Construction And Demolition Waste Recycling Research Articles

Application of Aggregates from Construction and Demolition Wastes in Concrete: Review

In the current century, urbanization and the development of the construction industry have led to the generation of construction and demolition waste (CDW), imposing pressure on ecology and the environment. This has attracted the attention of industry personnel and researchers. This work discusses the current research on recycled coarse or fine aggregate, mainly focusing on the physical, mechanical and durability properties of sustainable concrete with recycled coarse or fine aggregate. Furthermore, it also summarizes CDW recycling and classification in major countries, the production processes of recycled aggregate, and the physical properties. This review will provide a reference for the application of concrete with recycled coarse or fine aggregate. Moreover, this review notes that replacing natural aggregates with both coarse and fine recycled aggregates awaits further experimental exploration.

Mechanical and Durability Characterization of Hybrid Recycled Aggregate Concrete.

The recycling of construction and demolition waste (CDW) for the extraction of recycled concrete aggregates (RCAs) to be used to produce recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) is widely acknowledged internationally. However, CDW not only contains concrete debris but may also contain burnt clay bricks. The recycling of such CDW without the segregation of different components would result in recycled aggregates having different proportions of concrete and brick aggregates. The utilization of these aggregates in concrete requires a detailed investigation of their mechanical and durability properties. In this regard, the present study focused on investigating the mechanical and durability properties of hybrid recycled aggregate concrete (HRAC) made by the 100% replacing of natural aggregates with recycled brick (RBAs) and RCA in hybrid form. The partial replacement of cement with fly ash was also considered to reduce the corban footprint of concrete. An extensive experimental program was designed and carried out in two phases. In the first phase, a total of 48 concrete mixes containing coarse RBA and RCA in mono and hybrid forms were prepared and tested for their compressive strength. The test results indicated that the compressive strength of HRAC is greatly affected by the proportion of coarse RBA and RCA. In the second phase, based on the results of the first phase, eight concrete mixes with the most critical proportions of RBA and RCA in hybrid form were selected to evaluate their mechanical and durability performance. In addition, four mixes with natural aggregates were also prepared for comparison purposes. To evaluate the mechanical properties of the concrete mixes, compressive strength and modulus of rupture (MOR) tests were performed, while for the evaluation of durability properties, water absorption and behavior after exposure to aggressive conditions of acidic and brine solutions were studied. The results revealed that a 20% replacement of cement with fly ash resulted in acceptable mechanical and durability properties of HRAC intended to be used for making concrete bricks or pavers.

Investigating the Determinants of Construction Stakeholders’ Intention to Use Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling Products Based on the S-O-R Model in China

In China, the annual generation of construction and demolition waste (CDW) has been steadily increasing, accompanied by a generally low recycling rate. To promote sustainable development, there is an urgent need to enhance the recycling of CDW. This paper aims to investigate the determinants of construction stakeholders’ intention to use CDW recycling products in China. The stimulus–organism–response (S-O-R) model, integrating the technological–organizational–environmental (TOE) framework, personal perceptions, personal traits, and the intention to use, was chosen as our theoretical model. Through an analysis of 272 valid questionnaires, the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was utilized to evaluate the model and test the proposed hypotheses. The results indicated that personal traits are the most influential factor shaping construction stakeholders’ intention to use, followed by personal perceptions, while external stimuli exert no direct significant impact on the intention to use. Nevertheless, personal traits and personal perceptions play a significant mediating role in the relationship between external stimuli and the intention to use, forming a noteworthy serial chain mediation. The research findings imply that in China, bolstering personal traits plays a critical role in guiding and promoting the intention to use CDW recycling products.

Semi-supervised segmentation for construction and demolition waste recognition in-the-wild: Adversarial dual-view networks

Precise, and automated segmentation of construction and demolition waste (CDW) is crucial for recognizing the composition of mixed waste streams and facilitating automatic waste sorting. Training a neural network for image segmentation is challenging due to the time and resource-intensive nature of annotating large-scale datasets, particularly for domain-specific waste recognition in cluttered environments. In this paper, we propose a semi-supervised multi-class segmentation approach to recognize CDW in real-world settings, utilizing an adversarial dual-view framework. In doing so, we utilize a critic network to enable mutual learning between views using high-confidence predictions. We collected and annotated images of CDW in-the-wild and experimented with various portions of unlabelled data. By minimizing a multi-task loss function, inclusive of supervised, unsupervised, and adversarial losses, our method achieves a frequency-weighted intersection over union of 0.62 and mean pixel accuracy of 0.76 across eight classes, with equal splits of labelled and unlabelled data. The findings realize the proposed method achieves competitive performance compared to fully supervised methods even with limited labelled data. This is useful in waste recognition practices by reducing the time and resources needed for data annotations. Furthermore, it paves the way for accurate waste sorting, facilitating efficient CDW recycling and resource recovery.

Water content estimation of recycled building materials based on near-infrared spectroscopy

Recycling of construction and demolition waste (CDW) is one key component of the circular economy. Reusing construction materials opens the opportunity to preserve finite natural resources and their corresponding landscapes, and also reduces the emission of greenhouse gases.Unfortunately, recycling of CDW is challenging when the new product ought to be used on the same quality level as the demolished one and down-cycling should be avoided. Therefore, the CDW needs to be classified and impurities must be removed. The water content quantification of the recycled aggregates is important because the amount of existing water needs to be known, e.g., when calculating a mixture for recycling concrete. New developments in the classification and the sorting of CDW make use of the information from the spectral range in the visual and infrared region. Therefore, the approach of this study is to examine whether this information can be used to estimate the water content of various CDW materials. Based on reflection measurements in the near-infrared range between 1000nm and 2300nm a mathematical relationship between the spectral measurements and the water content is established. Three estimates for the water content are set up. The mean absorption, the water index, and the absorption difference are later tested on CDW material samples covering concrete, autoclaved aerated concrete, lightweight concrete, brick, roof tile, calcium silicate brick and gypsum.

Recovery of Demolished House Rocks from Construction and Demolition Waste with Water Jigs

The European Union (EU) is responsible for generating quantities ranging from 310 to almost 700 million tons of construction and demolition waste (CDW) per year. Consisting of over 70% inert material (concrete, ceramics, plaster, bricks, and rocks), CDW can be recycled for various uses, and studies on the concentration of the materials of interest are necessary to improve the management of this material and reduce waste. In CDW recycling plants in Spain, there is a significant presence of limestone from old houses (a common material used in civil construction before new construction materials and technologies emerged) that were demolished and mixed with CDW that can be recovered for use as aggregates in concretes with process density concentration processes such as water jigging. The jigging process is based on the difference in density between materials, allowing the concentration of the densest material at the bottom of the jig. Concrete, conventional construction bricks, and rocks from old houses were taken separately and then were crushed and mixed based on binary and ternary tests, and each test was performed in this study by applying the jigging separation method. The physical characterization tests of these materials was carried out to observe the jigging performance in the concentration of rocks as well as the aggregates present in concrete. Binary tests (with two different materials) and ternary tests (with three different materials) were carried out to analyze the concentration of particles with a density greater than 2.55 g/cm3. The efficiency of jigging in the concentration of these materials was proven, and products were generated with more than 70% recovery of this material, with a concentration comprised of more than 95% rocks and concrete.

Barriers to circular economy practices during construction and demolition waste management in an emerging economy

The construction industry requires significant quantities of material and energy resources, which are either recycled or disposed as waste after demolition. Circular Economy (CE) facilitates the benefits of reuse and recycling of Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) and promotes the industry in cradle-to-cradle or “Resolve” paradigms. However, in emerging economies, the industry merely achieves to harness a negligible amount of the CDW's intrinsic monetary benefit and sustainability, due to multiple barriers to circular practices. This study examines barriers that obstruct the incorporation of circular economy practices in the Indian construction industry. The study uses Relative Importance Index (RII), Factor Analysis, and Regression analysis to arrive at a list of macro-environmental barriers to the use of CE in CDW. The findings are presented using the PESTEL framework, with Political, Social, and Economic factors being the dominant barriers to the use of CE in CDW in emerging economies. Results from this study point towards the need for better guidelines by regulators for recycling of CDW, incentive schemes, and overall capacity building in emerging economies.

Modeling the Dynamic Behavior of Recycled Concrete Aggregate-Virgin Aggregates Blend Using Artificial Neural Network

Construction and demolition waste (CDW) aggregates have increased as a result of the rise in construction activities. Current research focuses on recycling of CDW to replace dwindling natural aggregates but pays little attention to permanent deformation behavior due to the anisotropic nature of the blended CDW aggregates. Accordingly, this study performs repeated load triaxial tests to evaluate the permanent deformation mechanism of the blended materials under various shear stress ratios and moisture conditions. An artificial neural network (ANN) deformation prediction model that accounts for the complex nature of the blended CDW and natural aggregate was developed. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the relative importance of each input variable on the deformation. The results indicated that the shear stress ratio and confining pressure profoundly influence the deformation. It was demonstrated that the proposed prediction model is more robust than the conventional one. The sensitivity analysis revealed that the number of loading cycles, confining pressure, and shear stress ratios are the principal factors influencing the permanent deformation of the blended aggregates with sensitivity coefficients of 31%, 25%, and 21%, respectively, followed by the CDW and moisture contents. This model can assist practitioners and policymakers in predicting the permanent deformation of CDW materials for unbound pavement base/subbase construction.

Accreditation system for construction and demolition waste recycling facilities in Egypt

ABSTRACT The Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) recycling industry is one of the important elements of sustainability as it reduces carbon emissions and energy consumption. One of the main actions in the action plan of the Construction and Demolition Waste Management National Strategy in Egypt is establishing quality management system for CDW recycling. Developing accreditation system for CDW facilities is one of the tasks of this action that has a high priority due to government recommendations. This research aims to promote standardization and quality through an accreditation system for CDW recycling facilities. The developed accreditation system is composed of six main elements and several criteria. The relative importance of each element and criteria in the developed system is determined using multiple criteria analysis. The study revealed that the most important elements are the equipment and the availability of documents while the least are health and safety. A Microsoft Excel checklist is developed and used for evaluating of C&D waste recycling facilities to be accredited so as to ensure the quality of C&D waste management process and recycled products. It is also used to classify the CDW recycling facilities.

Evolutionary mechanism of green technology innovation behavior in the operation period of construction and demolition waste recycling public–private partnership projects

AbstractThis paper aims to disclose the evolutionary mechanism of banks' green credit and construction and demolition waste (CDW) recycling enterprises' green technology innovation behavior during the operation period of CDW recycling public–private partnership projects with absorptive capacity theory. The conclusions are as follows. First, the government subsidy coefficient has a positive effect on the evolution of banks to participate in green credit. Second, absorptive capacity and the level of collaboration have a positive effect on the evolution of CDW recycling enterprises to collaborative innovation. Third, CDW recycling enterprises' green technology innovation behavior interacts with banks' green credit participation strategy.

Business models for the reuse of construction and demolition waste.

The construction sector is the largest contributor to waste in Europe. Approximately one-third of all waste originates from construction and demolition. In Europe, most construction and demolition waste (CDW) is recycled as backfilling and only limited amounts of construction materials are reused for their original purpose. There is a current policy push by the European Commission (EC), as well as several EU member states, focused on lifting waste up the European waste hierarchy from recycling to reuse to help preserve resources and reduce the environmental impacts of CDW, which is considered a priority waste stream. This article explores the potential and the barriers to the increased reuse of CDW and describes several business models for reuse based around the intersection between public authorities, waste companies and private companies involved in the construction and demolition sector. The article is empirically based on a study of various reuse schemes operated by waste companies, municipalities and private waste operators in Denmark. Using a mixed-methods approach, in which survey methods are combined with company visits and qualitative interviews, the article analyzes the potential and the barriers to the creation of direct reuse schemes for CDW. Based on the findings from these, four generic business models for the direct reuse and recycling of CDW are synthesized specifically targeting the CDW fractions that are waste managed at public recycling stations. Finally, the article discusses how market conditions, environmental issues and quality can influence emerging reuse schemes.

Environmental feasibility of recycling construction and demolition waste

AbstractConstruction, demolition, and renovation activities generate a significant amount of waste, posing serious environmental risks. The scarcity of recycling facilities makes it difficult to implement the new legislation, which calls for producing recycled aggregates. Moreover, the lack of studies on the environmental feasibility of recycling construction and demolition waste in regions with plentiful natural resources of aggregates is a contributing factor to this scarcity. Therefore, this paper studies the environmental feasibility of establishing a construction and demolition waste (CDW) recycling plant. A case study approach compares the CDW recycling process against the traditional quarrying process for generating aggregates. The lifecycle assessment method is used for evaluating both scenarios. Contribution analysis is performed to infer the factors influencing the viability of the recycling process. Thereafter, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to determine the suitability of the proposed location for the recycling facility. As revealed by the single score, the recycling alternative has a 23% more negative environmental impact than quarrying. Nevertheless, there is a chance that the recycling process could be environmentally advantageous. Findings indicated that a total travel distance of 70 km between the demolition site and the construction site is recommended to guarantee environmental feasibility. The transportation distance is found to be the most critical element influencing the environmental feasibility of recycling CDW. The findings of this study help the decision-makers in environmental affairs to consider the influencing factors when constructing a CDW recycling plant.

Physico-Mechanical Performances of Mortars Prepared with Sorted Earthquake Rubble: The Role of CDW Type and Contained Crystalline Phases.

Construction and demolition waste (CDW) from earthquake rubbles was used here as recycled aggregates (RA) in cementitious binders. The materials were sorted in six groups: concrete (CO), natural stone (NS), tile (TI), brick (BR), perforated brick (PF) and roof tile (RT). The abundance (wt.%) of crystalline phases in each RA type was determined by X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD). Each group of RAs was used alone (100 wt.% of RA) and mixed with quartz-rich virgin aggregates (VA) to prepare 13 types of mortars (12 specimens per type): one reference mortar (RM) with only VA, six recycled aggregate mortars (RAM) and six recycled-plus-virgin aggregate mortars (RVAM). The physical and mechanical properties of aggregates and mortars reflect the type and abundance of crystalline phases in each CDW group. Recycled mortars rich in concrete, natural stones and tiles have better mechanical performance than mortars prepared with recycled bricks, perforated bricks and roof tiles. For each RA, RVAMs have superior mechanical characteristics than the corresponding RAM. Since the type and amount of phases contained in recycled aggregates strongly control the mechanical performance of new construction materials, they should be routinely quantified as reported here, in addition to other physical features (water absorption, density, etc.). The separation of heterogeneous CDW into homogeneous RA groups is necessary for the production of new construction materials with stable and predictable performances to ensure CDW recycling, especially in areas hit by major adverse events, where large amounts of still valuable materials could be used for reconstruction processes.

The impact of innovative technologies in construction activities on concrete debris recycling in China: a system dynamics-based analysis

As construction activities become more intensive in developing countries, increasing improperly managed construction and demolition waste (CDW) brings serious environmental impacts. Recycling is a beneficial way to dispose of CDW that reduces environmental impact and brings economic benefits, especially for concrete. China is the country that generates the most CDW in the world, but its domestic recycling rate is much lower than that of developed countries. While the efficient technologies in developed regions have helped them to achieve a well-established recycling industry, whether these innovative technologies can be used to improve the concrete debris recycling targets in developing regions is unclear. This study examines whether innovations currently widely used in construction activities and materials can have a positive effect on the recycling of End-of-Life concrete materials in China. Results from modeling system dynamics imply that the introduction of innovative technologies in the recycling system of concrete debris can probably contribute to CO2 reduction (3.6% reduction) and economic benefits (2.6 times increase, but mainly from landfill charges and fines) from 2022 to 2030. Prefabrication and 3D printing significantly impact recycled concrete production and CDW recycling, and they are recommended as a priority for promotion. In contrast, carbonation is not suggested for application due to its minor role. Nevertheless, since the market share of innovative technologies and the basic CDW recycling rates are currently low in China, fluctuations in their usage are hardly to have a substantial positive impact. We suggest that financial support from the government is needed for upcycling by recyclers and technology providers to improve the base recycling rate in order for innovative technologies to make an effective contribution to the sustainable construction industry, creating a win–win situation for both the economy and the environment of the recycling system.

How Can Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling Public–Private Partnership Projects Performance Compensate during the Operation Period? A Two-Stage Perspective of Recycling and Remanufacturing

Research in the field of project management has focused on recycling construction and demolition waste (CDW). However, the problem of how to compensate for the performance of CDW recycling public–private partnership (PPP) projects during the operation period has not been resolved. This paper aims to reveal the compensation mechanism during the operation period of CDW recycling PPP projects considering the two-stage performance of recycling and remanufacturing. This paper takes CDW recycling PPP projects as the research object and uses the Stackelberg game and principal-agent theory to establish and solve the master-slave game decision model of CDW recycling PPP projects. The main conclusions are as follows. When social welfare is maximized, the performance compensation coefficients in the recycling and remanufacturing stages are the same and have homogeneity. In addition, the compensation policy positively promotes the two-stage performance, social capital profit and social welfare of the recycling and remanufacturing of CDW recycling PPP projects. This paper not only broadens the application knowledge system of the relevant knowledge of project management in the field of CDW recycling but also provides new evidence for principal-agent theory from the operation stage of CDW recycling PPP projects.

Is Policy the Necessary or Sufficient Driving Force of Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling Industry Development? Experience from China.

Policies have long been considered the essential driving force in promoting construction and demolition waste (CDW) recycling. However, the policy instruments adopted in different economies have varied greatly, which contributes to the difficulty in quantitative discernment of their effect. This study aims to examine whether the holistic employment of policy measures determines the development of CDW recycling around China. To accurately measure the holistic adoption of CDW policies, this study assessed policy strength via a proposed three-dimensional evaluation model. The spatiotemporal differences in policy strength among the 52 sample cities were further defined using K-means clustering and the Gini coefficient. Next, the driving effect of policy on the initial establishment of CDW recycling industry practices was examined by event history analysis (EHA). Finally, fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) was used to analyze the sufficiency and necessity of policy for the initial establishment of CDW recycling practices. The results indicated that the establishment of a first CDW recycling plant is only slightly correlated with policy measures, whereas it is highly correlated with the pilot city and per capita GDP. Furthermore, application of policy is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for the establishment of a CDW recycling industry facility.

Determinants of contractor’s construction and demolition waste recycling intention in China: Integrating theory of planned behavior and norm activation model

The abundant generation of construction and demolition waste (CDW) poses a threat to the sustainable development in China and recycling plays a vital role in complying with circular economy zero-waste goal. In this study, we first investigate the determinants of contractor’s intention to recycle CDW by establishing an integrative model of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and the norm activation model (NAM) with rational and moral considerations. Based on the questionnaire data of 210 valid responses, structural equation modeling is employed to test the proposed hypotheses and analyze the integrative structural model. The results show that the integrative model with adequate reliability and validity fits the empirical data well and the explanation power is superior to that of initial TPB model and NAM model, demonstrating the appropriateness of merging TPB and NAM in the area of CDW recycling research. Moreover, it is found that personal norms are the most critical determinant enhancing the CDW recycling intention, followed by perceived behavioral control. Although subjective norms fail to directly affect the CDW recycling intention, they can significantly strengthen personal norms and perceived behavioral control. These findings provide useful insights for government to develop effective management strategies to motivate CDW recycling intention of contractors.

Life cycle assessment on construction and demolition waste recycling: a systematic review analyzing three important quality aspects

Abstract Purpose Life cycle assessment (LCA) is increasingly being applied to construction and demolition waste (CDW) recycling. But what is the current state of LCA studies on CDW recycling? In the context of circular economy, several aspects become important in LCA, such as avoided impacts and consideration of the quality of recycled materials. The aim of this study is to identify inconsistencies and best practices, and then provide recommendations for future LCA studies focusing on CDW recycling. Methods We conducted a systematic literature review on 76 journal articles. First, a general mapping of the selected studies was performed including the temporal and geographical distribution, and a bibliometric analysis to capture the linkages between the studies. Within the LCA content-based analysis, an in-depth assessment of three important quality aspects: (1) quality of the study based on the applied LCA methodology, (2) inclusion of material quality in LCA, and (3) data quality considering sensitivity and uncertainty analyses, was carried out. Major LCA components such as functional unit (FU), software, database, system approach (attributional or consequential), allocation method, life cycle impact assessment, and interpretation were evaluated. A special emphasis was placed on avoided impacts and the inclusion of recycled material quality in the LCA. Results and discussion In this review, it was found that many essential elements of LCA were missing or not implemented correctly. For example, in the definition of FU, some studies did not mention any FU, others defined an invalid FU, and most of the studies defined a uniform FU, which was most likely confused with the reference flow. The main problem observed is the lack of transparent reporting on the different elements of LCA. Regarding avoided impacts, for instance, only 13 studies reported the avoided materials and their substitution coefficients. Also, 6 studies used the term “virgin material” for avoided impacts without further information, which is a very broad term and difficult to interpret. Furthermore, only 12 studies included the quality of recycled material in the LCA. Conclusion To obtain reliable LCA results, the practitioners should follow the principal LCA methodology and peer-reviewers should ensure the proper implementation. In CDW recycling, the differentiation between downcycling and recycling is essential; therefore, the quality of recycled materials should be included in the LCA. Considering inconsistent implementation of avoided impacts, a standardized and well-defined avoided impact framework is suggested to be developed to improve the quality and reliability of future LCA studies.

Green Independent Innovation or Green Imitation Innovation? Supply Chain Decision-Making in the Operation Stage of Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling Public-Private Partnership Projects

Inefficiencies in the construction and demolition waste (CDW) recycling supply chain constrain green innovation in the construction industry. However, existing studies have not analyzed the innovation behavior of recyclers in CDW recycling public-private partnership (PPP) projects from the perspective of innovation diffusion theory. To reveal the mechanism of recyclers’ innovation behavior in CDW recycling PPP projects in which recyclers and remanufacturers jointly participate in the operation stage, this study uses a Stackelberg game to analyze the optimal innovation strategy choice and total profit of the CDW recycling supply chain among the two innovation paths of green independent innovation and green imitation innovation under the combined effects of technology spillover, consumer green sensitivity, and government price subsidies to consumers. The main conclusions are as follows. (1) Remanufacturers and recyclers can improve their own innovation level and profit through technology spillover. (2) The total profit of the CDW recycling supply chain changes dynamically with the level of spillover. (3) The government price subsidy to consumers does not always improve the total profit of the CDW recycling supply chain. (4) The effect of consumers’ green sensitivity on the total profit of the CDW recycling supply chain shows heterogeneity with the innovation path of recyclers and the level of technological spillover. This study not only enriches the theoretical study of the green supply chain but also provides a basis for decision-making for recyclers and governments in practice.

MANAGEMENT MODEL FOR CONSTRUCTION WASTE PRODUCED IN THE CITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO

Background: A new management model for construction and demolition waste (CDW) was proposed for the city of Rio de Janeiro, hence waste the city planning area estimated generation; the results were compared with the data published by COMLURB and SNIS through the statistics tests was proved that CDW had been dispersed, which support the hypothesis that the current model cause dispersion of the rubble. Aim: This study proposes a new management model for CDW to the city, according to regions where occur the higher production of rubble. Methods: The estimation of rubble was obtained through the issued licenses from 2006 to 2020 published by SMPU. The quantification of rubble in the city was carried out by adopting the generation indicator from licensed construction activities. The amount of CDW published by COMLURB and SNIS was compared through statistics tests ANOVA and T-Test, the second period from 2006 to 2020 and 2011 to 2020. To measure the area to implant a CDW recycling plant, criteria from production capacity were used. Results: ANOVA test to data from 2006 to 2020 and 2011 to 2020, according to a confidence interval of 95%, found the P value 0.589 and 0.022, respectively, it was verified that the significant difference is between data from COMLURB and Estimated. The T-test was applied from the same period in data from SNIS and estimated the P values 0.399 and 0.014. Discussion: The data from Estimating between 2006 and 2020 showed the best representation. The Área de Planejamento – AP (Planning Area) 4 was where 50.70% of the total rubble, after the AP 3 with 17.66%, the AP 5 was estimated at 16.59%, last of all, AP 2 and AP 1 were calculated the generation of 8.28% and 6.77%, respectively. Therefore, sizing the CDW recycling producing 361,99.00 tons per year demands an area of 32,397.50 m². Conclusions: It was concluded that the receipt of CDW in transfer stations managed by COMLURB is not allowed; therefore, the need to create a construction waste recycling plant was presented, to this end, it is necessary to have an available area of approximately 32,397.50 m².