Constitution Of Medina Research Articles

Mecca’s Cult and Medina’s Constitution in the Qurʾān: A New Reading of al-Māʾidah

Abstract The Qurʾān’s fifth sura denounces the killing of game during pilgrimage and decries the killing of innocent Believers. This juxtaposition reflects the intimate connection between right worship and proper social order, between cult and covenant, a connection that animates the entire sura. In particular, the sura suggests that if Jews and Christians have been generally unreliable allies, if they have been often reluctant to support the Believers’ military efforts against the Quraysh, and if they were even unwilling to requite violence against innocent Believers, it was because the People of the Book mostly had a negative view of the Meccan Sanctuary and its rituals. Specifically, they derided the central rite of ṣalāt, which may have been accompanied with sacrifices on certain occasions (such as Fridays). In the light of their opposition to the Meccan cult, the sura commands the Believers not to take Jews or Christians as covenantal partners. It is possible that the sura thereby ended the Believers’ alliance with some Jewish tribes of Yathrib as enshrined in the Constitution of Medina. What supports this possibility is that al-Māʾidah has significant thematic and terminological overlaps with the Constitution of Medina, as alliance with the Jews and deterring violent crimes through retaliation are central concerns to both documents. Still, and contrary to the interpretations of several scholars, it is doubtful that at the time of al-Māʾidah’s proclamation the Prophet had judicial authority over the People of the Book or that he sought to impose violent punishment against them.

Faith-Based Leadership in Conflict Resolution: The Practices of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)

In an era marked by prevalent global conflicts, the role of effective leadership in conflict resolution has become increasingly crucial. This study delves into the leadership approaches of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), exploring their significance in fostering stability and managing conflicts in today's diverse geopolitical landscape, with a focus on regions such as America, Europe, the Middle East, and particularly Islamic countries where conflicts are notably pronounced. At the heart of this research are three pivotal historical events that exemplify Prophet Muhammad's (PBUH) role in conflict resolution. Firstly, the establishment of a peaceful society in Al-Madina post-conflict between the Aws and Khazraj tribes, highlighting his adeptness in creating unity among Jews and Muslims from varied backgrounds, as evidenced in the Constitution of Medina. The Hudaybiyyah incident is a testament to Prophet Muhammad's strategic foresight in choosing to avoid bloodshed and emphasize peaceful resolutions. Moreover, his approach during the conquest of Mecca, characterized by non-violence and eschewing revenge, stands in stark contrast to the modern methods of retaliation and aggression seen in conflicts such as those in Gaza, Vietnam, Afghanistan, and Iraq.. In this event, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) exemplified the preference for forgiveness and reconciliation over revenge, fostering societal healing. This research scrutinizes Prophet Muhammad’s (PBUH) methodologies through the prism of contemporary peacebuilding strategies, illustrating how his 1400-year-old teachings remain relevant in addressing today's challenges. His leadership traits — compassion, humility, and unwavering commitment to justice — are evaluated as essential for today's leaders. The study links these qualities with Sustainable Development Goal 16, which advocates for peaceful, inclusive societies with accessible justice for all. Moreover, this study tackles the issue of Islamophobia by providing historical insights and factual clarifications about Prophet Muhammad’s (PBUH) practices, aiming to dismantle misconceptions and contribute to a more inclusive, understanding global community. The primary objective is to demonstrate the significant impact that faith-based leadership, exemplified by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), can have in guiding communities towards effective conflict resolution and peacebuilding.

Fiqh and Contested Authorities: Rethinking the Role of Sole Mediator in Building the Non-Violent Religious Practices According to the Medina Charter

The Medina Charter, also known as the Medina Constitution and was proposed by the Prophet Muhammad in 622 AD, is often regarded as one of the most important legal documents in Islamic history which provides an early example of peace building concepts in Islam, establishing the principles of governance, social relations, and religious tolerance in the early Muslim community. Based on a literature-review method, this paper, indeed, is an attempt to explore the performance of fiqh and its contested authorities which focuses on examining how far the role of a sole mediator (top-level approach) can prove to be effective in dealing with the issue of fiqh within disputing parties. The author contends that the Medina Charter provides a framework for establishing peace and harmony among various religious communities, and that the concept of a sole mediator is critical to accomplishing this goal. The article discusses the key provisions of the Medina Charter and their modern relevance, as well as how the role of a sole mediator can help to promote nonviolent religious practises and peaceful conflict resolution. The article reveals in its conclusion that the Medina Charter is indeed a relevant source of Islamic conception of reconciliation and peacemaking effort. This also evidences that use of non-violent approach by the sole mediator (top-level approach) in resolving the conflict, as is shown by Prophet Muhammad in Medina through the Medina Charter, was remarkably effective. It aides the construction of a peaceful social life age-old conflicts, developing bond of loves among the conflicting groups and restructuring the political power that were essential for developing sustainable peace in the Medina.

Islamic Political Thought and the “Constitution of Medina”

Abstract The present inquiry is a contribution to the study of early Islamic political thought focusing on the earliest document of Islamic political doctrine, the so-called Constitution of Medina. What particularly distinguishes the procedure followed here is the attempt to establish a link between the source-critical approach to the study of early Islamic history and the historiography of Islamic political thought. This study will argue that the “Constitution of Medina,” whose authenticity is accepted even by the most skeptical scholars, can be a source for reconstructing a historically reliable understanding of early Islamic political thought. Without making a claim about the legitimacy of the source-critical approach, the objective here is to show how an unmediated study of this classic document made possible by the rise of the source-critical approach is a fruitful procedure. This will be shown through establishing a link between this unmediated approach and two of the classic issues in the thought of Muslim political thinkers: the questions of the relationship between Islam and citizenship and of the place of religious law in a Muslim political order.

Analysis of the Similarities between Islamic Government Systems and Modern State Government Systems

The purpose of this study is to get an idea of how the principles in Islamic and modern government systems compare, both similarities and differences. Researchers use descriptive-qualitative research. Data obtained through literature reading, analyzed and critically compromised for further narrative description. This research uses descriptive-qualitative analysis, data and information about matters related to this research are studied, reviewed, classified carefully, then the analysis process is carried out by deduction, the analysis process takes place continuously from beginning to end with the aim of finding answers to the rumplations of problems carried by the research. Based on the analysis of this research data concludes that the leader in the early Islamic and contemporary government system is a powerful and influential figure, the establishment of the State of Medina on the basis of the agreement of diverse nations, this is the same as the establishment of many countries in the world today, the State of Medina is a state of law because it has a Medina Charter or Medina Constitution, as many countries in the world declare as State of law. Muhammad as a central figure has always been open in accepting the opinions of others for the benefit of the country, his style of government is fiber with domocracy. Muhammad also at one time became the leader of the State as well as the leader of the government and had full authority just like the current presidential system of government.

Islamists, civil rights, and civility: the contribution of the brotherhood siras

From the 1980s, revisionist Sunni Islamist thinkers have engaged in a hermeneutical effort to argue for the full acceptance of non-Muslims as equal political participants and citizens in an Islamic polity. A key text in their argument is the so-called Constitution of Medina, regulating the interaction between the newly arrived followers of Muhammad and the existing tribes in Medina who were either polytheists or Jews. This paper investigates the sira literature of Muslim Brotherhood in order to gauge the degree to which the life of the Prophet has been reinterpreted to enable such novel readings. It analyzes three popular Muslim Brotherhood siras, by the Syrian Mustafa al-Sibai (1960s), the Egyptian Muhammad al-Ghazzali (1980s), and the Libyan Ali al-Sallabi (2000s). The paper detects important developments in these siras’ treatments of Muhammad’s engagement with non-Muslims—including their interpretations of the Constitution of Medina. These developments, however, do not reflect the radical rethinking of civil society and civility found in the abovementioned revisionist Islamist literature; rather, they evince a more classical Islamist interest in the Prophet as a propagator of Islam as a law and system. That said, this sira literature should be viewed as a genre aiming at the ideological education of brotherhood members, rather than the theoretical exploration of political theory.

Principles of the teaching of nation and state life in the Constitution of Medina

Many lessons can be drawn and learned for the lives of Muslims from the guidance in the hadiths of the Prophet. Through the Medina Charter itself, the Prophet Muhammad also taught Muslims social attitudes. During the Prophet Muhammad’s life in Medina there was a multicultural society which included ethnic and cultural pluralism, with differences in culture, religion and ethnicity/race. Articles in the Constitution of Medina show the order and guidelines for the way of life of the state, and can be used for teaching people about the life of the nation and state. This study aims to establish how the ideal principles in such teachings are contained in the Constitution of Medina so that they can be implemented in the life of the nation in Indonesia today. The research methodology was based on a literature study approach, with the content analysis method used in relation to the Constitution of Medina. As for the results and research findings, the pillars of the teachings on state life in the Constitution of Medina are trust, obedience, justice, deliberation, equality, unity, freedom, recognition and protection of human rights, free trials, peace and prosperity.

Islam and Judaism: Religious Attitudes and Identity in the Medinan Era

ABSTRACT For two centuries, Orientalists have consistently questioned the role of Judaism in the early development of Islam. This has resulted in an array of scholarship that attempts to unpack a more accurate relationship of early Islam with Medinan Jews than is found in much of the historiographically tenuous sīra and taʾrīkh literature. This article contributes to this strand of revisionism by assessing religious identity in the Medinan period, utilising what this article argues to be the only two relevant, reputable and proven documents from the early seventh century – the Qurʾān and the Constitution of Medina. Religious attitudes and identities can be derived from a comparative assessment of the semantics of these documents, analysing their implications, including how views on key words and notions can enable us to reorientate early Medinan interreligious attitudes between Muslims and Jews.

Intensity of Religious Moderation According to the Medina Constitution

This study aimed to examine the intensity of concept and practice of religious moderation according to the Constitution of Medina. There is a gap between the divine constitution as an ideal guide to religious moderation and the regulation and practice of religious moderation in various countries. So it is very important to have a comprehensive understanding of the concepts and practices of religious moderation according to the constitution of medina. Study use normative Islamic legal research methods with primary legal materials as the main data. The approach used is semantic aproach and the concept of legal intensity. The result of the study was that the intensity of religious moderation based on the constitution of medina is very strong, great and is at the highest degree which includes aspects of believe, sharia, and morals. Based on the analysis of the data it was found that there are several concepts that mean moderation in the material of the translated content, hadith, and constitution of Medina. The concept is use of the word best, currently, mid, fair, choice, and moderate. Manifestation of moderation in the mission objectives of the Prophet, in the field of faith, in the treatment of human error, in the rights and duties of the physical and family, in the gathering of the good of the world and the hereafter, in communicating with culture, and manifestation of moderation in dealing with others. The intensity of religious moderation according to the constitution of medina is called qur'ani moderation.
 Keywords: Intensity; Religious Moderation; Madinah Constitution

THE REFLECTION OF MEDINA CHARTER AS A BASIS FOR RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN INDONESIA

Religious moderation is a government program that is encouraged in response to the movement of separates, independence, radicalism and terrorism. The existence of religious moderation has been pursued in various spaces as a form of internalization of moderate attitudes in state life. However, it is not impossible that religious moderation drew criticism because it is considered to moderate the Religion of Islam as something final. To urge to highlight religious moderation based on the Medina charter as an embodiment of tolerance. This study aims to describe the reflection of the Medina charter as a basis for religious moderation in managing the country and, in addition, reveal the dimensions of the Medina Charter, which is full of tolerance and moderate values. Meteorologists in this study used a literature method with the conceptual study. The approach used is a theological, historical and sociological approach, with descriptive-analytical analysis methods. The results of this study showed the construction of the Medina charter as a peace treaty and at the same time as the constitution of Medina. The Charter of Medina is referred to as the constitution because it has qualified the form and content of a constitution. The Medina Charter can be called a base of religious moderation. It can be seen from the indicators of religious moderation that they are full of the values of state unity, peace and tolerance. The rhythm of tolerance is evidence of the breath of the Medina charter inherent in religious moderation in heterogeneous cultures.

Islamic Perspective on the Concepts of Interaction among Multicultural Society

Interaction is an important and necessary action that everyone needs in life. Every human being depends on one another to fulfill their necessary needs. Islam has emphasized interaction through the many revealed verses in the Qur’ān as well as the sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). In order to build a positive relationship, many concepts of interaction have been introduced by Islamic scholars specifically as guidance for Muslims that are also universally applicable to the whole nation regardless of different religions and ethnicities. The success in the implementation of these concepts can be proven from the rulings of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in Medina. The Constitution of Medina is a great guideline in building a solid united multicultural society. This article aims to explain more on the concepts of interaction according to the Islamic perspective. It also expounds on how this concept significantly impacts creating a peaceful co-existence among multicultural society especially in Malaysia as a multi-adherent society based on tasāmuh, mahabbah, and taʻāmul that underlying the concept of fiqh al-taʻāyush.

Study on Human Rights Principles in The Medina Charter and its Implementation In Indonesia

The principles of Human Rights are the goals of Islamic shari'a or maqashid al-shari'ah (the philosophy of Islamic law) which has been formulated by al-Ghazali and perfected by as-Syatibi. These principles are summarized in al-dlaruriyah al-khamsah or also called al-huquq al-insaniyah fi al-Islam (human rights in Islam). This concept consists of five basic principles that must be maintained and respected by every individual; Hifzhu al-Din (respect for religious freedom), Hifzhu al-Mal (respect for property), Hifzhu al-Nafs wa al-'Irdl (respect for life, right to life and individual honor), Hifzhu al-'Aql (respect for freedom of thought), and Hifzhu al-Nasl (respect for keeping offspring).This research is examined using a juridical-normative and socio-legal and historical approach. The principles of human rights in the Medina Charter consist of: the principles of justice, equality, freedom of religion, piety, and commanding good and evil. Iimplementation of human rights values ​​in The Medina Charter in Indonesia, the author summarizes it into three areas of life; religion, nation and state consisting of:the field of religious harmony, the field of law and constitution enforcement and the field of socio-political life and the development of the political system. Among the authors' findings, the Medina Charter contains ideas that have strong relevance to the developments and desires of today's world community, especially for Indonesia. The ideas in the Medina Constitution were also absorbed by the founding figures of the Indonesian nation, which can be seen in the Jakarta Charter which later gave birth to Pancasila. The contents of the Medina Charter and Pancasila have in common as a sentence of sawa' (meeting point) diversity or a noble agreement that is constructive, loves, and defends Indonesia, as well as the Medina Charter.

THE MADINAH CHARTER AS A CULTURE AND CIVILIZATION CONCEPT

Efforts to build a modern civilized society by upholding human values ​​and justice were pioneered by the Prophet Muhammad long before the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, the French Revolution of 1789 or the birth of the American constitution in 1776. Prof. HAR Gibb in his book Writer states, Islam is actually more than a religious system, is a complete History has recorded well, any nation that struggles for their survival by facing all obstacles in order to maintain its existence, of course one day it will reach a high level of civilization, will find its own culture. They can give cultural lessons to other nations in addition to passing on the culture to the nations after that. The Medina Charter is a document drawn up by the Prophet Muhammad SAW, as a formal agreement in 622 AD between himself and all the important tribes and people in Medina. The Medina Charter is also known as the Medina Constitution. Among the important objectives behind the Medina Charter are the creation of security, happiness and goodness for all human beings (all related segments of society), management of the territory by agreement. Because it contains a number of rules related to tolerance and harmony among the Ummah at a time when the world is filled with group fanaticism.

Principles of Social Integration in the Constitution of Medina

A diverse community often faces social conflicts. This can lead to issues such as discrimination, fights, wars, oppression, and so on. Social integration plays an important role in achieving harmony in a society. The Constitution of Medina enacted by the Prophet SAW succeeded in managing a plural society until Medina became a country with social cohesion. Therefore, this study aims to identify and analyse the principles of social cohesion that exist in the Constitution of Medina. This study uses data collection methods through library research and in-depth interviews. Meanwhile, the content analysis method is then used to analyse the data. The findings revealed that the Prophet SAW succeeded in forming social cohesion in a plural society through the Clauses contained in the Constitution of Medina. A plural society is recognized as an ummah and has a cooperative relationship and a spirit of belonging in defending Medina from external threats.
 
 Received: 22 October 2020 / Accepted: 12 December 2020 / Published: 17 January 2021

PRINSIP ISLAM DALAM MELINDUNGI HAK MINORITAS

This study aims to encourage the creation of a sense of security and peace for religious minorities in carrying out their obligations as religious communities. This study shows that minority rights are one of the most difficult problems faced by Muslims in today's context. In fact, minority rights have been regulated in the Al-Quran and were directly practiced by the Prophet Muhammad when leading Medina and confirmed in the form of the constitution of Medina. This study uses a qualitative normative approach. The results of this study conclude that Islam as a religion that teaches its people that plurality and plurality are sunatullah which need not be questioned as long as they do not contradict the principles of faith and human rights. Then Islam observes that the protection of minority rights is the prevention of economic, social, cultural, political and legal discrimination with the aim of equalizing positions without imposing boundaries based on differences from one another.

RASULULLAHS (PBUH) ADMINISTRATION: MODEL OF GOOD GOVERNANCE

Administration is a system of governance in an organization. The ability to properly administer depends, among other things, on the efficiency of managing administrative affairs and human capital. One of the excellent models of administration is the Prophets (PBUH) administration when he was in the Medina City. The question arises, how was his administration after drafting the Medina Constitution? Thus, the purpose of this article is to explore and analyse the Prophets (PBUH) system of administration and the policy practised during its heyday in Medina City. The methodology of this research is qualitative using analysis of primary sources such as articles, journals, proceedings, dissertations, books and so on. Data obtained was deductively and inductively analysed. This research highlights the governance discoursed by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) as well as the leadership role of a government. In addition, this research infers some excellent aspects such as structure and positions in administration, which enabled Prophet Muhammads (PBUH) administration in Medina to be a model to drive current state development.

The Conception of National Insights in Islamic Perspective

This article aims to explain the concept of national insight from an Islamic perspective. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method by collecting data through observation, documentation, and literature review. Based on the research results, the concept of national insight has been regulated and explained in Islamic teachings. National insight is a person's view of a national entity based on certain territorial boundaries that affect his attitude towards love for his homeland. As a religion of Rahmat Lil Alamin, Islam clearly states about human life formed in a diverse civilization, both in culture, ethnicity, religion, and Nation. Nationality is a reality of human civilization recognized in Islamic teachings as part of Allah's will in creating humans. The results of the research conclude: 1) The reality of the creation of human beings with nationalities and tribes is a necessity which is mentioned in the Koran, 2) The concept of nationality does not contradict Islamic teachings, 2) The Medina Constitution is a concept of a state carried out by the Prophet and Muslims who are in harmony with national values.

Citizenship in the Classical Islamic Political Thought According to the Charter of Medina

The Constitution of Medina, also known as The Charter of Medina was considered as the first and oldest political document in the Islamic political thought. It was regarded as the first written constitution for the Islamic state established by Prophet Muhammad after the Hijra (migration). The document recorded various identities, nationalities and religions organized by Islamic government based onseveralprinciples. This study tried to analyze the document according to its form, contents, and historical background. Also, the principles mentioned in the document, whether it was political, constitutional, human rights or judiciary field. The standard of citizenship in the Constitution of Medina was written based on the country apart from language or beliefs diversities. This study invites a deeper search for the prophetic documents to rediscovery the Islamic political thoughts and its context to the contemporary Islamic political discourse.

Isu-Isu Aktual Dalam Al-Qur’an: Ham Dalam Perspektif Al –Quran

It was the confusion of secular human rights that prompted Muslim thinkers who joined European Islamic organizations to declare The Universal Islamic Declaration of Human Rights (UIDHR), at the 1980 International Islamic Conference in Paris. However, the declaration of Islamic human rights, which is very similar to secular human rights, also fails at the implementation level. If we return to the Qur'an and hadith, especially the Medina constitution in the context of human rights, there are many verses of the Qur'an which, without going through interpretation, are very in favor of human rights. Human rights principles in the Qur'an can be described in three terms, namely al-istiqrar, namely the right to live on earth until death picks up, al-istimta', namely the right to explore the carrying capacity of life and al-karamah, namely honor. which is identical to each individual but has social implications, because self-respect can only work if there are other people who respect one's human dignity, then al-karamah gives birth to the right of equality.

Medina Society: Lessons and Their Relevance in Indonesian Education Context

Islam has extraordinary historical experience and variety in shaping the ideal society, which is encompassed by peace and respect for plurality, namely the Medina society. With the Constitution of Medina or the Media Charter, the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) succeeded in building a tolerant society within diversity. This pattern of community development should be reflected and contextualized in the management of education in Indonesia, which seems to be struggling to overcome the challenge to fostering an attitude of tolerance and equality in a plural society. In the context of education management, the pattern of formation of the Medina society by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) is reflected in several ways, such as managing educational organizations on the basis of the principle of unity; running school organizations in a spirit of tolerance, equality, and solidarity; and supporting the process of education and teaching in the cultivation of multicultural values. In the Indonesian context, the multicultural values of the Medina society, in general, are not being implemented in government educational institutions. However, in various nongovernment educational institutions, the values of tolerance and multiculturalism are being vigorously promoted