduce resource use in the built environment is widely recognized, but quantitative understanding of material use in buildings is limited, especially at neighbourhood and city scales. Existing bottom-up material inventories largely rely on typology-based methods, using representative buildings with little quantification of variability in material use. They also typically focus on advancing material replacement or recycling with less attention to reducing material use. This paper quantifies the material intensity of 40 single-family wood framed dwellings in Toronto, Canada. Design and construction drawings from the Toronto Committee of Adjustment and local building codes were used to estimate material quantities for each building. The variability in material use and intensity is explored per building, floor area and number of bedrooms and the largest drivers determined to identify opportunities for building design modifications to meaningfully reduce material intensity. Variability in the quantities of construction materials used within the single-family dwellings studied is large, with coefficients of variation ranging from 13% up to 160%. Concrete basements are the largest driver of material use by mass (mean 56% of total material mass) and building envelope insulation by volume (37%). This paper advances our understanding of the range of material intensities within a single building type in one city and the largest drivers of material use within single-family dwellings. This provides valuable information for including variability in typology approaches to bottom-up urban material intensity and insights for policy/design pathways for reducing material use in single-family dwellings.

Teaching with Drawings: Primary Source Instruction with Architecture Archives

ABSTRACT Architectural archival collections contain a wide variety of documents and materials that are effective teaching tools for primary source instruction. Sketches, design and construction drawings, material samples, models, and photographs are just some of the collection materials one may find in an architecture archives. However, architecture archivists are not formally trained to teach with these collections. The authors examine the gap in professional and scholarly literature on teaching with these specific materials and consider this in comparison to the rich literature on teaching with primary sources more broadly. They discuss the pedagogical models they have applied in their instruction work and how these support the information-seeking habits and research needs of architecture faculty and design students. By contributing to the growing body of literature on teaching with special collections in this specific subject area, the authors hope to elevate the skills and expertise that architecture archivists bring to the field.

Talking About Civil Engineering Cost Management and Construction Drawing Budgeting Method

Talking About Civil Engineering Cost Management and Construction Drawing Budgeting Method

Utilization of Building Information Modeling for Arranging the Structural Kingposts

The kingpost was a vertical element that was used to support the structural strut in the deep excavation. The structural kingpost was commonly arranged by experienced engineers who used two-dimensional construction drawings. Thus, it was still time-consuming and error-prone. Currently, an available construction program has been developed to arrange the structural kingpost by identifying the clash problems in the 3D environment. However, they have a limitation for detecting the clash that was unable to visualize the concurrent clashes between kingpost and many underground structures. Then, the engineer cannot see all the clash incidents with each kingpost and move the kingpost to avoid the clashes successfully. Since the kingpost arrangement was still an inefficient practice that was limited in the visualization aspect, this research used engineering knowledge and advanced construction technology to detect and solve the clashes between kingposts and underground structures. The methodology used engineering knowledge of kingpost arrangement to develop the system modules by using a rule-based approach. Then, these modules were developed into the system by using visual programming of Building Information Modelling (BIM). To test the system, an underground structure from building construction was selected as a case study to apply the developed system. Finally, the finding of this study could overcome human judgment by providing less interaction in the kingpost arrangement and visualization improvement of clash occurrences in the 3D model.

Design of Tunnel Automatic Monitoring System Based on BIM and IOT

At present, the application of BIM and IoT in construction is more and more common. However, few studies combine BIM with IoT for real-time monitoring of mountain tunnels. This paper have designed a tunnel automatic monitoring system based on BIM and IoT. Various sensing devices are arranged inside the tunnel to collect deformation, groundwater level and other monitoring data. Satellite monitoring data is collected through GNSS outside the tunnel. The above information is dynamically transmitted to the cloud computing platform by using the NTRIP and ZigBee wireless communication technology. At the same time, the data in the construction drawings are imported into the 3D model by BIM technology to informationize the tunnel model and visualize the monitoring data. This can effectively reduce the accident rate and improve the efficiency of tunnel construction management. At the same time, it provided a new idea for the joint application of BIM, IoT and GNSS in tunnel automatic monitoring system.

Cloud BIM Technology as a Means of Collaboration and Project Integration in Smart Cities

Building Information Modeling (BIM) was created to address the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry’s lack of collaboration among consultants. Advances in cloud BIM have led to the easy exchange of data and real-time collaboration among consultants from conceptual design to the detailed construction drawing stage and through the project life cycle. This is critical in the development of smart cities. Cloud BIM also facilitates visualization of the city and data exchange for internet of things (IoT). Smart city development involves incorporating data from sensors and hardware attached to existing infrastructure. This article studies cloud BIM technology as a means of project integration in smart city development. To do this, a case study of digital modeling for the development of a smart city was done. Benefits include seamless communication, monitoring real-time progress, and visualization of files. Problems encountered include governance problems, problems preserving work sets, the integrity of drawings, and difficulty specifying coordinates on-site.

Contribution of collaborative skill toward construction drawing skill for developing vocational course

Abstract This study aims to support developing research in designing a vocational lesson and learning model for civil engineering education study program by examining students’ collaborative skills toward construction drawing skills as a substantial skill in civil engineering. This study investigated student performance for proposing collaborative learning approaches to improve student skills as needed by industry. It is an ex-post-facto study using 130 samples from several vocational high schools in Indonesia with descriptive statistics and regression for the data analysis. The results show that the collaborative skill is in a fair category of 60.00 and the construction drawing skill is in a good category of 67.49 on a 100 scale. There is a significant and positive influence of collaborative skill (X) toward construction drawing skill (Y) with a linear regression model Ŷ = 31.443 + 1.952X. Furthermore, it presented a correlation coefficient of 0.644, a determination coefficient (R 2) of 0.415, and an adjusted R 2 of 0.410, where it can be concluded that the collaborative skill variable (X) as a predictor in the regression model includes the moderate category, which gives a 41% contribution in explaining the variants of the construction drawing skill (Y) as the dependent variable. It needs special attention to the specific behavioral details of the collaborative skill. The future work is needed to improve collaborative skills that emphasize prioritizing collaboration between peers and learning interdependence.

Contractors’ Perspective on the Main Factors Influencing On-Site Labour Productivity: A Focus on Malaysian Infrastructure Projects

The overall performance of construction projects has been seemingly low and has negatively affected its efficacy in fulfilling national development agenda. Infrastructure projects are complex and riddled with numerous construction risks, and often involve large financial investments as well as several resources, particularly labour. The objective of this research paper is to identify the main factors that influence labour on construction sites of infrastructure projects. In achieving this research objective, 26 factors were extracted from literature and subsequently distributed for assessment by 355 identified respondents via a questionnaire-based survey. 63 respondents, representing a response rate of 17.75%, participated in returning completed questionnaires for further analysis. The main factors that influence on–site labour productivity were identified through the use of Relative Importance Index analysis. The three most significant factors identified were co-ordination between sub-contractors, labour skill and expertise within specific job scopes, and, availability of updated construction drawings at the project sites. Several other factors were also extracted through the analysis conducted on the garnered data. These factors will collectively be able to accord contractors a better comprehension of the influencing elements that either impinge or promote labour productivity. These findings are pertinent for construction firms in the efforts to progressively increase the level of labour productivity in the Malaysian construction sector, particularly within the parameters of infrastructure projects.

Civil Engineering Cost Management and Construction Drawing Budgeting Method

Civil Engineering Cost Management and Construction Drawing Budgeting Method

Research on the Expression of Interior Design Based on Computer Renderings

With the improvement of living conditions, interior design (hereinafter referred to as ITD) has become an indispensable basic matter in people’s life, which can meet the purpose of improving people’s living needs. Through ITD, we can gradually move towards intelligent life and other aspects. Traditional ITD is based on hand-painted renderings, which has been difficult to meet the demands of the development of the information age. Therefore, designers are looking for new ways of ITD, which can better achieve the effect of ITD. The expression of ITD is mainly divided into four links, including plan practice, sketch design, effect drawing expression and construction, namely plan, sketch, effect drawing and construction drawing. With the rapid development of computer, designers have gradually used software rendering, which can let customers know the effect. First of all, this paper analyzes the expression of ITD. Then, this paper analyzes the expression methods based on the computer renderings. Finally, some suggestions are put forward.

The Application of Computer-based BIM Technology in Garden Architecture Design

With the development of computer technology, all walks of life have begun to combine computer technology for industry development, including the garden industry. The garden industry mainly uses computer-aided technology for garden design. The main technology currently used in garden planning and design is BIM technology. It is an important means to achieve two-dimensional construction drawings and three-dimensional landscape models in garden planning and design.

Research on Steel Structure Deeping Design Application Practice

The node forms of a steel structure project are complex and changeable, from small beam connection nodes to large joist and steel column connection nodes, there are all kinds of nodes, and it is quite difficult to deepen the design. The Deeping design always plays a vital role in the steel structure construction, and the quality of its design will be directly related to the strict and effective implementation and execution of the design drawings to some extent, so as to further supplement and improve the construction drawings. Therefore, this will be directly related to the construction progress of the whole project and construction quality. This paper combines the actual project, to deepen the design of the problems to be considered for analysis, and put forward countermeasures. Through the project comprehensive application, confirm the feasibility of relevant countermeasures, and hope that the follow-up similar projects can have reference and help.

Seismic vulnerability assessment of existing school buildings

This paper presents a methodology to perform the seismic vulnerability assessment of existing buildings. It starts with the acquisition of structural data from available construction drawings and field investigations to create a preliminary finite element model. Then, a wireless sensor network is used to collect the structural response at different locations. The sensors are connected and synchronized to each other to download and process data in real time. Modal identification methods, such as output-only and forced vibration techniques, are used to determine the modal characteristics and consequently calibrate the structural model for the subsequent vulnerability assessment. The proposed methodology is applied to a reinforced concrete school building in Italy. The seismic vulnerability is evaluated using a variety of alternative formulations. In particular, material nonlinearities and contact interaction at the structural joints are considered.