Constitutional Parameter Research Articles

Process of Europeanization of the Constitutional Court

This study analyzes the process of Europeanization of the Spanish Constitutional Court. From the beginning, when the Constitutional Court considered Community Law as something absolutely alien to the domestic constitutional text and, therefore, as something absolutely alien to its own jurisdiction, up to the present, in which the Constitutional Court seems to point towards a possible recognition of Union Law (specifically, of its Charter of Fundamental Rights) as a direct constitutional parameter subject to the ultimate jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court itself.

A Model correlating fluidity to alloy variables in hypoeutectic alloys

Mechanisms by which flow is choked are described. A criterion function for the choke of flow is proposed based on Darcy's law. Simple mathematical equations are derived to correlate grain size of an alloy to the permeability of its mushy zone, which is a function of the critical volume fraction of solid, gC, at which the flow is choked. Such a correlation gives rise to a simple analytical equation of gC to grain size. A two-parameter equation correlating grain size to phase diagram variables is then used in the analytical equations to describe fluidity as function of alloy variables. Experimental results obtained in well-controlled experiments are used to validate analytical relationships. Model predictions fit experimental data reasonably well. These simple analytical models indicate that fluidity decreases monotonically with increasing solidification interval of an alloy or modified constitutional supercooling parameter which is a function of liquidus slope, partition coefficient, and alloy composition.

El parámetro de regularidad constitucional y la ley suprema de la Unión

Este trabajo tiene por objeto estudiar el proceso de resignificación del concepto “ley suprema de la Unión” contenido en el artículo 133 constitucional, a partir de la identificación y desarrollo del parámetro de regularidad constitucional, por parte de la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación. Para ello, procederemos en primer lugar a estudiar el concepto de la ley suprema de la Unión prestando especial atención a las variaciones observables en su contenido con relación a la ubicación del derecho de fuente internacional. Luego, analizaremos la conformación del parámetro de regularidad constitucional como bloque de derechos y los problemas para la solución de diferencias y antinomias en su interior. En la tercera sección procederemos a determinar las transformaciones generadas en el contenido de la ley suprema de la Unión a partir de la incorporación del parámetro de regularidad constitucional.

Grain refinement in ultrasonicated binary aluminium alloys

Abstract Combined effect of solute concentration and ultrasonic treatment on the grain refinement of aluminium based alloys is studied. Silicon, copper, and nickel solutes are used. Upon ultrasonic treatment, grain refinement in Al-3 wt.%Ni alloy is more pronounced than that in Al-3 wt.%Si alloy, although the growth restriction factor of solute silicon is twice that of nickel in pure aluminium. These observations spurred this investigation about the grain refinement mechanisms operating in Al-based hypoeutectic alloys. Grain refining efficiency of different solutes is analyzed using the growth restriction factor and constitutional supercooling parameter, both calculated from Scheil-Gulliver solidification simulation. It is observed that grain refinement occurring from ultrasonic treatment in near-eutectic alloys is better explained by using the constitutional supercooling parameter rather than the growth restriction factor.

El parámetro de regularidad constitucional como instrumento para garantizar los derechos humanos frente a las formalidades procesales: Análisis jurisprudencial y de caso

Las reformas constitucionales en materia de derechos humanos han sido la base para que los juzgadores, a través de sus decisiones, interpreten las leyes de acuerdo a las necesidades de la realidad social. Con la instauración del parámetro de regularidad constitucional, se han abiertos las puertas para que los jueces resuelvan controversias de manera cada vez más justa, al no encontrarse atados con las limitaciones formales que, en ocasiones, no tienen una finalidad práctica ni benefician a las partes. De este modo, el objetivo de este trabajo es realizar un análisis al estado jurisprudencial que impera en temas de derechos humanos y sus restricciones, para estar en condiciones de ponderar en qué casos una formalidad procesal constituye una restricción desproporcionada de algún derecho sustantivo protegido constitucionalmente, ejemplificándolo con un caso práctico.

El caso de Mariana Lima Buendía: una radiografía sobre la violencia y discriminación contra la mujer

El 25 de marzo de 2015, la Suprema Corte de Justicia mexicana emitió la sentencia relativa a la investigación de la muerte violenta de Mariana Lima Buendía, constituyendo el primer pronunciamiento de este tribunal relacionado con el feminicidio. La decisión fue el reconocimiento del derecho de las mujeres a una vida libre de violencia y discriminación, así como de la obligatoriedad de investigar y juzgar con perspectiva de género, además de un esfuerzo por brindar la reparación integral por violaciones de derechos humanos. La sentencia abre, además, varios debates, como el alcance del parámetro de control de regularidad constitucional y la pertinencia de que un tribunal constitucional analice, a detalle, una investigación ministerial, o sobre el alcance de las reparaciones a través del amparo. Así, la decisión demuestra que una sentencia de amparo puede constituir una acción reparadora y una garantía del derecho a la verdad.

The Evaluation of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in Renal Elimination with Selected Molecular Descriptors

Abstract Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors modulate the function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and they are commonly prescribed antihypertensive drugs especially in patients with renal failure. In this study, the relationships between several molecular properties of eight ACE inhibitors (enalapril, quinapril, fosinopril, ramipril, benazepril, perindopril, moexipril, trandolapril) and their renal elimination data, from relevant literature, were investigated. The ’molecular descriptors of the ACE inhibitors, which included aqueous solubility data (logS); an electronic descriptor, polar surface area (PSA);, a constitutional parameter, molecular mass (Mr); and a geometric descriptor, volume value (Vol), as well as lipophilicity descriptors (logP values), were calculated using different software packages. Simple linear regression analysis showed the best correlation between renal elimination data and lipophilicity descriptor AClogP values (R2 = 0.5742). In the next stage of the study, multiple linear regression was applied to assess a higher correlation between the ACE inhibitors’ renal elimination data and lipophilicity, AClogP, with one additional descriptor as an independent variable. Good correlations were established between renal elimination data from the literature and the AClogP lipophilicity descriptor using the constitutional parameter (molecular mass (R2 = 0.7425)) or the geometric descriptor (volume value (R2 = 0.7224)) as an independent variable. The application of computed molecular descriptors in evaluating drug elimination is of great importance in drug research.

Estimation of plasma protein binding of selected antipsychotics using computed molecular properties

The plasma protein binding (PPB) data of twelve antipsychotics (aripiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone, chlorpromazine, flupentixol, fluphenazine, haloperidol, zuclopenthixol) were estimated using computed molecular descriptors, which included the electronic descriptor ? polar surface area (PSA), the constitutional parameter ? molecular weight (Mw), the geometric descriptor ? volume value (Vol), the lipophilicity descriptor (logP) and aqueous solubility data (logS), and the acidity descriptor (pKa). The relationships between computed molecular properties of the selected antipsychotics and their PPB data were investigated by simple linear regression analysis. Low correlations were obtained between the PPB data of the antipsychotics and PSA, Mw, Vol, pKa, logS (R <0.30) values, while relatively higher correlations (0.35 < R2 < 0.70) were obtained for the majority of logP values. Multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis was applied to access reliable correlations of the PPB data of the antipsychotics and the computed molecular descriptors. Relationships with acceptable probability values (P<0.05) were established for five lipophilicity descriptors (logP values) with application of the acidity descriptor (pKa) as independent variables: AlogP (R2=0.705), XlogP3 (R2=0.679), ClogP (R2=0.590), XlogP2 (R2=0.567), as well as for the experimental lipophilicity parameter, logPexp (R2=0.635). The best correlations obtained in MLR using AlogP and pKa as independent variables were checked using three additional antipsychotics: loxapine, sulpiride and amisulpride, with the PPB values of 97%, ?less than? 40% and 17%, respectively. Their predicted PPB values were relatively close to the literature data. The proposed technique confirmed that lipophilicity, together with acidity significantly influences the PPB of antipsychotics. The described procedure can be regarded as an additional in vitro approach to the modeling of the investigated group of drugs.

Dendritic growth from a binary system in an external flow: Steady state solution with zero surface tension

The influence of convective flow on the dendritic growth in the binary system is studied. We obtain a uniformly valid asymptotic solution in the whole growth region for steady dendrite growth in the external flow for the case of the zero surface tension and the large Schmidt number. With the effect of the external flow, the interface shape is nearly parabolic. Via affecting the normalization parameter of the system, the external flow affects the Peclet number of growth which is a function of undercooling temperature at the far field, the Schmidt number, the constitutional undercooling parameter, and the external flow parameter. Compared with the pure melt, the external flow has more significant effect on the dendritic growth in the binary system.

Grain Refinement during Melt-spinning of Dilute Cu-base and N i-base Alloys.

In order to obtain a fine and equiaxed grain structure in a casting, grain formation has been examined in past work in terms of undercooling of the melt, promotion of heterogeneous nucleation and remelting or fragmentation of dendrites. Some techniques to obtain grain refinement are commercially used, but the mechanism is not fully understood. The addition of a second element to a pure metal is one of the possible ways to obtain grain refinement in bulk samples. In the present work, this approach was taken with a melt-spinning method, which allows for an extremely directional and rapid heat extraction. Dilute Cu-base and Ni-base alloys with selected solute additions were studied to examine the operating mechanism of the grain refinement in melt-spun alloys. In melt-spun Cu-base and Ni-base binary alloys, it was found that the type of solidification structure (columnar or equiaxed) can be predicted by the constitutional undercooling parameter, P, in most alloy systems as well as the case of bulk samples. There were some cases in which the melt-spun grain structure was not consistent with the P parameter prediction. In all cases, however, the final solidification temperatures of the alloys appear to be correlated to the development of grain refinement. As a result, to explain all the results in the present work, a model has been proposed which considers the effects of the parameter P, dendrite fragmentation and final solidification temperature concurrently and offers useful guidance in alloy design for optimum grain refinement.

O Tribunal Constitucional da Costa Rica

A criação, em 1989, do Tribunal Constitucional da Costa Rica, tem significado para esse país centro-americano uma verdadeira revolução institucional, cuja dinâmica a partir daí aproximou-se da normatividade constitucional. O tribunal é formado por sete juízes especializados na matéria, e tem competência ampla para conhecer de recursos tendentes à proteção dos direitos fundamentais ("amparo" e "habeas corpus"), bem como para efetuar o controle da constitucionalidade dos atos normativos mediante as consultas judiciais e legislativas de constitucionalidade e a ação direta de inconstitucionalidade. Seu funcionamento encontra-se regido pelos princípios de celeridade, gratuidade, consideração de defesa da constituição como um assunto de interesse público, amplitude do parâmetro de constitucionalidade até abranger as normas do direito internacional devidamente ratificadas pelo legislativo, os princípios e o costume constitucionais, etc.

Effect of alloy variables on grain refinement of binary aluminium alloys with Al–Ti–B

The influence of various solutes on the as cast grain sizes of binary aluminium alloys has been examined using the ALCAN grain refinement assessment technique. Studies were performed with and without melt inoculation with an Al–Ti–B grain refiner. In both cases, grain size was found to depend significantly on the magnitude of the constitutional supercooling parameter P. In each case, grain sizefell rapidly to a plateau as P increased from zero to a value of ~15–20.MST/3109

Theory of ferroelectric polymer-ceramic composites

A model is proposed to establish the relevant constitutional parameters of ferroelectric composite materials such as shape, composition, and connectivity which determine the piezoelectric, dielectric, and elastic properties of the composite. A proper Monte Carlo method is used to calculate the active volumetric fraction of ceramic. An equivalent circuit is proposed to calculate the effective dielectric constant. The effective medium expressions for the dielectric constant, elastic constant, and local field coefficients (LE, LD, LS, LT) are generalized to include shape effect. These results are used to calculate the piezoelectric coefficients. Recently, some authors have proposed a model and claimed to have established the degree of heterogeneity, determined by the scaled average grain diameter, to be the important constitutional parameter of a composite. We argue that the important constitutional parameter is the volumetric fraction of the ceramic. Our model is simpler, uses fewer parameters and its predictions compare better with experiment. The simplicity of the model can be exploited for predictions of the properties and design of multi-phase ferroelectric composites.

Computer simulation of the effects of alloy variables on the grain structures of castings

A Monte Carlo technique has been used to develop a computer model for simulating the solidification of small castings. A most important aspect of the model is that an actual pictorial representation of the as-cast grain structure is created for any assumed set of solidification conditions. The simulation involves a system which initially consists of a two-dimensional array of sites representing liquid. Simulation of heat removal from the system permits the incorporation of routines for nucleation, growth, remelting and solute redistribution. The model qualitatively predicts the experimentally observed influences of superheat, mould temperature, alloy composition C 0 and constitutional supercooling parameter − m L C 0(1 − k 0)/ k 0 on grain structures. The model predictions give support to the “big-bang” heterogeneous nucleation theory for the origin of equiaxed crystals.

On the columnar to equiaxed transition in small ingots

The columnar to equiaxed transition (CET) in small ingots of, aluminum alloys was found to occur more easily for alloys with a larger value of the constitutional supercooling parameter (−mCo(1-k)/k). The CET was found to be completely suppressed by increases in the mold temperature by preheating before casting. These results are discussed in terms of the model proposed by Burden and Hunt that the CET occurs by the effect of the thermal gradient, arising from the slow, solidification of equiaxed dendrites, which increases the undercooling of the columnar dendrites. The application of the model due to Burden and Hunt is shown to require, the use of the ‘big bang’ model for equiaxed nucleation on pouring. A higher density of the nuclei, that grow into equiaxed grains, formed by pouring with lower superheat and into a cold mold, gives a higher thermal gradient immediately in front of the growing columnar grains. Other evidence in favor of the model is briefly discussed.