Body Type Research Articles

Somatotype and bioelectrical impedance vector analysis of Italian CrossFit® practitioners

ObjectivesCrossFit® is a high-intensity sport characterized by various workouts that require strength, speed, endurance, or agility, impacting participants' body composition. This observational study aimed to determine the morphological (anthropometrical and bioelectrical) profile of CrossFit® athletes and to compare them with other athletic populations. MethodsAnthropometrical measurements and bioelectrical vector analysis (classic and specific approaches) were performed on 145 CrossFit® practitioners (107 men aged 30.7 ± 8.4 years and 38 women aged 28.1 ± 6.7 years). Each participant's relative somatotype was calculated and compared between sexes and with a Spanish CrossFit® athletes' group. Resistance-reactance graphs and Hotelling's T2 test were applied to characterize the sample, compare them with an athletes' reference population, and identify differences between somatotype groups. ResultsThe most represented somatotype in both groups was the balanced mesomorph (male 3.5–5.2 - 1.7 and female 4.4–4.5 - 1.8). Compared with Spanish CrossFit® athletes, significant differences were denoted for men but not women (SAD = 2.3). The bioelectrical graphs indicated that the distribution of CrossFit® athletes is quite heterogeneous and within average values for the athlete's reference. The mesomorphic and endomorphic components were associated with a higher phase angle. ConclusionsCrossFit® practitioners predominantly present a mesomorphic component and show a body type like other power athletes, although with less pronounced characteristics. The somatotype may influence the vector's position in the RXc graphs. This study provided the bioelectrical tolerance ellipses for CrossFit® practitioners in classic and specific approaches for the first time.

Research on Wave Energy Converters

With the acceleration of the global warming process, the clean energy crisis is becoming serious; conventional energy is unlikely to solve the current crisis, so people pay attention to new energy. As wave energy is widely distributed, renewable, and clean, hundreds of wave energy converters emerge. In order to understand the research progress of wave energy converters better, this paper divides wave energy converters into overtopping type, oscillating water column type, and oscillating body type according to the working principle and divides the oscillating body type into oscillating float type and oscillating pendulum type by different ways of energy capture. Based on the classification, various types of engineering cases, physical tests and digital simulation, and other academic research results are summarized, especially the generation power and energy conversion efficiency of various devices, and some shortcomings and suggestions are put forward, hoping to provide help for readers to study wave energy generation converters.

Convolutional Autoencoder-Based medical image compression using a novel annotated medical X-ray imaging dataset

With the ongoing development of machine learning techniques, it is now necessary to train and evaluate these algorithms to have access to high-quality medical X-ray datasets. This study unfolds on two critical axes within the realm of medical imaging. We introduce the proposed Medical X-ray Imaging Dataset (MXID), a meticulously curated resource featuring images spanning 18 body parts. It has been refined to include a classification based on body type within each gender category. This dataset addresses the limitations of existing datasets by offering comprehensive coverage, precise annotations, and optimal image quality. While numerous datasets often fall short in terms of encompassing a broad range of anatomical regions, particularly those that are designed for multi-body component analysis. Our primary contribution lies in bridging the gap in available resources, providing a foundation of developing robust machine learning algorithms in medical imaging. Moreover, we extend our investigation to the integration of the MXID dataset into the domain of medical image compression, evaluating the performance of techniques such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), K-means clustering, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Deep Convolutional Autoencoders (DCAEs), Autoencoders (AEs), and Variational Autoencoder (VAE), using two scenarios, one is for single image compression, and the other is for MXID dataset, which offer a unique perspective that enables a comprehensive assessment of these techniques across diverse anatomical regions. Our study contributes to advancing machine learning and deep learning applications in medical imaging, emphasizing the creation of a dataset and its integration into image compression.

Association of Valve Size and Hemodynamic Performance With Clinical Outcomes in Aortic Valve Replacement - A Long-Term Follow-up in an Asian Population.

Studies of the influence of smaller body type on the severity of prosthesis-patient mismatch (PPM) after small-sized surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) are few, but the issue is particularly relevant for Asian patients.Methods and Results: 695 patients who underwent SAVR with bioprosthetic valves had their hemodynamic valve performance analyzed at 3 months, 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years after operation, and clinical outcomes were assessed. The patients were stratified into 3 valve size groups: 19/21, 23, and 25/27 mm. A smaller valve was associated with higher mean pressure gradients at the 4 time points after operation (P trend <0.05). However, the 3 valve size groups demonstrated no significant differences in the risk of clinical events. At none of the time points did patients with projected PPM show increased mean pressure gradients (P>0.05), whereas patients with measured PPM did (P<0.05). Compared with patients with projected PPM, those with measured PPM demonstrated higher rates of infective endocarditis readmission (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 3.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-10.39) and a higher risk of composite outcomes (aHR 1.45, 95% CI 0.95-2.22, P=0.087). Relative to those receiving larger valves, patients receiving small bioprosthetic valves had poorer hemodynamic performance but did not demonstrate differences in clinical events in long-term follow-up.

Забезпечення функціонування суспільства у діяльності органів державної влади за умов дії правового режиму воєнного стану

The scientific article is devoted to the study of the activities of public authorities during the period of martial law in ensuring the functioning of society, characterization of the concept and attributes of state bodies, types of state bodies. The article examines scientific and regulatory approaches to defining the most important functions of the state, in particular, ensuring the security of citizens. On February 24, 2022, the Russian Federation, in violation of international law, carried out a full-scale invasion of the territory of Ukraine. On the same day, the legal regime of martial law was introduced (there was a fact of aggression, daily new threats of attack, a threat to Ukraine's state independence, and violation of the integrity of state borders), and accordingly, state bodies, military formations, and local governments were given the necessary powers to prevent the threat and ensure national security, as well as temporary restrictions due to the threat to the constitutional rights and freedoms of people and citizens, as well as the rights and legitimate interests of legal entities), which has been prolonged for a month. This has changed the worldview of all Ukrainians, the activities of state and self-governing institutions. Martial law is a legal regime that has its own peculiarities and regulates the activities of state and local governments in Ukraine. During the period of martial law, the activities of state bodies are aimed at ensuring the operation of the Constitution and laws of Ukraine, implementing measures of the legal regime, defending civil defense and ensuring the protection of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens of the state. Martial law provides state authorities, military administrations, and military command and control bodies with the necessary powers to prevent threats and repel armed aggression and ensure national security. Based on this, the state authorities felt the impact of the martial law regime, as they faced new challenges, but the state authorities quickly regulated their activities. The state is characterized by the presence of a social system with certain elements, manifestations, content and functional purpose, i.e. organizational overflows of society. The management of major national events places extremely high demands on the organization and interaction of state institutions and local self-government, which is guaranteed during the functioning of the state mechanism and contributes to the development of a democratic society.

AI Somatotype System Using 3D Body Images: Based on Deep-Learning and Transfer Learning

Humans share a similar body structure, but each individual possesses unique characteristics, which we define as one’s body type. Various classification methods have been devised to understand and assess these body types. Recent research has applied artificial intelligence technology utilizing noninvasive measurement tools, such as 3D body scanner, which minimize physical contact. The purpose of this study was to develop an artificial intelligence somatotype system capable of predicting the three body types proposed by Heath-Carter’s somatotype theory using 3D body images collected using a 3D body scanner. To classify body types, measurements were taken to determine the three somatotype components (endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy). MobileNetV2 was utilized as the transfer learning model. The results of this study are as follows: first, the AI somatotype model showed good performance, with a training accuracy around 91% and a validation accuracy around 72%. The respective loss values were 0.26 for the training set and 0.69 for the validation set. Second, validation of the model’s performance using test data resulted in accurate predictions for 18 out of 21 new data points, with prediction errors occurring in three cases, indicating approximately 85% classification accuracy. This study provides foundational data for subsequent research aiming to predict 13 detailed body types across the three body types. Furthermore, it is hoped that the outcomes of this research can be applied in practical settings, enabling anyone with a smartphone camera to identify various body types based on captured images and predict obesity and diseases.

National and foreign experience in determining the legal status of guardianship bodies

In the scientific article, the author conducted a scientific study of the peculiarities of the legal status of guardianship and guardianship bodies in Ukraine and other countries. On the basis of the conducted research, the author came to the conclusion that guardianship and guardianship bodies are distinguished by various authorities - local bodies of state executive power and local self-government bodies, separate departments of these bodies, services for children, which function under local state administrations and local councils, and as well as advisory and advisory support bodies. At the same time, the scientific literature notes the inexpediency of such a wide list of guardianship and guardianship bodies and the need to empower these bodies only with services for children. In the family law doctrine, there is no unanimity regarding the definition of the powers of the guardianship and guardianship authorities, which relate to the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of the child; they are contained in special legislation, which, however, does not fully correspond to each other and provides for the presence of a number of bodies that do not actually function or carry out activities formally, without having the appropriate competence (commissions for the protection of children's rights, departments of local state administrations), or at the same time function two bodies that are subordinate to each other (local state administrations and services for children). In the family law doctrine, there is no certainty in the issue of recognition of guardianship bodies and care by subjects of family relations; some scientists attribute them to the subjects of administrative-procedural relations or to the participants of legal relations of a complex nature, which are partly family, while others distinguish them as subjects of family relations. Analogues of guardianship and guardianship bodies in the states of the European Union and candidate states for EU membership are various types of bodies, including quasi-judicial ones, which perform both the functions of appointing, approving or dismissing a guardian, as well as supervising the observance of the rights of the child by its guardian (in France these functions are divided between the "family council” and the "guardianship judge”). Also, these bodies make decisions in family disputes regarding determining a child's surname, establishing his origin, his upbringing and maintenance.

The role of lipids in genome integrity and pluripotency.

Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), comprising embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), offer immense potential for regenerative medicine due to their ability to differentiate into all cell types of the adult body. A critical aspect of harnessing this potential is understanding their metabolic requirements during derivation, maintenance, and differentiation in vitro. Traditional culture methods using fetal bovine serum often lead to issues such as heterogeneous cell populations and diminished pluripotency. Although the chemically-defined 2i/LIF medium has provided solutions to some of these challenges, prolonged culturing of these cells, especially female ESCs, raises concerns related to genome integrity. This review discusses the pivotal role of lipids in genome stability and pluripotency of stem cells. Notably, the introduction of lipid-rich albumin, AlbuMAX, into the 2i/LIF culture medium offers a promising avenue for enhancing the genomic stability and pluripotency of cultured ESCs. We further explore the unique characteristics of lipid-induced pluripotent stem cells (LIP-ESCs), emphasizing their potential in regenerative medicine and pluripotency research.

Frogs and flows: Using life‐history traits and a systematic review to establish water‐dependent functional groups for stream frogs in New South Wales, Australia

AbstractHydrological alteration has contributed to the global decline of stream frogs. Flows support stream frog reproduction, juvenile development, food resources, and maintain habitats for all life stages. At present, there is a lack of information regarding the specific water requirements necessary for the conservation of stream frogs. To address this gap, we developed a traits‐based approach that serves as a valuable tool for grouping and prioritising water‐dependent stream frog species to inform future research priorities and environmental flow design. In this study, we focussed on 53 Australian frog species and analysed eight species traits to develop water‐dependent functional groups for stream frogs. We classified frogs based on their level of water dependency using an agglomerative hierarchical clustering analysis and a systematic review of water requirements and water management threats. The distinguishing traits that determined functional groups were: tadpole body type, egg clutch type, stream breeding habitat type, and documented association with flowing water and water permanence. Our study identified two distinct water‐dependent groups: facultative stream spawners, capable of reproducing in both stream and non‐stream habitats, and obligate stream spawners, restricted solely to stream habitats. Importantly, we highlight that the obligate stream spawners are the most sensitive group to within‐channel flow alteration and should be prioritised for water management decisions in lotic environments. This study represents the first comprehensive overview of the importance of hydrology for stream frogs and identifies the critical need for additional research and validation to enhance our understanding of stream frog responses to flows regimes.

Selection Signatures Reveal Candidate Genes for the Cornish Rex Breed-Specific Phenotype.

Many coat color, behavioral and morphological traits are specific and fixed across cat breeds, with several variants influencing these traits being common among different breeds. In the domestic cat, rexoid mutations have been documented in several breeds. In the Cornish Rex, four bp deletion in the LPAR6 gene has been found to cause a frame shift and a premature stop codon. In addition to the rexoid coat, Cornish Rex cats also have a characteristic head, ear shape and body type. Analysis of the selection signatures in the Cornish Rex genome revealed several regions that are under selective pressure. One of these is located in CFA B4, in the region where the ALX1 gene is located. The ALX1 gene in Burmese cats disrupts the cranial morphogenesis and causes brachycephaly in the heterozygous state. In our study, we confirmed the presence of a deletion in LPAR6 in 20 Cornish Rex and in four F1 hybrids between Cornish Rex and domestic cat. However, we did not confirm the presence of the deletion in ALX1 in Cornish Rex cats. Genome-wide selection signature analysis was performed using ROH islands and integrated haplotype score (iHS) statistics based on publicly available SNP array data of 11 Cornish Rex cats. The selection signatures were detected on chromosomes A1, A3, C2, B1, B4 and D1.

Aquatic Insects (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera) Metric as an Important Tool in Water Quality Assessment in Hilly and Mountain Streams

The aim of the study was to test the significance of the EPT index in the water quality assessment of three types of water bodies in hilly and mountainous region of Serbia. The aquatic macroinvertebrate community was dominated by the group of insects, of which 95 taxa represent the EPT group. We compared the obtained values of biological indices used for the assessment of water quality according to the national legislation with the overall status assessment represented by the ecological quality classes (EQC). The results of the Spearman correlation test showed a negative correlation of EQC with the EPT index, BMWP score, H′, total number of taxa and number of sensitive taxa, while a positive correlation was observed for the values of SI and Tubificinae %. The values of EQC and biological indices were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed that the parameters that contributed most to the differences were the EPT index, the BMWP score and the number of sensitive taxa. The results indicate that the EPT index is an excellent indicator of changes in water quality and an important tool for the ecological categorization of water bodies in mountain regions.

Non-Traditionally Aesthetic Body Types for Ideal Sport Performance

The general public often conflates traditional aesthetic appeal with optimal sport performance. Runners, bikers, swimmers, etc. are examples of athletes that generally pass the public’s “eye test” for athleticism, indicating that they may be as athletic as they seem. Such is not always the case for NFL linemen, rugby players, shot putters, etc., suggesting to the general public that these athletes may not be as athletic as they seem. Contrary to popular opinion, athletes are just as likely to experience body image dissatisfaction as non-athletes, this is especially true for athletes that play sports and positions calling for non-traditionally aesthetic physiques. Should these athletes eschew sport performance for aesthetic appeal or should they eschew aesthetic appeal for sport performance when the two are mutually exclusive? Athletes often employ a cost-benefit analysis to determine their answers to these questions and this paper discusses strategies on how to help athletes make decisions that are best for them as individuals.

Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy in Diabetic Patients Referred to Mashhad Parsian Diabetes Center, Iran

Background: Diabetes is a common disease that leads to chronic complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy, vascular diseases, and retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is an eye condition that can cause vision loss and blindness in diabetic patients. The aim of this study is to describe the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in diabetic patients.&#x0D; Method: In this descriptive-cross-sectional study, 550 patients with diabetes referring to the diabetes centers in Mashhad Parsian Diabetes Center, Iran were enrolled. All patients were assessed for the presence of diabetic retinopathy by direct or indirect ophthalmoscopy. A standardized protocol was used to grade diabetic retinopathy. Two groups of diabetic patients with and without retinopathy were compared in terms of body mass index (BMI), gender, disease duration and type of diabetes, history of blood pressure, history of blood lipids, hemoglobin AIC and albumin.&#x0D; Results: The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among 550 diabetic patients was 23.4% (129 patients). Age, duration of diabetic disease, history of high blood pressure, history of high blood lipids, type 2 diabetes and urine albumin were significantly different between the diabetic patients with and without retinopathy, while no significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of gender, BMI, smoking, and hemoglobin A1C level.&#x0D; Conclusion: Due to the high prevalence of DR in diabetic patients, it is recommended that retinal examination should always be considered in the evaluation of diabetic patients.

Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Foreign Bodies

Foreign body ingestion, a common emergency encountered in clinical practice, is a potentially serious condition. Most foreign bodies in the gastrointestinal tract pass spontaneously. However, objects that are relatively long or large may lodge in the upper gastrointestinal tract, potentially causing perforation, bleeding, and obstruction. This literature review summarizes the natural history and clinical aspects of these types of foreign bodies in adults as well as the various methods for their removal. Endoscopic removal is a relatively safe and effective procedure for removing these types of foreign bodies. The development of endoscopic techniques and devices has resulted in their widespread use, with good results, as the primary treatment.

Endoscopic features in children suffering from chronic H. pylori-associated gastroduodenitis, depending on the type of constitution

Aims. Study of endoscopic features of the manifestation and dynamics of chronic gastroduodenitis in children, taking into account the types of constitution (somatotypes). Materials and methods. 250 patients diagnosed with Chronic gastroduodenitis aged 4 to 17 years have been studied, having morphological changes in the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum that meet the criteria for gastroduodenitis, as well as contamination with the H.pylori bacterium. The age, gender composition, types of the constitution according to the classification of M. V. Chernorutsky (based on the Pinier index). Endoscopic features of chronic gastroduodenitis were noted in a somatotype upon admission to the hospital and in dynamics against the background of the therapy. An analysis was carried out and an assessment was made of the impact of the constitutional specifics of the patient on the course of the disease and the results of treatment. Results and conclusion. It was revealed that the presence of an asthenic type of constitution predisposes to the frequent development of chronic gastroduodenitis in children, but a milder course with the development of superficial gastroduodenitis, in contrast to normostenic and hyperstenic types, prone to the development of hypertrophic and erosive gastroduodenitis. Despite this, the course of hypertrophic and erosive gastroduodenitis in asthenics is protracted in nature, in contrast to normostenics and hyperstenics.

Body constitutions of traditional Chinese medicine caused a significant effect on irritable bowel syndrome.

According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), all types of body constitutions, except for the Gentleness (ie, the control group in our study), have disease susceptibility and affect the disease development process. This study attempted to investigate the relationship between TCM body constitutions and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). This cross-sectional study was based on Taiwan Biobank (TWB) and collected clinical data from 13 941 subjects aged 30 to 70. The results of the study showed that subjects with Yang-deficiency (N = 3161 subjects, odds ratio [OR] = 2.654, 95% CI = 1.740-3.910), Ying-deficiency (N = 3331 subjects, OR = 1.096, 95% CI = 0.627-1.782) or Stasis (N = 2335 subjects, OR = 1.680, 95% CI = 0.654-3.520) were more likely to have IBS. If the subjects with two or more TCM body constitutions: Yang-deficiency + Ying-deficiency (OR = 3.948, 95% CI = 2.742-5.560), Yang-deficiency + Stasis (OR = 2.312, 95% CI = 1.170-4.112), Ying-deficiency + Stasis (OR = 1.851, 95% CI = 0.828-3.567), or Yang-deficiency + Ying-deficiency + Stasis (OR = 3.826, 95% CI = 2.954-4.932) were also prone to IBS. These results confirmed the high correlation between TCM body constitutions and IBS. Because the current treatment for IBS is not entirely satisfactory, integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine might provide patients with an alternative treatment option to alleviate IBS.

Application of bathymetry in water bodies in urban areas of the five Brazilian regions

Application of bathymetry in water bodies in urban areas of the five Brazilian regions

Aerodynamic means of reducing the influence of warning accessories on drag and emissions, for intervention vehicles

Aerodynamic performance of passenger vehicles is one of the most efficient methods to further reduce the CO2 emissions and comply with the increasing constraints in the legislation. Previously performed studies on exterior warning accessories (systems with visual alerting signals that may be found on intervention vehicles e.g. ambulances), indicate a significant degradation of aerodynamic coefficient (Cd). Even if this category of vehicles does not have to comply with the standard emission rules, it is important to study and discover the means to reduce aerodynamic drag for this type of vehicles considering the general aim to reduce air pollution. The target would be to have a Cd level equal to that found in the base vehicles, before transformation (i.e. often, intervention vehicles are obtained by converting a vehicle available to general customers - multistage vehicle transformation).The current paper’s purpose is to continue the investigation on methods to improve the aerodynamic performance of intervention vehicles. This will be done by compensating the shape and dimensions of the warning devices with the addition of supplementary body elements or by adapting existing parts. The Cd value of the different configurations is assessed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software based on Lattice Boltzmann mathematical model. 3D models of different generic body type vehicles (sedan, hatch back, SUV) were created and immersed in a virtual wind tunnel. To simulate the real-world measurement method specific boundary conditions on walls, inlets, outlets were set while the fluid environment was defined with a network from fine (2mm length, near the studied model), to coarse (20mm length, near exterior walls).The results indicate that there is great potential in reducing the aerodynamic drag and, by extension, fuel consumption and CO2 emissions for all body types studied. Deviations could exist due to different make designs, or diversity of warning devices for example so the results obtained have a general nature. Nevertheless, the conclusion remains the same: if one’s aim is to improve air quality or prepare for new legislation (that will also apply to intervention vehicles), the aerodynamic optimization should be further scrutinized as it can prove to be a robust method to obtain the targeted results.

Aqueous alteration in icy planetesimals: The effect of outward transport of gaseous hydrogen

Parent bodies of carbonaceous chondrites that initially contained metallic iron potentially exert strong reduction power during aqueous alteration to generate molecular hydrogen in excess of hydrogen solubility in water-rich fluids. The surplus hydrogen escapes from the system, which is subsequently supplied to overlying regions in planetesimals. Based on this concept, we conducted chemical equilibrium modeling of the aqueous alteration and simulated gaseous H2 migration within the icy planetesimal that has a melted mantle and an icy shell during the early stages of radiogenic heating. In the chemical equilibrium modeling, we simulated the aqueous alteration of chondritic rocks at 0–350 °C and a water/rock mass ratio of 0.2–10 with initial CO2 contents of 0–10 mol% in the fluid. The results showed that the mineral assemblage and solution composition change with the temperature, water/rock mass ratio, and initial fluid composition. The reproduced mineral paragenesis and abundance well explain those of carbonaceous chondrites. Furthermore, it was revealed that the initial H2 fugacity of the system influences not only the stability of minerals and solution compositions, but also the preservation potential of organic molecules. Indeed, within these parameter spaces, the modeling results account for the organic/inorganic carbon-rich alterations reported for the Tagish Lake meteorite, Ceres, and Ryugu. Simulations of gaseous H2 migration in a planetesimal revealed that gaseous H2 in the deep interior can be transported to the interface with an icy shell even if the permeability is low. Moreover, it is highly possible that an H2-rich layer would have been widely formed just below the icy shell. Therefore, it is expected that H2-rich regions beneath the ice layer in planetesimals have substantial potential for the synthesis and preservation of organic molecules. These results imply that the alteration of carbonaceous chondrite parent bodies and C-complex asteroids is characterized by not only the type of parent bodies (e.g., formation age and distance from the Sun) but also the locations within their parent bodies.

Evaluating Gut Microbiota Modification as a Next-Generation Therapy for Obesity and Diabetes.

The human body is a complex ecosystem that thrives on symbiosis. It is estimated that around 10^14 commensal microorganisms inhabit the human body, with the gut microbiota being one of the most diverse and complex populations of bacteria. This community is thought to comprise over a thousand different species that play a crucial role in the development of critical human diseases such as cancer, obesity, diabetes, mental depression, hypertension, and others. The gut microbiota has been identified as one of the most recent contributors to these metabolic disorders. With the emergence of inexpensive and high-performance sequence technology, our understanding of the function of the intestinal microbiome in host metabolism regulation and the development of (cardio) metabolic diseases has increased significantly. The symbiotic relationship between the gut microbiota and the host is essential for properly developing the human metabolic system. However, if this balance is disrupted by various factors such as infection, diet, exercise, sleep patterns, or exposure to antibiotics, it can lead to the development of various diseases in the body, including obesity and diabetes type 1 and 2. While many approaches and medications have been developed globally to treat these diseases, none have proven to be entirely effective, and many show side effects. Therefore, scientists believe that treating the gut microbiota using tried-and-true methods is the best option for combating obesity and diabetes. In this study, we aim to identify several feasible ways and prospects for gut microbiota therapy that can shape a new format for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.