Constant Temperature Environment Research Articles

The significance of social interactions in synchronized swarming flight in a termite.

In social insects, individuals of working caste coordinate their actions to manage various collective tasks. Such collective behaviours exist not only in workers but also in winged reproductives (alates). During certain seasons, newly emerged alates fly from the nest to disperse and find mating partners in a synchronized manner. This 'swarming' behaviour is one of the collective behaviours that involve the greatest number of individuals in social insects. However, such synchronization is considered to be caused by the response to specific environmental cues rather than behavioural coordination among colony members. Here, we show that a termite Reticulitermes kanmonensis shows synchronized dispersal flight among alates within the same colony even under the constant temperature environment. Under the semi-field environment with fluctuating temperatures, alates within the same colony synchronized their dispersal flight under higher temperatures, while flight was suppressed under lower temperatures. We observed that termites synchronized their dispersal flights even under constant temperature conditions in the laboratory (20℃), indicating that environmental cues are not always necessary for synchronization. In either case, higher synchronization happened with a larger number of alates. These results suggest that social factors interplay with environmental cues to enable the synchronized swarming flight of social insects.

Exploring the impact of blood and bone debris at the implant-abutment interface on peak removal torque: Bridging clinical observations with laboratory evidence

Three months after implant placement, difficulty was encountered in unscrewing the healing abutment within the normal torque range (<35 Ncm), resulting in the removal of the implant. Despite all attempts, the implant could not then be separated from the healing abutment. Retrospective analysis of intraoperative photographs revealed the presence of blood or bone debris within the implant before the healing abutment was placed; this was considered to be the likely cause of this phenomenon. The purpose of the study was to explore the impact of blood or bone debris within the implant during surgical placement on the torque required for unscrewing the healing abutment. A total of 27 implants were divided into 3 groups based on whether blood, blood and bone debris, or nothing was added. An electronic torque wrench was used to uniformly tighten the implants and healing abutments to 10 Ncm. These implants were then stored in a constant-temperature environment in physiological saline. After 1, 2, and 3 months, 3 implants from each group were randomly selected for microcomputed tomography analysis. Subsequently, an opening torque test was conducted to measure the maximum torque required to unscrew the healing abutment. The study data were compiled using Microsoft Excel 2019 and statistically analyzed with a statistical software package. One-way ANOVA was used to determine significant differences among groups, specifically by comparing and analyzing the bone volume fraction and maximum removal torque (RTQ) within the microgap between implants and healing abutments (α=.05). The in vitro simulated experiment revealed that the presence of blood mixed with bone debris led to an increase in high-density images within the microgap. Significant differences in the maximum removal torque were observed among the 3 groups 1, 2, and 3 months after in vitro placement (P<.05), indicating that blood and bone debris affected the torque required to unscrew the healing abutment. The presence of blood or bone debris in the microgap should be avoided to prevent an increase in the unscrewing torque.

Shape memory polymer lattice structures with programmable thermal recovery time

Shape memory polymer (SMP) lattice structures have garnered considerable attention due to their intrinsic capability for self-recovery and mechanical reconfiguration. The temporal path, encompassing aspects such as recovery time and deployment sequence, of the shape recovery process in SMP lattice structures holds paramount significance across various domains, including but not limited to medical devices and space deployable structures. Nonetheless, the programming of shape recovery time or deployment sequences in SMP lattice structures, particularly in scenarios devoid of external controllers, remains a challenge. In addressing these challenges, this study presents a novel class of SMP structures endowed with customizable thermal recovery times and programmable deployment sequences, leveraging the influence of structural geometry. Notably, the programmable recovery time and serialized deployment behavior of the proposed SMP lattice structure are achieved within a constant temperature environment, obviating the need for external time-varying stimuli. Finite element simulations and experimental validations corroborate that the proposed SMP structures can be programmed to exhibit recovery times spanning from mere seconds to several hundred seconds. Moreover, a three-stage sequential recovery behavior is attained without necessitating prior local configuration programming. Furthermore, exploiting the distinctive sequential reversibility inherent in a constant high-temperature environment, the designed lattice structure showcases the ability to transition to multiple distinct stable configurations by modulating the duration of high-temperature exposure. The proposed recovery time programmable SMP lattice structure thus presents a viable avenue for realizing intricate multistage controllable shape-shifting structures devoid of external control equipment.

Novel copper-based metal–organic skeleton smart tags that respond to ammonia for real-time visual freshness monitoring of shrimp

In recent years, an amount of attention has been paid to natural pigment-based pH/ammonia-responsive colorimetric smart labels in the field of real-time visual food freshness monitoring. However, the drawbacks of natural pigments, such as complicated extraction processes, poor photostability, and easy inactivation, have severely limited their application in smart packaging. In this research, natural pigments were replaced with copper-based metal–organic frameworks (Cu-MOF) to serve as ammonia-responsive indicators. It attained the benefits of excellent mechanical qualities, high photostability, and greenness. The changes of ΔE values of the smart label composite films of starch/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/Cu-MOF were less than 4.8 after being placed in a constant temperature and humidity environment for 40 d, indicating that they have excellent color stability. Within an atmosphere of 0.8 mM ammonia, the composite film can produce a significant color change from teal green to deep blue in 1 min, indicating that the film has ammonia sensitivity. The composite film, in addition, successfully monitored the changes in shrimp freshness at temperatures of 4 °C and 28 °C, effectively prolonging the shelf life of the shrimp. Therefore, starch/ PVA/Cu-MOF composite films have good prospects for smart and active packaging applications.

Real-time quantitative detection of hydrocolloid adulteration in meat based on Swin Transformer and smartphone.

Hydrocolloids are widely used in meat products as common food additives. However, research has indicated that excessive consumption of these hydrocolloids may have potential health implications. Currently, consumers mainly rely on sensory evaluation to identify hydrocolloid adulteration in meat products. Although many studies on quantitative detection of hydrocolloids have been conducted by biochemical methods in laboratory environments, there is currently a lack of effective tools for consumers and regulators to obtain real-time and reliable information on hydrocolloid adulteration. To address this challenge, a smartphone-based computer vision method was developed to quantitatively detect carrageenan adulteration in beef in this work. Specifically, Swin Transformer models, along with pre-training and fine-tuning techniques, were used to successfully automate the classification of beef into nine different levels of carrageenan adulteration, ranging from 0% to 20%. Among the tested models, Swin-Tiny (Swin-T) achieved the highest trade-off performance, with a Top-1 accuracy of 0.997, a detection speed of 3.2ms, and a model size of 103.45 Mb. Compared to computer vision, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy achieved a lower accuracy of 0.792 and required a constant temperature environment and a waiting time of around 30 min for data stabilization. In addition, Swin-T model was also capable of distinguishing between different types of hydrocolloids with a Top-1 accuracy of 0.975. This study provides consumers and regulators with a valuable tool to obtain real-time quantitative information about meat adulteration anytime, anywhere. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This research provides a practical solution for regulators and consumers to non-destructively and quantitatively detect the content and type of hydrocolloids in beef in real-time using smartphones. This innovation has the potential to significantly reduce the costs associated with meat quality testing, such as the use of chemical reagents and expensive instruments.

Three-dimensional deformation measurement techniques in space multi-physical fields based on digital image correlation

Aiming at the three-dimensional deformation measurement requirement of the high-stability structure of spacecraft in space multi-physical fields, a comprehensive instrument protection device in a vacuum high-low temperature environment is developed using ultra-low temperature anti-condensation and vacuum heat insulation technology. This ensures that the digital image correlation (DIC) measurement camera always remains in a constant temperature and pressure environment and can stably exert its original efficiency in space multi-physical field environments. Subsequently, a path-dependent DIC method based on a graphics processing unit computing parallel acceleration is proposed by combining a pre-interpolation strategy and integrated image technology, which realizes high-precision matching of digital images before and after deformation in a spatial multi-physical field environment and improves the computing efficiency. To address the problem that a common reference point may deform significantly in a space environment with a large temperature change, which leads to inaccurate system accuracy, combined with a random sampling consistency algorithm and singular value decomposition method, the optimal registration of the coordinate system and the solution of deformation were realized by setting the threshold of the reference point margin screening. Finally, a three-dimensional deformation measurement system in high- and low-temperature vacuum environments was built, and the three-dimensional deformation measurement of the satellite antenna in high- and low-temperature vacuum environments was verified, which proves the effectiveness and accuracy of the above method.

Influence of temperature variability on the feeding behavior and blood consumption of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae).

The transmission and incidence of vector-borne diseases rely on vector distribution and life history traits such as survival, fecundity, and feeding. Since arthropod disease vectors are ectotherms, these vital rates are strongly influenced by temperature. Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi. This parasite is transmitted when the feces of the infected triatomine enter the bloodstream of the host. One of the most important vector-species of this disease in the Southern Cone region of South America is Triatoma infestans. In this study, we evaluated the role of constant and variable environmental temperature on the feeding behavior of T. infestans. Fifth-instar nymphs were acclimatized to 4 thermal treatments comprising 2 temperatures (27 °C and 18 °C) with and without diurnal thermal variability (27 ± 5 °C and 18 ± 5 °C). Individuals were fed weekly for 7 wk to quantify their feeding. Our results showed lower feeding frequency in nymphs acclimatized to cold temperature compared to those from warmer temperature treatments. However, treatments with thermal variability presented a nonlinear effect on feeding, with an increased feeding rate in the cold, variable treatment and a decreased feeding rate in the warm, variable treatment. Individuals maintained under cold treatments, the variable temperature exhibited a higher feeding rate and the lowest amount of ingested blood among all treatments. Thus, natural diurnal temperature variation cannot be ignored if we are to make more accurate T. cruzi transmission risk predictions now and in the future.

An experimental investigation and multiphysics simulation of thermoelectric temperature controller for AWG chips

The refractive index of silicon-based waveguide materials is highly sensitive to temperature and stress, and the effective refractive index of the waveguide varies with temperature changes. Thus, it is critical to reduce the temperature dependence of Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG) devices and to precisely control the center wavelength of AWGs. In this study, the thermoelectric cooler (TEC) was designed and fabricated to control the temperature of the thermal AWG chip, which did not require any material replacement or reprocessing of the AWG chip. Different magnitudes and polarities of voltage are applied to the TEC to regulate its operational state (heating or cooling). A multiphysics simulation model of a thermal AWG device is established and validated through transient and steady-state experiments. This study investigated the influence of different conditions (input voltage, environmental temperature) on the temperature and maximum stress of the AWG chip. A conformal TEC was designed and its performance was compared with that of the square TEC. The energy consumption of the conformal TEC was also tested and analyzed. The results show that in a 25 °C ambient environment, the TEC can control the temperature of the AWG chip in the range of 1.5–78.3 °C, significantly expanding the current operational temperature range of 65.0–85.0 °C when using Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) heaters. Under the same conditions, when using the conformal TEC as the temperature control device, the temperature gradient on the AWG chip is reduced by 1.37 °C during cooling and 2.80 °C during heating. The maximum stress value in the core layer is always lower, with a maximum reduction of 3.61 MPa. TEC can set the ideal operating temperature of the AWG chip according to the actual operating environment of the product, which reduces the energy consumption of TEC. A comparison is made between the average power consumption of the conformal TEC and the PTC heater under two operating conditions: a 25 °C constant-temperature environment and a natural environment. The average power consumption can be reduced by up to 97.87 % and 93.02 %, respectively. This study holds significant guidance for solving the temperature dependence problem of AWG devices and the application of thermoelectric coolers in the field of optical communication.

Robust state-of-charge estimation for LiFePO4 batteries under wide varying temperature environments

During the driving process of electric vehicles, the ambient temperature exhibits diverse variations with regional characteristics. To achieve robust state of charge (SOC) estimation for lithium-ion batteries under various varying temperature environments, this paper proposes an enhanced model-based closed-loop SOC estimation approach. First, beginning with a mechanistic analysis of batteries, the traditional second-order equivalent circuit model is enhanced by incorporating critical solid-phase diffusion effects during battery operation. Furthermore, utilizing data collected from multiple constant temperature environments, the complete enhanced battery model that accounts for the influence of current rates across a wide temperature range is constructed. Subsequently, under environments of different varying temperature settings, we design a series of complex operation experiments to verify the accuracy and generalizability of the established battery model. Meanwhile, a high-performance adaptive diagonalization of matrix cubature Kalman filter is introduced to address the challenge of fluctuating sampling noises in battery operation. Finally, the robustness and generalization of the proposed SOC estimation method are verified in multiple complex operating experiments under varying temperatures with non-Gaussian noise interferences and with non-full charging schemes. Remarkably, the proposed approach consistently delivers high-precision SOC estimation results across all scenarios, maintaining root mean square error and mean absolute error below 1.5%.

The Effect of Water Content on Engine Oil Monitoring Based on Physical and Chemical Indicators.

Engine oil oxidation is one of the major reasons for oil aging which can result in variations in the physical and chemical properties of oil. Organic acids generated by oil oxidation can react with water to form inorganic acids and acidic substances (including organic and inorganic acids) that corrode engine parts, resulting in the generation of rust or damage to engine parts. This is one of the important reasons why oil should be regularly changed. One of the most commonly applied methods for judging the aging degree of engine oil is monitoring its acid number (AN). However, generally, the effect of oil water content on acid value measurement is not considered. When oils are used in engines, they are often contaminated by water due to condensation, which accelerates engine oil aging. Therefore, it is crucial to explore the water content effect on AN in the process of engine oil aging. In this research, a water content sensor was applied to characterize moisture content in oxidized oil samples. The sensor could also obtain oil sample electrical conductivity which corresponded to its dielectric constant. Using a mid-infrared spectrometer to measure oil sample AN at this point to obtain the variation in AN with oxidation time, oil sample AN was connected in series with the water content, dielectric constant and electrical conductivity. These parameters were monitored through sensors, and the effect of water content on AN was studied. Experimental results revealed that with the increase in oxidation time, the water content, electrical conductivity, dielectric constant increase and AN of oil were increased. At the same time, since the temperature had a greater effect on electrical conductivity, the application of an air-conditioned constant-temperature environment removed the effect of temperature change on electrical conductivity.

Durability assessment of one-component polyurethane adhesives for bonding of preservative treated wood subject to artificial ageing

Advancements in the use and applications of engineered wood products is receiving much interest in the construction industry. This is because wood has highly credible characteristics in relation to sustainability. It acts as a carbon store and is a natural renewable material. However, achieving adequate durability requirements and ensuring satisfactory adhesive bondline integrity is fundamental for such engineered products particularly when subjected to an exposed exterior service class environment. Little information exists on the durability performance of preservative treated wood bonded using one-component polyurethanes (1C-PURs). This study therefore involved the accelerated ageing of two 1C-PUR adhesives for the bonding of untreated, copper chromate arsenic and micronised copper azole preservative treated wood of fast growing Radiata pine. The ageing involved both vacuum-pressure soak drying cycling and exposure to a constant long-term high temperature and humidity environment. Resorcinol formaldehyde bonded specimens and solid wood specimens were used as controls. The testing showed that the standard requirements for delamination were satisfied when bonding preservative treated wood with 1C-PUR adhesive. The shear strength of specimens bonded with 1C-PUR adhesive subjected to vacuum-pressure soak drying compared well to the performance of the controls. The predominant failure behaviour was wood failure. The shear strength of all bonded preservative treated wood specimens with both 1C-PUR and resorcinol formaldehyde which were exposed to a constant long-term high temperature and humidity environment demonstrated a general and comparable reduction in strength over time which was statistically significant. High wood failure percentages were recorded at the bond interface which indicated weakening of the wood adherend when subject to the ageing rather than weakening of the adhesive bond. Chemical analysis of bonded specimens after ageing demonstrated that no significant variations were experienced.

Proposal and analysis of a combined cooling, heating, and power system with humidity control based on solid oxide fuel cell

In the context of green and low-carbon production, efficient co-generation systems have received more attention. Many production and life scenarios exhibit the need of constant temperature and low humidity environment. In this paper, an efficient SOFC-based combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system with humidity control has been established for a plant. The innovation is that the cascade absorption refrigeration dehumidification (CARD) subsystem is driven by the waste heat of SOFC to controlling air temperature and humidity effectively. Comprehensive modeling and thermodynamic analysis are carried out. The results reveal that the SOFC stack should be operated in the ohmic loss region. When the recycle ratio is greater than 0.85, the output and efficiency will reduce. The temperature of the liquid desiccant has a large effect on the CARD subsystem. There is a limit to the efficiency gain caused by the increase in the mass flow rate of liquid desiccant. For the system, the energy efficiency reaches 68.3%, the exergy efficiency is 56.3%, and the payback time is less than the life cycle, indicating that the system has better efficiency and economic benefits. This work provides an efficient and cost-saving design solution for practical applications of novel cogeneration systems.

Ecophysiological observations on the body temperatures of the anurans Dendropsophus bifurcus, Rhinella marina, and Scinax ruber from upper basin Amazon in northeastern Ecuador

Ectothermic inhabitants of tropical forests are subjected to constant environmental temperatures, which determine their passive thermoregulatory strategies. We observe these trends during the summer of 2017, in the anurans Dendropsophus bifurcus, Rhinella marina, and Scinax ruber, in a tropical rainforest from the Upper Amazon Basin of Ecuador. D. bifurcus and S. ruber showed a tendency to tigmothermy, whereas R. marina presented tendencies towards heliothermy. Body temperatures (Tbs) did not differ between D. bifurcus and R. marina, but S. ruber presented a lower Tb. Our results suggest that thermal environment is influencing different thermoregulatory strategies as tigmothermy and heliothermy of frogs and toads distributed in tropical environments at low elevation.

A Novel Catheter Shape-Sensing Method Based on Deep Learning with a Multi-Core Optical Fiber.

In this paper, we propose a novel shape-sensing method based on deep learning with a multi-core optical fiber for the accurate shape-sensing of catheters and guidewires. Firstly, we designed a catheter with embedded multi-core fiber containing three sensing outer cores and one temperature compensation middle core. Then, we analyzed the relationship between the central wavelength shift, the curvature of the multi-core Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG), and temperature compensation methods to establish a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) BP neural network-based catheter shape sensing method. Finally, experiments were conducted in both constant and variable temperature environments to validate the method. The average and maximum distance errors of the PSO-BP neural network were 0.57 and 1.33 mm, respectively, under constant temperature conditions, and 0.36 and 0.96 mm, respectively, under variable temperature conditions. This well-sensed catheter shape demonstrates the effectiveness of the shape-sensing method proposed in this paper and its potential applications in real surgical catheters and guidewire.

Bio‐based building components: A newly sustainable solution for traditional walls made of Arundo donax and gypsum

AbstractTo contribute to the use of bio‐based materials in the building sector, a novel bio‐based wall panel, with a high thermal performance level, is proposed in this work. The panel is based on an ancient rural technique, widely diffused in southern Italy, which makes use of Arundo donax L. canes combined with gypsum plaster to build walls and ceilings of rural buildings. The enhancement of the thermal capacity of these panels by means of the introduction in the canes of a natural wax oleogel (WO) is proposed in this paper. A specific experimental campaign aiming at the comparison of traditional and innovative panels was carried out to assess the enhanced thermal performance of the proposed solution. The maximum value of heat flow absorbed from the panel with WO was 61.08 W/m2 around a mean panel temperature of 24°C, corresponding to the melting temperature range of the WO. The panel without WO at the same temperature absorbed an incoming heat flow of 34.64 W/m2 which is about 57% of the panel with WO. The panel with WO released at a temperature of about 27.5°C, a heat flow of 43.42 W/m2. At the same temperature of about 27.5°C, the panel without WO released a heat flow of 34.38 W/m2 which is about 80% that of the panel with WO. The results highlighted that the addition of natural WO has enhanced the thermal capacity of the panel facilitating heat dissipation through the borders. These characteristics make the panel a suitable component for internal partitions of controlled temperature zones such as residential rooms, storage food areas, livestock buildings, and where it is necessary to obtain a constant environmental temperature. In particular, the null or low toxicity of the panel's materials allows for partition use, also in hygienically safe environments.

Determination of diffusion coefficient and convective heat transfer coefficient for non-isothermal desorption-diffusion of gas from coal particles

Experiments investigating gas adsorption/desorption-diffusion in coal particles typically involve putting coal particles into a sample cell in a water bath to ensure a constant-temperature environment. Numerical simulations of such experiments have also been performed under isothermal condition. However, the coal particle temperature is not constant, and the influence of temperature variation on the diffusion coefficient back-calculation is often neglected. In this study, CO2 desorption-diffusion experiments are conducted with coal particles first, using the abovementioned water bath technique, and the coal particle temperature is monitored. Then, a coupled thermal-gas model for CO2 adsorption/desorption-diffusion in coal particle is proposed, in which the interaction between gas adsorption/desorption and coal temperature variation is considered. Finally, numerical simulations of the CO2 desorption-diffusion experiments are described, and the applied thermal boundary conditions are validated. The impacts of temperature variation on the desorbed-diffused gas amount and the diffusion coefficient back-calculation are also evaluated. The experimental results show that the coal particle temperature first decreases and then increases. Thus, setting an isothermal boundary condition for the particle surface will not lead to an accurate simulation of the temperature variation, which will ultimately also affect the accuracy of the diffusion coefficient back-calculation. Instead, adopting a convective heat boundary condition for the particle surface can better reproduce the evolution of desorbed-diffused gas and coal temperature changes, thereby improving the accuracy of the diffusion coefficient back-calculation. The results also indicate that the magnitude of coal diffusion coefficient and the size of coal particle both have significant effects on the temperature variation and the subsequent desorption-diffusion of adsorbed gas.

Effect of temperature on damage of mortars with different supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) under sulfate attack

Sulfate attack on cement-based materials has been extensively studied, but the effect of temperature variation on the rate of sulphate corrosion needs to be further discussed, especially when the vast majority of concrete structures are long exposed to variable temperature. In this paper, four scenarios, including three constant temperature environments (10 °C, 20 °C, and 40 °C) and one variable temperature environment, are investigated for the temperature effect. Six supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) were added to the mortar specimens respectively, including fly ash, limestone powder, steel slag powder, metakaolin, silica fume, and blast furnace slag. The mortar specimens were immersed in 5% Na2SO4 solution for 330 days, and the resistance of the specimens to sulfate attack was explored using expansion, compressive strength, visual inspection, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The high-temperature environment (40 °C) is highly unfavorable to the mortar with added metakaolin, while the low-temperature environment (10 °C) is harmful for the mortar with added limestone powder. The corrosion damage of mortar with added SCMs is less at high temperature than that at low temperature, such as fly ash, limestone powder and blast furnace slag.

1成分形ウレタン系シーリング材の養生時の温度変化が硬化特性に及ぼす影響

The effect of temperature change during curing of polyurethane sealants on the rate of strength development was investigated. Under a constant temperature environment, the curing rate of the sealant was accelerated at higher temperatures. However, after curing the sealant at a low temperature, the apparent curing rate became lower when the temperature was raised. It was found that at low temperatures, the amount of moisture required for the reaction was insufficient due to the reduced moisture diffusivity. Therefore, it is important to develop materials with a curing mechanism other than reaction with moisture to reduce defects in one-component sealants.

Development and Temperature Correction of Piezoelectric Ceramic Sensor for Traffic Weighing-In-Motion.

Weighing-In-Motion (WIM) technology is one of the main tools for pavement management. It can accurately describe the traffic situation on the road and minimize overload problems. WIM sensors are the core elements of the WIM system. The excellent basic performance of WIMs sensor and its ability to maintain a stable output under different temperature environments are critical to the entire process of WIM. In this study, a WIM sensor was developed, which adopted a PZT-5H piezoelectric ceramic and integrated a temperature probe into the sensor. The designed WIM sensor has the advantages of having a small size, simple structure, high sensitivity, and low cost. A sine loading test was designed to test the basic performance of the piezoelectric sensor by using amplitude scanning and frequency scanning. The test results indicated that the piezoelectric sensor exhibits a clear linear relationship between input load and output voltage under constant environmental temperature. The linear correlation coefficient R2 of the fitting line is up to 0.999, and the sensitivity is 4.04858 mV/N at a loading frequency of 2 Hz at room temperature. The sensor has good frequency-independent characteristics. However, the temperature has a significant impact on it. Therefore, the output performance of the piezoelectric ceramic sensor is stabilized under different temperature conditions by using a multivariate nonlinear fitting algorithm for temperature compensation. The fitting result R2 is 0.9686, the root mean square error (RMSE) is 0.2497, and temperature correction was achieved. This study has significant implications for the application of piezoelectric ceramic sensors in road WIM systems.

Life-history responses to temperature and seasonality mediate ectotherm consumer-resource dynamics under climate warming.

Climate warming is altering life cycles of ectotherms by advancing phenology and decreasing generation times. Theoretical models provide powerful tools to investigate these effects of climate warming on consumer-resource population dynamics. Yet, existing theory primarily considers organisms with simplified life histories in constant temperature environments, making it difficult to predict how warming will affect organisms with complex life cycles in seasonal environments. We develop a size-structured consumer-resource model with seasonal temperature dependence, parameterized for a freshwater insect consuming zooplankton. We simulate how climate warming in a seasonal environment could alter a key life-history trait of the consumer, number of generations per year, mediating responses of consumer-resource population sizes and consumer persistence. We find that, with warming, consumer population sizes increase through multiple mechanisms. First, warming decreases generation times by increasing rates of resource ingestion and growth and/or lengthening the growing season. Second, these life-history changes shorten the juvenile stage, increasing the number of emerging adults and population-level reproduction. Unstructured models with similar assumptions found that warming destabilized consumer-resource dynamics. By contrast, our size-structured model predicts stability and consumer persistence. Our study suggests that, in seasonal environments experiencing climate warming, life-history changes that lead to shorter generation times could delay population extinctions.