Constituent Mass Research Articles

Meson Spectroscopy in the Light Quark Sector

Understanding the hadron spectrum is one of the fundamental issues in modern particle physics. We know that existing hadron configurations include baryons, made of three quarks, and mesons, made of quark-antiquark pairs. However most of the mass of the hadrons is not due to the mass of these elementary constituents but to their binding force. Studying the hadron spectrum is therefore a tool to understand one of the fundamental forces in nature, the strong force, and Quantum Chromo Dynamics (QCD), the theory that describes it. This investigation can provide an answer to fundamental questions as what is the origin of the mass of hadrons, what is the origin of quark confinement, what are the relevant degrees of freedom to describe these complex systems and how the transition between the elementary constituents, quarks and gluons, and baryons and mesons occurs.

Application of Clays in Composition of Asphaltic Masses

The inclusion of alternative materials in the composition of asphaltic masses aims to solve the problems arising from the disposal, in the environment, of industrial waste discarded; however, to ensure that such inclusion doesn't damage the characteristics and properties of the asphaltic mass, it is necessary that the mixtures, composed by mineral aggregates, PAC and filler, are previously submitted to the standardized essay. It is known that the filler is mainly responsible for the absorption of the PAC and that, the greater the amount of the PAC utilized on the asphaltic mass, the bigger the costs. Thus the characteristics of the filler, as well the rate of packing of the constituents of the asphaltic mass affects directly the cost and properties of the final product. Given the previous subject, in this work it was aimed to study the effect of the addition of low plasticity clay and peat in the final properties of the asphaltic masses.

The Periodic Table of Elementary Particles Based on String Theory

In this paper, all elementary particles (leptons, quarks, gauge bosons, and the Higgs boson) can be placed in the periodic table of elementary particles based on string theory with oscillating spacetime dimension number, instead of conventional string theory with fixed space-time dimension number. Dimension number oscillates between 11D and 10D and between 10D and 4D reversibly. The oscillation of space-time dimension number (D) is accompanied by mass dimension number (d) to represent mass. Space-time dimension number decreases with increasing mass dimension number, decreasing speed of light and increasing rest mass. 4D particle originally is 4D10d particle, and has the lowest speed of light and the highest rest mass. With the same energy, the relation between adjacent mass dimensions is Md-1=Mdαd2, where M is rest mass, d is mass dimension number, and α is the fine structure constant. According to the proposed cosmology, the non-gravitational 4D10d particles were sliced into 4D4d core particles surrounded by 6 separated mass dimensions as the 6 dimensional orbitals constituting the non-gravitational forces (electromagnetism, strong, and weak). The combination of the 6 dimensional orbitals and the gravitational 4D10d particle resulted in the 7 dimensional orbitals. As the periodic table of elements based on the atomic orbitals, the periodic table of elementary particles is based on the combination of the two asymmetrical sets of the 7 dimensional orbitals. One set as the principal dimensional orbitals is mainly for leptons and gauge bosons, and another set as the auxiliary orbitals is mainly for individual quarks. The calculated constituent masses of leptons, quarks, gauge bosons, and the Higgs boson are in good agreement with the observed values. For examples, the calculated mass of top quark is 176.5 GeV in good agreement with the observed 173.34 GeV, and the calculated average mass of the Higgs boson is 128.8 GeV in good agreements with the observed 125 or 126 GeV.

Numerical Study of Interaction and Aggregation of Non-Spherical Particles in Forming Li-Ion Battery Cathodes

Aggregation between additive particles and active particles in battery electrode material strongly affects their interfacial phenomena and eventually battery performance. This paper proposes a three dimensional model to simulate the aggregation process of spherical carbon black (CB) and ellipsoidal LiMn2O4 active material (AM) particles within a liquid medium (PVDF polymer dissolved in NMP solvent) in the electrode materials of Li-ion batteries. Monte Carlo method is employed and the resulting aggregates are characterized by the number of CB particles connected to the percolated cluster of AM, which affects the effective conductivity. The effects of particle geometry and constituent mass ratio are investigated. It is found that a larger AM particle aspect ratio contributes positively to the percentage of CB attachment. For a given AM particle aspect ratio of 2 or 3, the average percentage of CB attachment is found to decrease as the CB:AM mass ratio increases from 2%:94% to 4%:92%.

Determination of superfine splitting of positronium energy levels

Energies of the singlet and triplet positronium states are analytically calculated considering the annihilation and loop corrections in a functional approach. The dependences of the constituent mass of constituent particles on the initial-state masses and the corresponding quantum number are derived. The wave function at the origin of coordinates is calculated and the decay widths of ortho- and parapositronium are determined. The result corresponds satisfactorily to available experimental data.

Tree-level contribution toB¯→Xdγusing fragmentation functions

We evaluate the most important tree-level contributions connected with the b-> u \bar{u} d gamma transition to the inclusive radiative decay \bar{B}-> X_d gamma using fragmentation functions. In this framework the singularities arising from collinear photon emission from the light quarks (u, \bar{u} and d) can be absorbed into the (bare) quark-to-photon fragmentation function. We use as input the fragmentation function extracted by the ALEPH group from the two-jet cross section measured at LEP, where one of the jets is required to contain a photon. To get the quark-to-photon fragmentation function at the fragmentation scale \mu_F \sim m_b, we use the evolution equation, which we solve numerically. We then calculate the (integrated) photon energy spectrum for b-> u \bar{u} d gamma related to the operators P^u_{1,2}. For comparison, we also give the corresponding results when using nonzero (constituent) masses for the light quarks.

Advances in laser spectroscopy of lithium

A number of recent experiments have employed novel spectroscopic techniques to precisely measure the fine and hyperfine structure splittings as well as the isotope shifts for several transitions at optical frequencies for the stable 6,7Li and radioactive isotopes 8,9,11Li. These data offer an important test of theoretical techniques that have been developed over the last decade by two groups to accurately calculate effects due to Quantum Electrodynamics and the finite nuclear size in 2 and 3 electron atoms. Theory and experiment have studied several transitions in both singly ionized and neutral lithium. The work by multiple groups permits a critical examination of the consistency of separately, the experimental work as well as the theoretical calculations. Combining the measured isotope shifts with the calculated energy shifts passing these consistency tests, permits the determination of the relative nuclear charge radius with an uncertainty approaching 1 × 10−18 meter. These results are more than an order of magnitude more accurate than those obtained by electron scattering experiments and give insight into the mass and charge distributions of the nuclear constituents. Prospects for a precision measurement of the fine structure constant are also discussed.

Smoke points of fuel–fuel and fuel–inert mixtures

Laminar smoke points are important fuel properties for understanding soot processes in fires and flames. Several past studies have measured laminar smoke points of fuel–fuel and fuel–inert mixtures, but scaling laws for these smoke points have been lacking and thus are considered here. To supplement published data from 8 past studies, smoke points are measured for ethylene–inert mixtures. The resulting dataset includes 160 smoke points for fuel–fuel mixtures and 78 for fuel–inert mixtures. For fuel–fuel mixtures, the most successful scaling equates mixture smoke point to the reciprocal of the sum of the constituent mass fractions divided by their smoke points. This scaling is also reasonably successful for fuel–inert mixtures (except those involving Ar) when infinite smoke points are assumed for the inerts. The effectiveness ranking of the inerts to increase smoke points is, by volume: SO2>CO2>N2>Ar>He, and by mass: He>CO2≈SO2>N2>Ar. Argon's unusual behavior and low effectiveness is attributed to its low heat capacity.

Magnetic moment of constituent fermions in ground states with spontaneously broken translational invariance

Spontaneous symmetry breaking gives rise to a nonzero order parameter or a ground state expectation value (GEV) of the scalar field that generates energy gaps or constituent masses for the fermions via Yukawa interactions. There are several physical situations in which the order parameters or GEVs of the scalar field (and therefore constituent masses) can become space varying. This can change the definitions of several important physical operators. We investigate and rederive the generalized magnetic moment operator for ‘constituent’ fermions that arises from a space varying order parameter or GEV.We especially consider the high baryon density π0 condensed phase, in which chiral symmetry is spontaneously broken, with space varying expectation values of the σ and π0 fields. This phase has a spin polarized Fermi sea as the ground state. We show that there is indeed generated a macroscopic magnetization in this phase, contrary to what one would have found, if one just used a primitive phenomenological magnetic moment formula for explicit/current fermion masses. This is important in the context of neutron stars, as such a high density state may be responsible for very high magnetic fields in the dense core of neutron stars.

Compressive Response of Pyramidal Lattices Embedded in Foams

Recent endeavors to combine the desirable energy-absorption characteristics of stochastic foams with the comparatively high strengths of pyramidal lattices have shown promise for creating composites that outperform their constituents alone under compressive loading. Herein we employ numerical and analytical models to identify both the mechanisms by which synergistic behavior is obtained in such composites and the constituent mass fractions that yield maximum benefits. We find that the loading boundary conditions play a crucial role. When, for instance, composites are loaded between plates that are well bonded to the composites, their specific strengths invariably exceed those predicted by a rule-of-mixtures; however, these strengths can always be improved through an optimized lattice of equivalent mass. In contrast, when the composites are loaded between frictionless plates, their specific strengths exceed not only rule-of-mixtures predictions but, in many cases, also that of any mass-equivalent pyramidal lattice alone subject to the same (frictionless) conditions. The origin of this behavior is found to arise from foam-stabilization of lattice bending and splaying: deformation modes that govern strength in the absence of foam. In essence, the foam causes a transition from bend-dominated to stretch-dominated behavior in the lattice.

Mathematical modeling of solidification process near the inner core boundary of the Earth

Radially symmetric analytic solutions of the heat and mass transfer equations governing convection in the Earth’s fluid core are found in terms of deviations from the adiabatic reference state. We demonstrate that an increase of the convective velocity leads to a decrease of the light constituent mass fraction and specific entropy. Where fluid is rising/descending, convective motions decrease/increase the mass fraction and entropy at the inner core boundary (ICB). The influence of convective motions on the thermal fluxes at the core mantle boundary is studied. On the basis of exact solutions we demonstrate that the liquid is supercooled near the ICB. An important point is that an increase in the convective velocity directed to the ICB increases the constitutional supercooling. We show that the anelastic model (AM) can be used only at small supercoolings near the ICB. The most probable solidification scenario “constitutional supercooling and morphological instability” should be described by a mushy layer theory near the ICB and by the AM in the rest region of the fluid outer core. On the basis of dendritic theory and selection mechanisms of crystal growth the dendrite tip radius and interdendritic spacing in the mushy layer at the ICB are determined in the presence of convection.

Neutrality of a magnetized two-flavor quark superconductor

We investigate the effect of electric and color charge neutrality on the two-flavor color superconducting (2SC) phase of cold and dense quark matter in presence of constant external magnetic fields and at moderate baryon densities. Within the framework of the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model, we study the inter-dependent evolution of the quark's BCS gap and constituent mass with increasing density and magnetic field. While confirming previous results derived for the highly magnetized 2SC phase with color neutrality alone, we obtain new results as a consequence of imposing charge neutrality. In the charge neutral gapless 2SC phase (g2SC), a large magnetic field drives the color superconducting phase transition to a crossover, while the chiral phase transition is first order. At larger diquark-to-scalar coupling ratio $G_D/G_S$, where the 2SC phase is preferred, we see hints of the Clogston-Chandrasekhar limit at a very large value of the magnetic field ($B\sim 10^{19}$G), but this limit is strongly affected by Shubnikov de Haas-van Alphen oscillations of the gap, indicating the transition to a domain-like state.

Estimating instream constituent loads using replicate synoptic sampling, Peru Creek, Colorado

Summary The synoptic mass balance approach is often used to evaluate constituent mass loading in streams affected by mine drainage. Spatial profiles of constituent mass load are used to identify sources of contamination and prioritize sites for remedial action. This paper presents a field scale study in which replicate synoptic sampling campaigns are used to quantify the aggregate uncertainty in constituent load that arises from (1) laboratory analyses of constituent and tracer concentrations, (2) field sampling error, and (3) temporal variation in concentration from diel constituent cycles and/or source variation. Consideration of these factors represents an advance in the application of the synoptic mass balance approach by placing error bars on estimates of constituent load and by allowing all sources of uncertainty to be quantified in aggregate; previous applications of the approach have provided only point estimates of constituent load and considered only a subset of the possible errors. Given estimates of aggregate uncertainty, site specific data and expert judgement may be used to qualitatively assess the contributions of individual factors to uncertainty. This assessment can be used to guide the collection of additional data to reduce uncertainty. Further, error bars provided by the replicate approach can aid the investigator in the interpretation of spatial loading profiles and the subsequent identification of constituent source areas within the watershed. The replicate sampling approach is applied to Peru Creek, a stream receiving acidic, metal-rich effluent from the Pennsylvania Mine. Other sources of acidity and metals within the study reach include a wetland area adjacent to the mine and tributary inflow from Cinnamon Gulch. Analysis of data collected under low-flow conditions indicates that concentrations of Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn in Peru Creek exceed aquatic life standards. Constituent loading within the study reach is dominated by effluent from the Pennsylvania Mine, with over 50% of the Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn loads attributable to a collapsed adit near the top of the study reach. These estimates of mass load may underestimate the effect of the Pennsylvania Mine as leakage from underground mine workings may contribute to metal loads that are currently attributed to the wetland area. This potential leakage confounds the evaluation of remedial options and additional research is needed to determine the magnitude and location of the leakage.

The Higgs Boson in the Periodic System of Elementary Particles

It is proposed that the observed Higgs Boson at the LHC is the Standard Model Higgs boson that adopts the existence of the hidden lepton condensate. The hidden lepton is in the forbidden lepton family, outside of the three lepton families of the Standard Model. Being forbidden, a single hidden lepton cannot exist alone; so it must exist in the lepton condensate as a composite of μ’ and μ’± hidden leptons and their corresponding antileptons. The calculated average mass of the hidden lepton condensate is 128.8 GeV in good agreements with the observed 125 or 126 GeV. The masses of the hidden lepton condensate and all elementary particles including leptons, quarks, and gauge bosons are derived from the periodic system of elementary particles. The calculated constituent masses are in good agreement with the observed values by using only four known constants: the number of the extra spatial dimensions in the eleven-dimensional membrane, the mass of electron, the mass of Z boson, and the fine structure constant.

Determination of the ground state energies of the H 2 + , D 2 + and H 2 + molecular ions taking into account relativistic corrections

On the basis of determination of the asymptotic behavior of correlation functions of the corresponding field currents with the corresponding quantum numbers an analytic method for determination of the energy spectrum of three-body Coulomb system is suggested. Our results show that the constituent masses of particles, which we have defined as masses of particles in a bound state, differ from masses of particles in a free-state. The constituent mass to the free state mass relation for the electron is greater than the same mass relation for the proton, deuteron and triton. It was also found that this constituent electron mass has different values in each systems, i.e. in H2+, D2+ and T2+ hydrogen molecular ions. The contributions of exchange and self-energy diagrams were taken into account in the determination of the energy spectrum of the three-body Coulomb system. Our results show that the self-energy diagram contribution is inversely proportional to the square of the constituent mass of particles. This contribution is sufficient for the electron and is negligible for the proton, deuteron and triton. When defining the energy and the wave function (WF), it is necessary to take into account the contributions of both the exchange and self-energy diagrams.

Soil genesis, optical dating, and geoarchaeological evaluation of two upland Alfisol pedons within the Tertiary Gulf Coastal Plain

Much of the Gulf Coastal Plain is mantled by sandy A and E soil horizons overlying finer-grained Bt horizons. Researchers have applied optical stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating to a variety of depositional settings, such as hillslopes and terraces, in an attempt to understand depositional versus pedogenic origins of the sandy horizons, and archaeological burial processes. These investigations have documented a range of integrity conditions from pristine to highly bioturbated. However, little work has been conducted in upland summits. Thus, we integrated field morphological descriptions, constituent mass balance reconstruction, and optical dating to reconstruct the timing and pedogenic pathways of two summit Alfisols on the Tertiary Gulf Coastal Plain in Texas. Investigations reveal that the sandy A and E horizons and the Bt horizons in each pedon are genetically related, with textural contrasts resulting from pedogenic processes. Optical dating revealed highly complex age structures strongly influenced by bioturbation, weathering, and the presence of coarse clay plus total silt particle-sizes. Pedogenic mixing is extensive in the A and E horizons, which effect apparent OSL ages <10,000years due to admixture of recently and partially bleached grains to the matrix. Decreased mixing occurs within the argillic horizon of each pedon, and ages increase systematically with depth. In all horizons pedogenic weathering and mixing have altered the 40K, U and Th content and environmental dose rates, with concomitant changes in OSL ages. Apparent maximum age calculations provide insight into the most probable oldest equivalent dose group and suggest that the investigated soils began to weather no later than 90–112ka, and 40–62ka, respectively, which greatly precedes human entry of into North America. High overdispersion of equivalent dose values in the sandy horizons reflects on-going pedoturbation, which varies between pedons and may result in differential archaeological preservation potential.

Tunneling through superlattices: the effect of anisotropy and kinematic coupling

The tunneling of carriers in stratified superlattice systems is analyzed in terms of the constituent effective mass tensor. The focus is on the effects on the tunneling which are caused by the side regions of an intervening barrier. Depending on the covalency and work function in the constituent layers of a superlattice, it is concluded that the kinematics in the regions on either side determined by the effective carrier mass and its interference with the band offset at heterojunctions leads to either a constructive or a destructive effect on the tunneling current. As an example, Si1−xGex/Si and AlxGa1−xAs/GaAs superlattices are demonstrated to reduce the tunneling current at certain fractional thicknesses and stoichiometries of the constituent slabs without affecting the lateral mobility. The findings show, in general, how manipulation of the carrier’s effective mass tensor through stoichiometric/structural modulation of the heterostructure may be used to control the tunneling current through a given potential barrier, given that the characteristic de Broglie wavelength exceeds all the constituent dimensions, thus offering a method complementary to high-k technologies.

Hydromechanical Processes in Freezing Soils

The study of freezing in soils has benefited immensely from analogies with physical processes that take place within the unsaturated zone. The surface energies and wetting interactions that produce differences in pressure between the pore‐filling phases cause a qualitatively similar saturation dependence on geometrical characteristics, such as the pore size distribution. The ability of solid ice surfaces to support shear tractions contrasts with the fluidity of air, however, and the limited need for transport on solidification is notably different from the wholesale displacement of gas and liquid volumes that is necessary to change saturation levels in the vadose zone. This brief review outlines the main points of common ground and some of the essential differences that separate partially frozen and unsaturated soils. Particular attention is paid to an illustration of the ice and liquid saturation behavior in a two‐dimensional model porous medium, both in a pure water system and with solutes present at a specified (bulk) concentration relative to the total mass of pore constituents. A derivation is developed for the net thermomolecular force exerted by sediment particles on an ice lens, and the model soil parameters are used to examine how the colligative effects of impurities modify the loads that can be supported in this way. The focus of this study is on describing and quantifying the physical interactions that underlie the vast range of hydro‐mechanical processes in freezing soils.

Ethnic variability in adiposity, thrifty phenotypes and cardiometabolic risk: addressing the full range of ethnicity, including those of mixed ethnicity

Ethnic groups vary in cardiometabolic risk, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Several components of body composition variability (fat/lean ratio, fat distribution, lean mass composition and metabolism, and adipose tissue biology) are increasingly linked with cardiometabolic risk and vary substantially across ethnic groups. Constituents of lean mass are proposed to contribute to 'metabolic capacity', a generic trait favouring the maintenance of homeostasis. Adiposity is proposed to contribute to 'metabolic load', which at higher levels challenges metabolic homeostasis, elevating cardiometabolic risk. Ethnic differences in body composition, representing different load-capacity ratios, may therefore contribute to ethnic variability in cardiometabolic risk. Ecological and evolutionary factors potentially contributing to ethnic variability in body composition are explored. In contemporary populations, clinicians encounter an increasing range of ethnicity, along with many individuals of mixed-ethnic ancestry. Increasing understanding of the contribution of body composition to cardiometabolic risk may reduce the need to treat ethnic groups as qualitatively different. A conceptual model is proposed, treating insulin sensitivity and stroke risk as composite functions of body composition variables. Operationalizing this model may potentially improve the ability to assess cardiovascular risk across the full ethnicity spectrum, and to predict cardiometabolic consequences of excess weight gain.

Spin-Orbital Effect of Diexciton in Quantum Dots

Great efforts have been made to understand how bound state arise in the formalism of quantum field theory and to work out effective methods to calculate all characteristics of these bound states, especially their masses and binding energy. The analysis of a bound state is simplest when constituent particles can be considered to be nonrelativistic, i.e. when they travel at speeds considerably less than <i>'</i><i>c</i><i>'</i><i>.</i> We studied an exotic system (state) on the basis of investigation of asymptotic behavior of the loop function for the scalar particles in the external gauge field and determined it for the scalar particles in the with relativistic feature of interaction and have been able to obtain the mass spectrum of bound state, the constituent mass of diexciton and spin interactions and find out that determining the mass of the bound state systems requires; first of all, determining the Eigenvalue of the Hamiltonian with Coulomb potential and then calculating the mass and binding energy or spin interactions of diexciton system which we could achieve. The current paper has calculated energy spectrum and constituents mass of particles in limited core mass conditions and we could conclude that constituent mass of particle in the system is different from mass in free states. So having below conditions form inhomogeneous multi-layer environment in nanostructure <img src=image/10.5923.j.ajcmp.20120203.01_001.gif></img> in mind, and using oscillator representation method, spin Hamiltonian coefficient of diexciton system with effective confinement potential, Coulomb effect between particles, and spin effect, will be discussed. Relation between distances properties of diexciton system and distance between two electrons in quantum dots and dependency relation will be determined in conclusion.