Constituent Structure Research Articles

A organização multidimensional da fala

Much of our understanding of linguistic structure was necessarily first built up on the basis of isolated sentences, either constructed by analysts or speakers consulting their intuitions, or from written documents. The availability of corpora of unscripted speech is now allowing us to see what speakers actually do, opening up vast new areas for exploration. Some of the advantages described here are the access to prosody and context. The question addressed is how closely traditional syntactic structures, particularly constituent structures, are matched by prosodic structures. Points are illustrated with corpus material from Mohawk, a language indigenous to the North American Northeast.

Multilevel structural defects-induced elastic wave tunability and localization of a tensegrity metamaterial

Defects are generally inevitable when fabricating the constituent structures of tensegrity metamaterials. How structural defects affect the mechanical properties of such metamaterials is an interesting and vital issue, which may provide a new approach for their elastic wave control. We here construct a metamaterial chain composed of two types of prismatic tensegrities, and investigate its bandgap characteristics with considering multilevel structural defects, namely, unit defect and cell defect. Both the Bloch theorem-based derivations and frequency–response simulations show that the chain can exhibit multi defect states, that is, several flat bands within the bandgap, which depend on the form and degree of the structural defects. Furthermore, we performed sweep frequency experiments to verify the existence of defect state induced by unit defect. Moreover, when force excitation is applied at the frequency of defect state, the excited elastic wave in the chain can be sensitively localized around the defect position. This work deepens the understanding of the defect mechanisms of tensegrity metamaterials and helps to design novel filters, flaw detectors, and energy harvesters.

Enhancement of mechanical properties in FeCo magnetostrictive alloys with an addition of NiMn

Large magnetostriction has been discovered in the FeCo binary alloys at the composition of Fe30Co70. In this paper, a series of (Fe30Co70)100-x(NiMn)x cast alloys is developed. The mechanical properties and magnetostriction of these alloys are intimately related to the crystal structure and phase constituent. The (Fe30Co70)100-x(NiMn)x magnetostrictive alloys keep in the body-centered-cubic (bcc) phase region with the addition of NiMn to 5%, where the strength and ductility are intensively improved simultaneously. The enhancement of the mechanical behaviors is attributed to the generation of fine laminate structure after doping. The tensile strength and magnetostriction drop with increasing NiMn content when the face-centered-cubic (fcc) phase appears. In (Fe30Co70)95(NiMn)5 polycrystalline alloy, a magnetostriction of 114× 10−6 coupled with a yield strength of more than 1200 MPa and a tensile elongation of 5% is achieved.

<i>Şey</i>-substitution and constituent structure in Turkish

This paper attempts to account for the syntactic distribution of the particle şey in Turkish, in particular its suffixed variant which is a placeholder for expressions that have to be inserted into the discourse later. The paper argues that the distribution of suffixed şey is determined by constituent structure, meaning that şey can only substitute for syntactic constituents. Thus, şey acts as a pro-form, similar, for instance, to pronouns substituting for noun phrases. This has two implications: First, as şey is a quasi-universal pro-form with the ability to substitute for a wide range of constituents, şey-substitution can be used as a constituency test to peek into the constituent structure of virtually any major syntactic domain. Second, the overall şey-substitution pattern across different syntactic domains constitutes evidence for Kayne’s binary branching hypothesis.

ВНУТРЕННЯЯ ОТЧЕТНОСТЬ АГРОХОЛДИНГОВ

The effective and well-coordinated work of agricultural holdings is to a large extent determined by the internal structure of the system, the clear interaction of its constituent structures. The effective development of holding structures is impossible without the organization of an effective accounting and analysis system, which has its own characteristics in agricultural holdings. The formation of an accounting and analysis system in holding structures requires a vertical orientation, which implies the existence of a parent organization that ensures the centralization of all information flows through the development of intercompany management reporting. An important process for managing an agricultural holding is the formation of a regulation for interaction among holding participants in it, where the inter-holding reporting system plays an important role, without which it is impossible to optimize all financial and commodity flows, organize operational monitoring of the financial and economic activities of the agricultural holding, and accordingly, make timely and correct decisions. It will be relevant to divide the system of intra-holding reporting into three main blocks (on finance, costs and key production indicators), in each of which the appropriate forms are identified and tested.

Şey-substitution and constituent structure in Turkish

Şey-substitution and constituent structure in Turkish

Constituency Parsing by Cross-Lingual Delexicalization

Cross-lingual transfer is an important technique for low-resource language processing. Temporarily, most research on syntactic parsing works on the dependency structures. This work investigates cross-lingual parsing on another type of important syntactic structure, i.e., the constituency structure. We propose a delexicalized approach, where part-of-speech sequences of rich-resource languages are used to train cross-lingual models to parse low-resource languages. We also investigate the measurements on the selection of proper rich-resource languages for specific low-resource languages. The experiments show that the delexicalized approach outperforms state-of-the-art unsupervised models on six languages by a margin of 4.2 to 37.0 of sentence-level F1-score. Based on the experiment results, the limitation and future work of the delexicalized approach are discussed.

New-phase retention in colloidal core/shell nanocrystals via pressure-modulated phase engineering.

Core/shell nanocrystals (NCs) integrate collaborative functionalization that would trigger advanced properties, such as high energy conversion efficiency, nonblinking emission, and spin–orbit coupling. Such prospects are highly correlated with the crystal structure of individual constituents. However, it is challenging to achieve novel phases in core/shell NCs, generally non-existing in bulk counterparts. Here, we present a fast and clean high-pressure approach to fabricate heterostructured core/shell MnSe/MnS NCs with a new phase that does not occur in their bulk counterparts. We determine the new phase as an orthorhombic MnP structure (B31 phase), with close-packed zigzagged arrangements within unit cells. Encapsulation of the solid MnSe nanorod with an MnS shell allows us to identify two separate phase transitions with recognizable diffraction patterns under high pressure, where the heterointerface effect regulates the wurtzite → rocksalt → B31 phase transitions of the core. First-principles calculations indicate that the B31 phase is thermodynamically stable under high pressure and can survive under ambient conditions owing to the synergistic effect of subtle enthalpy differences and large surface energy in nanomaterials. The ability to retain the new phase may open up the opportunity for future manipulation of electronic and magnetic properties in heterostructured nanostructures.

Review

Review

Conjunction and additive constructions in the language of the Gavião of Rondônia

Abstract As a contribution to the study of complex structures in native Amazonian languages, this article examines the syntax of additives and conjunctions in the language of the Gavião of Rondônia. In this language the particle k ĩ ´í ‘also, too, and’ is used to form additive (‘also’) constructions with noun phrases and verb phrases, without creating conjoined syntactic constituents. The same particle is also used to form constructions with conjoined constituents, in which two or more verb phrases or two or more noun phrases are conjoined. The different functions of the particle have different and somewhat complicated syntactic structures. A brief description of basic Gavião syntax is provided, to have a basis for understanding the structure of the additives and conjunctions. Examples are given to describe the patterns observed and to provide tests to determine the constituent structure of the conjoined constructions. Composition rules for conjoined and additive constructions are offered when there is sufficient evidence. The semantic difference between participles and conjunctions is noted. Typological properties of Gavião additives and conjunction are discussed. Conjunction is of the postpositive bisyndetic type. Disjunction, ‘or’, which also appears in the language, is briefly described.

Evaluating agrogenic structurization of soil variants under different application modes in the Forest-Steppe

Aim. To develop the general normalized statistical model of organizing the structural state of the investigated soils, to determine the vector of direction and criteria of appraising structurization of soil variants in the Forest-Steppe on macro- and microaggregate levels of organization to obtain objective and integral information about the quality status of soil structure and to determine the critical level of degradation, when the residual resistance against the latter is lost. Methods. Field (investigated agrophysical properties of the most common variants in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine: gray forest soil, meadow-chernozem soil, typical chernozem), laboratory (air-dried sieving of soil), statistical-analytical (fractal, factor, cluster, non-parametric statistics). Results. The combined study of the change in the state of soil structure in the most common soils in the Forest-Steppe on two hierarchy levels demonstrated the presence of soil-genetic interval in valuable structural units. The appraisal of several distribution series of structural soil units by dimensions in terms of stability using fractal indices and the structurization of agronomically non-valuable fraction of microaggregates of 0.7 and demonstrated the persistence and anti-persistence of the distribution series, namely, stability or trend. The re-grouping of soil structure constituents occurs by dimensions depending on the soil type, and microaggregates in the amount of 0.25 mm are mostly involved in structural aggregates of 1-0.25 mm and less so in more valuable structural units of >1 mm. Conclusions. It was determined that meadow-chernozem soil was the most resistant to anthropogenic impact (introduc- tion of mineral fertilizers and treatment methods). Its coeffi cient of macroaggregation was at a high level and in case of sowing perennial grasses with the introduction of fertilizers - at a very high level. Gray forest soil was found to be less resistant to the introduction of mineral fertilizers and typical chernozem was the most susceptible to agrophysical degra- dation: the macroaggregation coeffi cient was at a very low level. The microaggregation coeffi cient increased from typical chernozem to gray forest soil and meadow-chernozem which demonstrated the increase in humus content and biogenicity in the presented series of soil variants

Sürdürülebilir Peyzaj Tasarım Kriterleri Doğrultusunda Sultanbeyli Gölet Parkı için bir Model Önerisi

Günümüzde hızla artan yapılaşma hareketleri, sanayileşme ve küresel ısınmanın etkisiyle doğal çevre ve ekolojik yapı bozulmaya başlamış, bozulan ekolojik yapı çevre sorunlarını da beraberinde getirmiştir. Kentlerin beton alanları ve geçirimsiz yüzeyleri giderek artmakla beraber yeşil alanları azalmıştır. Bunun sonucu olarak, sürdürülebilir bina uygulamalarının yanı sıra yeşil alanlarda da sürdürülebilirlik çalışmaları başlamıştır. Sürdürülebilir peyzaj alanları oluşturmak için doğal materyaller ve geri dönüşümlü malzemelerin kullanımıyla birlikte, su ve enerji etkin birçok sistemin beraber sağlanması gerekmektedir. Enerji etkin tasarımlarda da yenilenebilir enerji kaynakların kullanımı ana kriteri oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Sultanbeyli Gölet Parkı için sürdürülebilir bir tasarım modeli oluşturulmuştur. İnşaat aşamasında başlayan sürdürülebilirlik kriterleri peyzaj uygulaması tamamlanana kadar geçen süreç için ele alınmıştır. Çalışma alanının doğal ve sosyo-kültürel peyzaj analizi yapılmış ve sürdürülebilir tasarım kriterleri ile oluşturulan örnek uygulamalar incelenerek mevcut tasarımla karşılaştırılmıştır. Getirilen öneriler kapsamında sürdürülebilir ilkeler doğrultusunda alan için yeni bir tasarım modeli oluşturulmuştur.

A Dynamic Network Approach to the Study of Syntax.

Usage-based linguists and psychologists have produced a large body of empirical results suggesting that linguistic structure is derived from language use. However, while researchers agree that these results characterize grammar as an emergent phenomenon, there is no consensus among usage-based scholars as to how the various results can be explained and integrated into an explicit theory or model. Building on network theory, the current paper outlines a structured network approach to the study of grammar in which the core concepts of syntax are analyzed by a set of relations that specify associations between different aspects of a speaker’s linguistic knowledge. These associations are shaped by domain-general processes that can give rise to new structures and meanings in language acquisition and language change. Combining research from linguistics and psychology, the paper proposes specific network analyses for the following phenomena: argument structure, word classes, constituent structure, constructions and construction families, and grammatical categories such as voice, case and number. The article builds on data and analyses presented in Diessel (2019; The Grammar Network. How Linguistic Structure is Shaped by Language Use) but approaches the topic from a different perspective.

Trichome Structures and Characterization of Essential Oil Constituents in Iranian populations of Salvia limbata C.A. Meyer

Salvia limbata C.A. Meyer (Lamiaceae) is an aromatic medicinal herb growing wild in various parts of Iran. In the current study, variations in the trichomes morphology and density, and composition of the hydro-distilled obtained essential oils of eight wild S. limbata populations were assessed. Essential oil yield showed a high degree of variability among the populations. The major constituents of essential oil were similar in all of the examined populations, except for Damavand population. In this population, two oil components were detected to be higher than 78% of total oil constituents. According to the principal components and cluster analysis, four groups identified with regard to the essential oil compositions: populations containing isospathulenol and aromadendrene (group I), populations with the presence of linalool, spathulenol and δ-elemene (group II), populations containing the high percentage of 1, 8-cineol (group III) and populations were characterized by the high percentage of α-pinene (group IV). The leaves of plants from all populations were covered by villous indumentum, except for Damavand population, which showed tomentose indumentum. Two types of trichomes such as glandular (peltate, capitate and digitate) and non-glandular (unbranched oneto nine-celled) were registered. The analysis of variance revealed significant variations for some of them. Totally, group I had the unique indumentum and essential oil composition, therefore, has been defined as a new chemotype for this species. Such indumentum and chemical differences clearly revealed the environmental impact on the micromorphological and essential oil compositions among the populations. The presence of high isospathulenol content in plants of Damavand population suggests their potential as strong antibiotics. However, the findings also indicate that a proper exploitation of the medicinal properties in this plant highly related to the location of sampling site, which positively contributes to its medicinal value.

Durational Patterns of Recurrent Multiword Combinations in Mandarin Spontaneous Speech Production.

This study examined the prosodic realization of recurrent multiword combinations (RMC) in Mandarin spontaneous speech production and asked (a) whether speakers produce RMCs differently compared to novel combinations, and (b) how the RMC durational patterns are connected to its distributional properties and constituent structures. RMCs were first defined based on their distributional criteria in a large representative corpus, and a subset of these RMCs used in a phone-aligned spontaneous speech corpus were identified for the analyses of the relationship between their duration on one end and their distributional statistics (RMC frequency and lexical associations in two directions) and constituent structures (projected constituent level and boundary) on the other. The results suggest that Mandarin speakers are sensitive to the multifaceted multiword distributional properties, which are mediated by the constituent structures of RMCs. We discuss how these distinct durational patterns contribute to our understanding of the pragmatic and interactional role of multiword units in language processing and development.

One-step microwave-controlled synthesis of CoV2O6•2H2O nanosheet for super long cycle-life battery-type supercapacitor

The CoV2O6•2H2O nanosheet was controlled synthesis at 800 W microwave power and a 90 s heating time via one-step microwave irradiation. The XRD, XPS, SEM as well as EDS were used to ascertain the crystal structure and chemical constituents of CoV2O6•2H2O nanosheet. Impressively, the CoV2O6•2H2O uniform nanosheet piled up in an orderly manner and displayed stable structure. The material offered superior durability with 96.4% retention at 5 A g−1 during 80,000 circles and had the specific capacity of 177.5 C g−1 (355 F g−1) at 1 A g−1. Meanwhile, the asymmetric supercapacitor was formed from CoV2O6•2H2O as anode as well as activated carbon used cathode, providing excellent cyclic stability (maintaining 78.6% of the highest capacity over 35,000 cycles) and an energy density of 19.0 W h kg−1 with a power density of 400 W kg−1.

Remarks on prepositional object clauses in Germanic

This paper analyses the variation we find in the realization of finite clausal complements in the position of prepositional objects in a set of Germanic languages. The Germanic languages differ with respect to whether prepositions can directly select a clause (North Germanic) or not and instead need a prepositional proform (Continental West Germanic). Within the Continental West Germanic languages, we find further differences with respect to the constituent structures. We propose that German strong vs. weak prepositional proforms (e.g. drauf vs. darauf) differ with respect to their syntax, while this is not the case for the Dutch forms (ervan vs. daarvan). What the Germanic languages under consideration share is that the prepositional element can be covert, except in English. English shows only limited evidence for the presence of P with finite clauses in the position of prepositional objects generally, but only with a selected set of verbs. This investigation is a first step towards a broader study of the nature of clauses in prepositional object positions and the implications for the syntax of clausal complementation.

Frequency selective topological edge wave routing in meta-structures made of cylinders.

The propagation direction of edge states is essentially related to the band topology invariant of the constituent structures and the momentum of the excitation source. However, it is difficult to control the propagation path when the chirality of the excitation source and the boundary structures are determined. Here, we study a frequency selective waveguide structure based on photonic crystals with different topological invariant characterized by bulk polarization. By designing different types of interface made from spatially arranged dielectric rods, distinct topological edge states could be realized at different frequencies in the band gap. Therefore, we can construct a meta-structure in which the wave guiding path can be switched by the excitation frequency. Our study provides an alternative approach to designing topological devices such as frequency dependent optical waveguides and frequency division devices.

Experimental evidence for the influence of structure and meaning on linear order in the noun phrase

Recent work has used artificial language experiments to argue that hierarchical representations drive learners’ expectations about word order in complex noun phrases like these two green cars (Culbertson & Adger 2014; Martin, Ratitamkul, et al. 2019). When trained on a novel language in which individual modifiers come after the Noun, English speakers overwhelmingly assume that multiple nominal modifiers should be ordered such that Adjectives come closest to the Noun, then Numerals, then Demonstratives (i.e., N-Adj-Num-Dem or some subset thereof). This order transparently reflects a constituent structure in which Adjectives combine with Nouns to the exclusion of Numerals and Demonstratives, and Numerals combine with Noun+Adjective units to the exclusion of Demonstratives. This structure has also been claimed to derive frequency asymmetries in complex noun phrase order across languages (e.g., Cinque 2005). However, we show that features of the methodology used in these experiments potentially encourage participants to use a particular metalinguistic strategy that could yield this outcome without implicating constituency structure. Here, we use a more naturalistic artificial language learning task to investigate whether the preference for hierarchy-respecting orders is still found when participants do not use this strategy. We find that the preference still holds, and, moreover, as Culbertson & Adger (2014) speculate, that its strength reflects structural distance between modifiers. It is strongest when ordering Adjectives relative to Demonstratives, and weaker when ordering Numerals relative to Adjectives or Demonstratives relative to Numerals. Our results provide the strongest evidence yet for the psychological influence of hierarchical structure on word order preferences during learning.

A survey of syntactic-semantic parsing based on constituent and dependency structures

Syntactic and semantic parsing has been investigated for decades, which is one primary topic in the natural language processing community. This article aims for a brief survey on this topic. The parsing community includes many tasks, which are difficult to be covered fully. Here we focus on two of the most popular formalizations of parsing: constituent parsing and dependency parsing. Constituent parsing is majorly targeted to syntactic analysis, and dependency parsing can handle both syntactic and semantic analysis. This article briefly reviews the representative models of constituent parsing and dependency parsing, and also dependency graph parsing with rich semantics. Besides, we also review the closely-related topics such as cross-domain, cross-lingual and joint parsing models, parser application as well as corpus development of parsing in the article.