Constant Stress Research Articles

Domestic violence: alcoholism as a cause and a contributing factor

The article examines the influence of alcoholism as one of the main factors contributing to domestic violence. It was established that alcoholism is a problem that significantly increases the psychological causes of violence, is a significant factor that affects the spread of domestic violence, as it significantly changes a person’s behavior and psycho-emotional state. Under the influence of alcohol, people can lose self-control, become more aggressive and prone to violent actions, which is especially dangerous in the home environment, where interaction takes place against the background of close relationships and emotional dependence. It is motivated that people under the influence of alcohol can exaggerate the importance of minor misunderstandings or react to them with disproportionate aggression, which leads to the escalation of conflicts that could be resolved without violence under normal circumstances. It is indicated that an important aspect is that alcoholism affects the psychological state of all family members. Victims of violence, especially domestic violence, often feel isolated and vulnerable, which can lead to social tension and conflict in communities. Victims of domestic violence may experience constant fear and stress due to the unpredictability of their partner’s behavior, which creates a state of chronic tension that can lead to mental disorders. It is highlighted how the use of alcohol changes a person’s behavior, reducing his ability to self-control and increasing the risk of aggressive actions. Particular attention is paid to how alcoholism creates economic instability and psychological stress for victims, making it difficult to get out of violent relationships. The social aspect of the problem was also investigated, in particular the influence of the cultural legitimization of alcohol on the perception of violence. In some societies, alcohol is part of a cultural practice that can contribute to the normalization of aggressive behavior and reduce the perceived seriousness of violence. To effectively combat domestic violence, it is necessary to change social norms and raise awareness of the negative consequences of alcoholism, while providing adequate support to victims.

Effect of corrosion environments on the mechanical properties of friction stir welded aluminum alloy AA3003

The article presents an experimental study on the corrosion resistance of the 3003 Aluminium alloy Friction Stir Welded (FSW) joint in different working environments. Three types of corrosive media at different temperatures were tested to see how they affected the FSW joint mechanical properties. The media were sodium chloride, hydrogen chloride, and ethylene glycol. In parallel with the study of the effect of temperature, static tensile tests were carried out on specimens taken perpendicular to the welding direction. Also, micro-hardness profiles were used to determine the influence of the parameters studied on the various weld zones. Finally, the effect of the most aggressive corrosive medium, temperature, and the inclusion of ethylene glycol on the crack propagation resistance of an FSW joint were studied. Fatigue-propagation tests at constant stress amplitude were carried out to understand what affects the fatigue crack propagation of welded joints after corrosive attack. The results showed that uniform and pitting corrosion were combined to cause FSW joint surface degradation. Corrosion damage does not appear to alter yield strength and ultimate stress values. However, FSW joints show a significant degradation in mechanical properties with increasing temperature and with the aggressiveness of the corrosive medium. The inclusion of ethylene glycol was found to delay the rate of crack propagation during testing, leading to an improvement in the service life of pre-corroded FSW joints.

LAUGHTER AS A SYMPTOM OF MODERNITY: ANALYSIS OF DEMARCATIONALITY AND INTERPASSIVITY OF LAUGHTER

The author of the article aims to explore the functions and tasks of laughter in the context of modern life, as well as the difficulties that people face today, including stress and the search for identity. She proves this by refuting two common positions that exist in the academic space: 1) the understanding of laughter as a means of destroying hierarchy or as a transgressive force with the destructive potential to expose social ills; 2) the contagious nature of laughter. In the author's opinion, these positions are not able to describe and explain the phenomena taking place in the modern world. Instead of interpreting laughter as a transgression of social roles, the author proposes to understand it as a means of demarcation, that is, as an act that affirms social roles rather than destroys them. According to the author, through the act of laughter, a person demonstrates not only an understanding of the essence of a joke, but also support for the values embedded in it. Using the Lacanian notion of paroisse and the analysis of designated places for laughter, the author argues that agreement with implicit values in a joke makes it possible to identify with a certain group of people, as common values are one of the factors that unite individuals. The joke and the reaction to it with laughter become a way of communication, where the subject identifies himself in the act of laughter. The author concludes that modern people assert their identity through laughter. Using the example of contemporary comedy genres, the author demonstrates the emergence of a new interpassive function of laughter, which is opposed to its contagiousness. The interpassive nature of laughter has emerged due to the need of a modern person to replace their emotions. It can be seen as a symptom of the modern state of the subject, who is under constant stress. Due to the overloaded life, modern subject is forced to push emotions to the background. The culture of consumption and pleasure has become so widespread and accessible that the individual does not refuse certain ways of enjoyment, but transfers this function to other objects. The modern subject no longer has to take on the exhausting role of a laughing person, and thanks to the interpersonal nature of laughter, laughs and enjoys through the Other. The author concludes that such a transfer allows the modern person to feel that the action of laughter has been performed.

Two-stage heat dissipation in plastic deformation of metals under ultra-high strain rate deformation

Understanding plastic heating at high strain rates is essential for designing material behavior. We employ molecular dynamics to analyze plastic heating and introduce a refined Taylor-Quinney coefficient (TQC) calculating approach. Our results reveal a two-stage heating behavior in high-strength systems, a relaxation stage characterized by rapid heating, stress relaxation, and increasing TQC, followed by a steady-state stage marked by linear temperature increase, constant stress, and stable TQC. The dislocation movement may behave as a plastic heating converter. During the relaxation stage, defect/dislocation nucleation dominates, leading to an increase in TQC as defect density rises upon yielding. Despite an increasing portion of plastic work being stored in defects, the data suggest that dislocations primarily act as sources of heat. In the steady-state stage, an unusual scenario emerges where defect density decreases as plastic deformation proceeds, yet TQC continues to increase due to the release of stored energy. This phenomenon is potentially explained by the annihilation of dislocation dipoles moving towards each other on the same slip plane. Additionally, TQC remains relatively insensitive to variations in temperature and strain rate over a broad range, challenging prior assumptions and expanding the understanding of plastic heating mechanisms.

Investigation of local mechanical behavior during the shear process of rough rock joints using DEM

Rough joints are prevalent in natural rock masses, and their shear mechanical properties are crucial for ensuring the safety and stability of these masses. Existing studies often neglect the contribution of various joint asperities to shear stress resistance. This study addresses this gap by eluci-dating the local shear mechanisms of different asperities in rough joints throughout the shear process. This was achieved through a combination of quantitative and qualitative analyses using the Discrete Element Method (DEM). Initially, Barton's ten standard roughness joint profiles were dig-itized, and rough joints were modeled using the Modified Smooth Joint Model (MSJM). Direct shear tests on joint specimens under constant nor-mal stress were performed using servo-controlled methods. Subsequently, the shear stress behavior was analyzed in relation to the test results. The failure modes of the joint specimens were examined in detail using crack tracking and force chain analysis. The study also explored the relation-ship between the number of cracks and shear stress. Additionally, variations in average stress across ten different segments of joints during shear were monitored using the measuring circle function. The shear resistance contributions of local joint segments were quantitatively assessed using three stress indices: maximum stress, upper limit of maximum stress, and the distribution range of maximum stress. The Joint Roughness Coeffi-cient (JRC) of joints was found to correlate well with these indices. Overall, the progressive failure of local joint segments was analyzed both qual-itatively and quantitatively. The study confirmed that the local shear mechanisms of different joint segments during the shear process are distinct.

Multiscale shear failure mechanisms within a prestrained composite

AbstractThe elastic fiber prestressing (EFP) technique has been developed to balance the thermal residual stress generated during curing of a polymeric composite, where continuous fibers were prestretched under either constant stress or constant strain throughout the curing process. The tension was only removed after the resin was fully cured. It has been demonstrated that EFP is able to enhance the shear properties of the composite, while the underlying mechanics is still unknown. Here, we investigated the multiscale shear failure mechanisms induced by the EFP within a carbon composite. A bespoke biaxial fiber prestressing rig was developed to apply biaxial tension to a plain‐weave carbon prepreg, where the constant strain‐based EFP method was employed to produce prestrained composites with different prestrain levels. Effects of EFP on macro‐scale shear failure were subsequently characterized through mechanical tests and micro‐morphological analysis. Both the micro‐ and meso‐scale representative volume element (RVE) finite element models were established and experimentally verified. These were then employed to reveal the underlying stress evolution mechanics induced by EFP. It is found that EFP would improve the shear performance of a composite by enhancing the fiber/matrix interfacial bonding strength. This attributes to the elastic strain recoveries of the prestrained fibers locked within a polymeric composite, which generate compressive stresses to counterbalance the external loading. The multiscale shear failure mechanisms were then proposed. These findings are expected to facilitate structural design and application of the EFP for aerospace composites.Highlights Biaxial tension is applied to produce prestrained woven composite. Prestrain effects on microstructural stress evolution mechanics are revealed. Multiscale shear failure mechanisms are proposed for prestrained composites.

Interaction of defects, martensitic transformation and slip in metastable body centred cubic crystals of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al: A study via crystal plasticity finite element methods (CPFEM)

Metastable β titanium alloys are widely applied in many industries. These alloys can have plastic deformation via dislocation slip, twinning, stress-induced martensite (SIM), or a combination of these. These alloys fail in a ductile manner via a process of void nucleation, growth, and coalescence. Inherent defects, such as voids, are commonly attributed to poor mechanical properties. In this study, aspects of plastic anisotropy in damage accumulation are investigated for metastable crystals that deform by combined slip and SIM. The focus of this study is to understand the evolution of damage due to inherent voids in metastable Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al single crystals. This investigation is conducted using crystal plasticity-based 3D finite element (FE) calculations. A unit-cell FE model involving a spherical void is deformed under constant stress triaxiality and lode parameter. We investigated four triaxiality values at differing lode parameters in three crystal orientations. The void growth was found to be heavily dependent on crystal orientation at low triaxialities. At higher triaxialities, SIM is found to inhibit the void growth via accommodation of the required deformation in the surrounding material. Orientations aligned favourable with SIM undergo significantly less void growth. The accommodation of deformation in the surrounding matrix was found to help preserve the integrity of the void, preventing the localisation of deformation around the void. At lower lode parameter and at higher stress triaxiality this impedes the exponential growth of the void. While, at higher lode parameter with low triaxiality SIM was found to delay the collapse of the void into a crack like morphology. This study not only deepens our understanding of the mechanical behaviour of metastable β titanium alloys, but also unveils the complex interplay between inherent defects, stress-induced martensite, and slip-based plasticity within their crystalline structure, offering fresh perspectives on enhancing material performance.

Comparing assessment methods of low back pain related disability in student circus artists: A cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND: Student circus artists put constant stress on their back. However, the presence of low back pain (LBP) and related disability in this population remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: To 1) examine LBP history in circus artists and compare related disability scores using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and the Athlete Disability Index (ADI), and 2) examine the correlation between LBP-related disability scores, pain intensity and pain catastrophizing. METHODS: Thirty-three circus students completed an online survey on demographics, training history, and LBP. Participants reporting LBP filled the ODI, ADI, numerical pain rating scale (NPRS), and Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS). Descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to assess the correlations between the ODI, ADI, NPRS, and PCS. RESULTS: There was a significant positive correlation between the ODI and ADI (r= 0.77, p< 0.001) and between the NPRS and ADI (r= 0.52, p= 0.03), but no correlation between NPRS and ODI. While the PCS scores were significantly correlated with the NPRS ((r= 0.71; p< 0.001) and the ADI (r= 0.51; p= 0.032), no correlation was observed between the PCS and ODI scores (p= 0.088). Based on the ODI scores, 94.44% of the artists reporting LBP were classified with mild disability, 5.56% moderate, and 0% severe disability as compared to 66.67%, 27.78% and 5.55% with the ADI, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our study highlights the potential of the ADI as an effective tool for assessing LBP-related disability in circus artists, supported by a strong correlation with the NPRS.

Creasing instability of polydomain nematic elastomers in compression

Polydomain liquid crystalline (nematic) elastomers exhibit unique mechanical properties such as soft elasticity, where the material largely deforms at nearly constant stress, due to microstructural evolution. In this paper, we numerically study the effect of such remarkable soft behavior on the surface instability of a half-space polydomain nematic elastomer, which is uniformly compressed parallel to the interface under a plane-strain condition. We compare the creasing instability of nematic elastomers with that of neo-Hookean elastomers by presenting bifurcation diagrams, stress and strain development in the elastomers, energy relaxation, and surface morphology at the creased state. Our results reveal that soft elasticity stabilizes nematic elastomers in plane-strain compression. Remarkably, the critical strain and stress at which the crease nucleates depend nonlinearly on the degree of anisotropy in nematic elastomers. Moreover, we find that the morphology of the creased surface in nematic elastomers exhibits the universal cusp shape previously observed in neo-Hookean elastomers.

Assessment of concrete-to-concrete shear bond behavior using 3-D direct shear testing

The interfaces that develop when fresh concrete is poured onto existing substrates are noted for their vulnerability and influence on the durability and integrity of the composite structure. Studies on the shear bond properties and failure mechanisms of such composite concrete-to-concrete joints under normal stress are essential for developing predictive and numerical models that accommodate various levels of joint substrate roughness. This study aims to use an innovative 3D shearing box, BCR3D, to analyze the shear behavior of concrete-to-concrete joints under direct shear tests at a constant normal stress. The influence of the degree of surface roughness on the pure shear behavior of these joints was assessed at a normal stress level of 1 MPa. The substrate post-hardening surface morphology was evaluated using a high-resolution laser profilometer. Statistical surface roughness parameters were computed using MATLAB. A parametric study was carried out involving bond strength, residual shear stress, contractive-dilative behaviors, and total fracture energy. Results showed that bond strength, dilative normal displacement, and total fracture energy were proportional to the substrate surface roughness. Residual shear stress was not affected by the initial surface roughness. Dilative normal displacements were more significant for specimens with higher surface substrate roughness due to interlocking, with values reaching up to 1.77 mm. Joints with high substrate surface roughness exhibited similar bond strength and fracture energy to those obtained from the monolithic specimens, underscoring the significance of substrate preparation before casting new concrete layers.

Hydride induced embrittlement and fracture of non-hardening metals under hydrogen chemical equilibrium

The stress field in the hydride precipitation zone is examined, under conditions of hydrogen chemical equilibrium and constant temperature, in the case of non-hardening metals, by applying slip-line theory. It is proven that the hydride precipitation zone, in any geometry, is a constant stress area. In this area, the principal stresses are equal to the respective principal stresses, before hydride precipitation, minus the difference of hydrostatic stress before and after hydride precipitation. The general relations are applied to the case of a stationary sharp mode-I plane-strain crack and the deviations from Prandtl-field are derived, in the [-π/4, +π/4] sector ahead of the tip, where hydrides precipitate. In this case, the hydride precipitation sector is characterized by a constant hydride volume fraction. In addition, hydride precipitation is associated with the development of elastic sectors along the crack faces and the reduction of the centered fan sectors; the relation between hydride precipitation zone stress trace and the extent of the centered fan sector is presented. The mode-I plane-strain blunted crack is also considered and the deviations from the logarithmic spiral slip-lines is discussed together with the reduction of hydride volume fraction as the blunted crack-tip is approached. A general fracture criterion, based on the strength of hydride platelets, is derived, which indicates that fracture occurs, when a critical hydride precipitation zone stress trace dominates. The criterion is applied, under the condition of a dominant K-field annulus, surrounding the plastic zone, and the estimated threshold stress intensity factor of delayed hydride cracking correlates favorably with experimental measurements.

Experimental analysis of the cyclic behavior of rammed earth walls reinforced with arundo donax natural fiber

This experimental study analyzes the seismic behavior of rammed earth walls with Arundo donax natural fiber inclusions, also called "caña brava” (REWC), and without inclusions (REW). The experimental program consists of two stages: physical and mechanical characterization of materials, where properties such as particle size, density, Atterberg limits, and compressive and flexural strength were determined; and dynamic tests, which included compressive and cyclic load tests on REW and REWC walls. The walls were subjected to cyclic loading with derivatives between 0.2 % and 1.4 % in-plane combined with a constant vertical compressive stress of 13 kPa to simulate seismic forces in the presence of gravity loads. The results regarding loading, hysteretic response, energy dissipation, stiffness degradation, and failure mode are compared. In addition, the envelope curves of the load-displacement hysteretic responses are analyzed using a capacity spectrum approach. It is observed that the inclusion of Arundo donax natural fiber negatively affects the mechanical properties of the walls and their hysteretic response. It is also observed that the energy dissipation is affected by the inclusion of Arundo donax natural fiber. However, the stiffness behavior is similar in all the walls. Rigid body failure modes are identified in all the walls, but the walls, including Arundo donax natural fiber, form failure planes that divide the wall into two bodies.

Assessment of the spatial and temporal dynamics of food system resilience and its response to natural hazards

Increasingly frequent natural hazards put food systems under constant stress, and there is an urgent need to improve the resilience of food systems. Quantitative assessments of food system resilience (FSR) and research on the factors that influence it are important ways to achieve this goal. In this research, we use probabilistic modeling to quantitatively assess the FSR of forty counties in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau from 2000 to 2020, and explore the spatiotemporal dynamics characteristic of FSR. The Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR) model is then used to examine the drivers of FSR from four dimensions: shocks, natural ecology, production conditions, and socioeconomics. The focus is on the spatial and temporal characteristics of the effects of drought, flood, wind hail, snow disaster, earthquake, and geological hazards on FSR. The results of this study highlight the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of FSR and its differential response to different hazards: 1) the assessment of FSR accurately pinpoints areas of low resilience at both spatial and temporal scales, and reveals a significant temporal phase characteristic, with most regions experiencing a notable increase in FSR since 2010; 2) High-intensity droughts and snow disasters, and frequent floods and wind hails significantly affect FSR, so it is necessary to plan targeted measures to mitigate the negative impacts of different natural hazards on food production systems. Our findings enhance the understanding of the relationship between food systems and natural hazards, and contribute to the planning of measures to safeguard food system stability and improve food system resilience to natural hazards in natural hazard-prone regions.

Mechanical properties and constitutive model of artificial frozen sandy soils under true triaxial stress state conditions

Triaxial compression tests were conducted on frozen sandy soils under a constant minimum principal stress (σ3 = 1.6 MPa) and various intermediate principal stresses (σ2 = 1.6, 3.4, 5.2, 7.0, 8.8, 9.8 MPa). The purpose of the research was to investigate the influence of intermediate principal stress on mechanical properties of frozen soil, and to establish a constitutive model to predict the stress-strain relationship of frozen soil under complex stress state. The test results obtained demonstrated that the crack damage stress and failure stress initially increase and then decrease with an increase in the intermediate principal stress. However, the crack initiation stress exhibits an initial increase up to a specific value, after which it stabilizes. From the perspective of crack propagation, the influence mechanism of intermediate principal stress on the strength was discussed. With the variation of stress state, the difference between intermediate principal strain and minimum principal strain gradually increases. The deformation difference was revealed using the stress superposition principle and Poisson's effect. Finally, the constitutive model based on the Weibull distribution and Drucker-Prager strength criterion can accurately represent the stress-strain relationships of frozen sandy soils under true triaxial stress states.

Surface integrity and fatigue performance of Ti6Al4V alloy peened by sinking bead abrasive jet

Exploring a green, low-cost peening process to improve the surface integrity of titanium alloys, increasing fatigue life, and breaking through the limitations in large-scale applications is an urgent need at present. The study presents a novel peening method using sinking beads as the shot, combined with the low dust pollution and water film cushioning advantages of waterjet peening. The impact of the process on the surface integrity of titanium alloys is meticulously discussed to elucidate the microstructural evolution. Constant stress fatigue tests are performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method. It was found that the jet pressure and feed rate determined the energy density and the number of peening for sinking bead abrasives, which were the key factors affecting the surface material properties of the peening specimen. By optimizing the process parameters, the maximum surface residual compressive stress can reach 875.5 MPa, the microhardness can attain 481.7 HV, and the surface roughness can be reduced to 1.594 μm. The surface of the peened specimen is covered with impact craters, exhibiting a plastic deformation layer with evident grain refinement and lattice distortion. The ductility of the peened specimen decreased, with axial deformation reducing from 0.278 mm to 0.260 mm under constant cyclic stress. Due to the increase in microhardness and the introduction of residual compressive stresses, the fatigue cycles of the specimen were increased from 20692 to 33615, improving the fatigue life by 62.45%.

Quantitative study of corrosion and wear under different constant tensile stress of additively manufactured Ti-based composite coatings

Ti based composite coating with a micron-sized TiN and nano-sized TiB was successfully fabricated. During tribocorrosion, the corrosion rate due to stress (ΔCS) of the 1600 W and 2400 W samples increased gradually to 304.42 μm/yr and 272.38 μm/yr, and the wear rate due to stress (ΔWS) decreased gradually to −463.69 μm/yr and −794.84 μm/yr, respectively. The main reason is that a deeper deformation zone was formed at the subsurface of plastic 2400 W sample as stress increases to 300 MPa, which not only inhibits the local strain evolution to cracks but also accumulates dislocations and forms nanocrystals to maintain high-strain hardening.

Experimental study of poromechanical behavior of Callovo-Oxfordian claystone in undrained triaxial compression and extension tests

The Callovo-Oxfordian (COx) claystone is selected as the host rock in the French project for geological disposal of radioactive waste. In its initial state, the host rock is fully saturated. Due to the low permeability, the pore fluid pressure can locally evolve in a quasi undrained condition due to subsequent mechanical and thermal loading, and then significantly affects deformation and cracking process of geological barrier. Most previous studies were carried out in quasi drained conditions or with constant pore pressure. Poromechanical behavior of COx claystone in undrained condition has been so far rarely investigated. In the present work, we carry out a new series of laboratory tests. Two representative loading paths are considered: triaxial compression with constant confining pressure and triaxial extension with constant mean stress. The variations of strain and pore pressure are measured during the tests. It is found that the poromechanical behavior of the claystone is clearly affected by loading path. The failure strength is higher in triaxial compression than in extension. The evolution of pore fluid pressure is correlated with volumetric strain. Compared with the results obtained in drained tests, it seems that the Terzaghi effective stress can be used for the description of pore fluid pressure effect on failure strength.

Hygrothermal effect of bio-inspired helicoid laminate plate for strengthening damaged RC beam

This study investigates the influence of moisture and Thermo-hygroscopic influence on bio-inspired helicoidally laminated composite plates (BHLC) for strengthening damaged reinforced concrete (RC) beams. Borrowing inspiration from nature’s design principles, BHLC plates represent a novel approach to rehabilitation. An analytical approach based on deformation compatibility is employed, assuming constant shear and normal stresses across the adhesive layer within the framework of linear elasticity. BHLC plates are implemented to restrict crack propagation within the RC beam. The analytical methodology considers equilibrium and deformation compatibility across all components: the concrete beam, BHLC plate, and adhesive layer. A parametric study explores the sensitivity of interfacial stresses to parameters such as laminate and adhesive stiffness, plate thickness, and helicoidal layup configuration. The results reveal a significant influence of these factors on the magnitude of maximum interfacial shear and normal stresses. This study establishes a foundation for future analyses of damaged RC beams strengthened with BHLC plates, potentially leading to advancements in rehabilitation methodologies and improved crack propagation modeling in RC beams.

Verification of time-temperature superposition principle for viscoplastic strains of asphalt mixtures obtained from creep-recovery tests in the low-strain regime

The creep compliances, total, and viscoplastic (VP) strains of various asphalt mixtures were determined from creep-recovery tests at different temperatures to construct their master curves. In order to ensure the reliability of the obtained results, the agreement between quantities in the time and frequency domain as well as sources of bias in testing were investigated. A viscoelastic and a VP model were used to respectively characterise the reversible and irreversible deformation of the materials. The behaviour of the specimens exerted by a constant stress at various temperatures were then predicted using independent values of the viscoelastic and VP reduced times. Owing to the good agreement between prediction and measurement, the time-temperature superposition principle in the VP domain was verified. In general, the shift factors were uncorrelated with each other. However, at elevated temperatures, the gaps between them became unimportant, enabling the extension of viscoelastic shift factors into the VP domain.

Psychological Support for Individuals Experiencing the Loss of a Loved One during War

The article analyzes the main theoretical and practical approaches to understanding psychological aspects of grief resulting from the loss of a loved one during wartime. It focuses on the primary methods of addressing the challenges associated with such loss, examines the psychological experiences of children facing this trauma during war and investigates strategies for providing psychological support to those affected. This theoretical piece states that losing a loved one in war is both a personal and international tragedy, highlighting how war devastates not only individuals but also entire families and communities. Due to the war initiated by the Russian Federation, Ukraine continues to experience combat operations, and enemy missile strikes are destroying civilian homes. During the war, Ukrainians live in constant stress, with some losing their loved ones. The experience of loss has both emotional and physical impacts.