Constant Noise Research Articles

Simulating Noisy Variational Quantum Algorithms: A Polynomial Approach.

Large-scale variational quantum algorithms are widely recognized as a potential pathway to achieve practical quantum advantages. However, the presence of quantum noise might suppress and undermine these advantages, which blurs the boundaries of classical simulability. To gain further clarity on this matter, we present a novel polynomial-scale method based on the path integral of observable's backpropagation on Pauli paths (OBPPP). This method efficiently approximates expectation values of operators in variational quantum algorithms with bounded truncation error in the presence of single-qubit Pauli noise. Theoretically, we rigorously prove: (i)For a constant minimal nonzero noise rate γ, OBPPP's time and space complexity exhibit a polynomial relationship with the number of qubits n, the circuit depth L. (ii)For variable γ, in scenarios where more than two nonzero noise factors exist, the complexity remains Poly(n,L) if γ exceeds 1/logL, but grows exponential with L when γ falls below 1/L. Numerically, we conduct classical simulations of IBM's zero-noise extrapolated experimental results on the 127-qubit Eagle processor [Y. Kim et al., Evidence for the utility of quantum computing before fault tolerance, Nature (London) 618, 500 (2023).NATUAS0028-083610.1038/s41586-023-06096-3]. Our method attains higher accuracy and faster runtime compared to the quantum device. Furthermore, our approach allows us to simulate noisy outcomes, enabling accurate reproduction of IBM's unmitigated results that directly correspond to raw experimental observations. Our research reveals the vital role of noise in classical simulations and the derived method is general in computing the expected value for a broad class of quantum circuits and can be applied in the verification of quantum computers.

Indices of vertebral vein discirculation in workers in noise occupaions

Introduction. Occupational sensorineural hearing loss (OSNHL) is a gradual bilateral hearing loss developing over several years as a result of exposure to constant or non-constant noise (mainly high-frequency) at the workplace as one of the main causes in etiology, researchers name a violation of blood supply and vascular stenosis. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the indices of venous dyscirculation under the influence of industrial noise at the early stages of the development of OSNHL. Materials and methods. Twenty two male patients who have been working in conditions exceeding the maximum permissible noise levels for more than 5 years were examined, and the comparison group included 29 healthy male volunteers from 27 to 55 years old who do not work in the production sector. All the subjects were examined by an otorhinolaryngologist, a neurologist, and a therapist. Audiometry was performed on two axes for everyone. Air and bone conduction were performed separately for each ear. All patients underwent a triplex scan of the arteries and veins of the neck and brain in the supine and standing positions. Results. In comparison with the control group of healthy volunteers who did not work in industrial noise conditions, workers in noise occupations had a significant increase in blood flow, which averaged 25.2 cm/sec. When measuring the diameters of the vertebral veins, a tendency to vasodilation was revealed. Limitations. The limitation was the small sample size, due to the low patient turnover at the preclinical stage. Conclusion. The complex effect of noise on the body leads to changes in the wall of the venous network, a violation of venous outflow and can manifest itself not only with clinical complaints, but also in the form of episodic dizziness, cephalgia, which in turn can worsen the course of the development of OSNHL. It is necessary to perform ultrasound dopplerography of the neck veins for all workers of noise occupations at the preclinical stage to assess the risk of OSNHL occurrence.

Quantum-classical separations in shallow-circuit-based learning with and without noises

An essential problem in quantum machine learning is to find quantum-classical separations between learning models. However, rigorous and unconditional separations are lacking for supervised learning. Here we construct a classification problem defined by a noiseless constant depth (i.e., shallow) quantum circuit and rigorously prove that any classical neural network with bounded connectivity requires logarithmic depth to output correctly with a larger-than-exponentially-small probability. This unconditional near-optimal quantum-classical representation power separation originates from the quantum nonlocality property that distinguishes quantum circuits from their classical counterparts. We further characterize the noise regimes for demonstrating such a separation on near-term quantum devices under the depolarization noise model. In addition, for quantum devices with constant noise strength, we prove that no super-polynomial classical-quantum separation exists for any classification task defined by Clifford circuits, independent of the structures of the circuits that specify the learning models.

Feasibility of Non-contact Noise Cancellation for Medical Device Alarms in Intensive Care Unit: An In Vitro Experiment

Objective: Medical device alarms in intensive care units (ICUs) are essential but their constant noise contributes to sleep disturbance and delirium in patients, jeopardizing their health and recovery. Therefore, improving the sound environment for patients in the ICU is crucial. This fundamental experiment investigated the potential of non-contact noise cancellation to reduce the noise level from medical device alarms in patients’ ears. We tested whether non-contact noise cancellation using a loudspeaker reduced the noise level of medical device alarms. Methods: In Experiment 1, we measured and analyzed the electrocardiogram sounds (volume 2, default setting) from a bedside monitor and the alarm sounds (volume 2, default setting) from a syringe pump. Negative-phase sound waves were subsequently generated for each alarm type. In Experiment 2, we tested whether non-contact noise cancellation using a loudspeaker reduced the noise level of each alarm. Results: The electrocardiogram sound from the bedside monitor was highest around 1kHz, while, the alarm sound from the syringe pump peaked around 4kHz. Non-contact noise cancellation using the loudspeaker reduced the electrocardiogram sounds emitted from the bedside monitor by more than 15decibel (dB) and the alarm sounds from the syringe pump by more than 10dB. Conclusion: A 10dB change doubles or halves the perceived loudness, making the over 10dB reduction achieved for medical device alarms in this study highly significant. The results of this experimental study demonstrate the promising potential of noise-cancelling loudspeakers for improving patient comfort and well-being in ICUs.

Dynamic differential privacy-based dataset condensation

With the continuous expansion of data scale, data condensation technology has emerged as a means to reduce costs related to storage, time, and energy consumption. Data condensation can generate a synthesized dataset of reduced size, enabling the training of models that exhibit high performance comparable to the original dataset. Nevertheless, data condensation has also exposed privacy issues. Although many approaches have been proposed to preserve privacy for data condensation, the privacy protection for data condensation has not been well explored. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, none of the existing approaches propose dynamic parameters-based differential privacy dataset condensation considering unnecessary noise introduced by the fixed privacy parameter strategy. Most approaches typically inject constant noise with the fixed variance into gradients across all layers using predefined privacy parameters, which can significantly impact model accuracy. In this paper, we investigate alternative approaches for data condensation with differential privacy (DP) that aim to ensure DP while minimizing the noise added to gradients and improving the model accuracy. First, we develop a dynamic threshold method to reduce the noise added to gradients in the later stages of training by using a clipping threshold that decreases with training rounds. Second, noise injection in our method is not arbitrary as in conventional approaches; instead, it is based on the maximum size of the gradient after clipping. This approach ensures that only minimal noise increments are introduced, thereby mitigating accuracy loss and parameter instability that may arise from excessive noise injection. Finally, our privacy analysis confirms that the proposed method provides a rigorous privacy guarantee. Extensive evaluations on different datasets demonstrate that our approach can improve accuracy compared to existing DP data condensation techniques while adhering to the same privacy budget and applying a specified clipping threshold.

Effect of Nonunital Noise on Random-Circuit Sampling

In this work, drawing inspiration from the type of noise present in real hardware, we study the output distribution of random quantum circuits under practical nonunital noise sources with constant noise rates. We show that even in the presence of unital sources such as the depolarizing channel, the distribution, under the combined noise channel, never resembles a maximally entropic distribution at any depth. To show this, we prove that the output distribution of such circuits never anticoncentrates—meaning that it is never too “flat”—regardless of the depth of the circuit. This is in stark contrast to the behavior of noiseless random quantum circuits or those with only unital noise, both of which anticoncentrate at sufficiently large depths. As a consequence, our results shows that the complexity of random-circuit sampling under realistic noise is still an open question, since anticoncentration is a critical property exploited by both state-of-the-art classical hardness and easiness results. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Fast Convergent Antinoise Dual Neural Network Controller With Adaptive Gain for Flexible Endoscope Robots.

Manual rigid endoscopes have defects such as a low efficiency, difficult operation, and safety risks, and the antinoise interference ability, convergence speed, and control accuracy of the neural network control technology for the existing autonomous endoscopes are often ignored. Solving these problems is important for the stable operation of endoscopes. Therefore, a new adaptive fast convergent antinoise dual neural network (AFA-DNN) controller for the visual servo control of ten-degree of freedom flexible endoscope robots (FERs) with physical constraints is proposed in this work. First, the control scheme of the FERs is formulated as a quadratic programming problem, and then, an AFA-DNN visual servo controller is designed for the FERs. The adaptive gains of the controller can accelerate the convergence, improve the antinoise ability, and increase the convergence accuracy of the controller. Then, according to the Lyapunov theory, the fast convergence of the AFA-DNN in finite time is proven for both noise-free and noisy conditions. The experimental results indicate that the FER controlled by the proposed AFA-DNN can accurately track various trajectories and that the AFA-DNN has a better antinoise interference ability, higher convergence accuracy, and faster convergence speed than conventional methods. The convergence speed of the AFA-DNN is increased by a factor of 4.22 by using the adaptive gains. Experiments also indicate that the AFA-DNN remains well functioning under various noise disturbances (such as constant, periodic, linear, and Gaussian noise).

Effect of Pre-Weld Sand Blasting on Residual Stress Distribution in Ship Steel Using Magnetic Barkhausen Noise Technique

This paper aims at investigating the effect of preweldsandblasting on residual stresses distribution in shipsteel plates using magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN)technique. The measurements have been conducted along aline crossing the weld as a function of distance from theweld bead at the back of the plate. Four tests have beenperformed in the experiment in four conditions. The asreceived,sand blasted, as received-welded and the sandblasted–welded plates are tested. The as-received plateshows a statistically constant Barkhausen noise levelindicative of the specimen processing history. The sandblasted plate shows a similar Barkhausen noise behavior butof lower intensity. The welded specimen shows a pattern ofthe Barkhausen response characteristic of the heat affectedzone (HAZ) as a result of residual stresses redistribution.The sand blasted-welded specimen shows also a similarpattern but of lower intensity. The difference in the inducedsignals is attributed to the impedance and accumulation ofresidual compressive stresses due to sandblasting. The resultindicates that the resultant residual tensile stresses at theheat affected zone could be reduced by using pre-weldsandblasting process.

Stochastic approach to a delayed in-host model of DENV transmission

Motivation. The immune response to the viral transmission experiences delays due to diverse biological factors and is affected by several factors. These include infection rate, rate of apoptosis and impact of the antibody-virus complex which exhibit unpredictable nature in a random environment. Objective. The main goal is to examine the impact of noise terms, introduced into every state variable, on a delayed in-host model of viral transmission. Methodology. To determine the intensity fluctuations and variances of all concerned state variables in the stochastic delayed model, which includes a constant delay and Gaussian white noise, the Fourier transformation method is employed. Results and Conclusions. The limiting value of the delay parameter is derived explicitly as well as numerically. The system experiences Hopf bifurcation, whenever the delay parameter crosses the limiting value which is shown graphically. The intensities and variances of different cells and virus populations are derived and the values are computed numerically. As the delay increases, the level of viremia decreases while other parameters maintain fixed values. The outcomes of data sensitivity, shown in graphical form, indicate that the transmission rate and supply rate of viruses are highly sensitive. Our findings suggest that the presence of noise causes fluctuations in the delayed model, leading to a noticeable impact on the transmission of the virus.

Superfast Lombard response in free-flying, echolocating bats

Acoustic cues are crucial to communication, navigation, and foraging in many animals, which hence face the problem of detecting and discriminating these cues in fluctuating noise levels from natural or anthropogenic sources. Such auditory dynamics are perhaps most extreme for echolocating bats that navigate and hunt prey on the wing in darkness by listening for weak echo returns from their powerful calls in complex, self-generated umwelts.1,2 Due to high absorption of ultrasound in air and fast flight speeds, bats operate with short prey detection ranges and dynamic sensory volumes,3 leading us to hypothesize that bats employ superfast vocal-motor adjustments to rapidly changing sensory scenes. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the onset and offset times and magnitude of the Lombard response in free-flying echolocating greater mouse-eared bats exposed to onsets of intense constant or duty-cycled masking noise during a landing task. We found that the bats invoked a bandwidth-dependent Lombard response of 0.1-0.2 dB per dB increase in noise, with very short delay and relapse times of 20ms in response to onsets and termination of duty-cycled noise. In concert with the absence call time-locking to noise-free periods, these results show that free-flying bats exhibit a superfast, but hard-wired, vocal-motor response to increased noise levels. We posit that this reflex is mediated by simple closed-loop audio-motor feedback circuits that operate independently of wingbeat and respiration cycles to allow for rapid adjustments to the highly dynamic auditory scenes encountered by these small predators.

Comparative evaluation of soundscapes in human activities spatial contexts of pedestrian spaces adjacent to arterial roads

Pedestrian spaces adjacent to arterial roads are characterized by the dominance of traffic noise alongside various human activities. Research on the impact of traffic noise on the soundscape evaluation of pedestrian spaces has not considered human activities spatial contexts. To address this research gap, the present study constructed auditory environments for pedestrian spaces in the contexts of commuting, residential, and commercial activities. A total of seven auditory environments were subjected to laboratory auditory evaluations, including perceived dominance of sound source, acoustic comfort, and perceived affective quality of the soundscape. The results indicated that in pedestrian spaces with constant traffic noise, the presence of significant human activity sounds led to a decreased perceived dominance of traffic noise and an increased acoustic comfort, despite the higher acoustic energy. Thus, pedestrian spaces with a variety of human activity received better soundscape evaluations. The elements that reflected the human activities spatial contexts, including the types and intensity of human activities, played a crucial role in soundscape evaluations. Better acoustic comfort was reported in pedestrian spaces characterized by low-intensity residential activities and high-intensity commercial activities. Additionally, pedestrian spaces with more intense activities offered an actively engaging soundscape. The findings can provide reference for a more accurate evaluation of the soundscape in pedestrian spaces and guide the soundscape design of pedestrian environments.

Confronting combined cyber-attacks on collaborative DC microgrids using a communication protocols-based distributed unscented Kalman filter

The functioning of microgrids (MGs), which represent a contemporary arrangement of distribution networks featuring local control over generation and consumption, necessitates telecommunication infrastructure for transmitting and receiving measurement data and control commands. This reliance on telecommunication infrastructure renders MGs vulnerable to the threat of cyber-attacks. The existing methods for identifying cyber-attacks have been restricted solely to MG modeling. However, identifying and restoring a cyber-attack lack dependability and feasibility in a practical application without the concurrent modeling of MGs and their communication protocols. Therefore, this study aims to identify hybrid cyber-attacks (simultaneous false data injection and time delay attacks) to flow sensors and cyber links in direct flow MGs by considering the communication protocols between them, as well as extracting and reconstructing real measurement data. In order to achieve this objective, a generalized unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is introduced in conjunction with communication protocols incorporating an augmented state space to estimate the power of nonlinear loads. For this purpose, two measurement models have been developed to prevent data collisions and reduce the communication load. These models are based on the round-robin scheduling protocol and the try-once-discard weighted protocol. They aim to establish a specific order for data transfer from sensors to the filter. The article concludes by presenting a stability analysis of the protocol-based generalized UKF, which aims to ensure the convergence and limitation of the estimation error. The study presents simulation results on the resilient reconstruction of hybrid cyber-attacks involving unknown constant power loads and noise. The proposed approach utilizes the protocol-based generalized UKF and exhibits superior performance.

Landscape Perception of Children Under the Age of 12 Living in Different Settings: A Systematic Review

Abstract Due to the increasing scale of urbanisation, the topic of natural landscape perception is receiving more and more attention. Children who live in the city experience significantly less contact with nature and, due to that, lose connection with it. Therefore, this study aims to determine how the landscape perception of children who live in urban areas differs from that of children who live in rural places. The main findings were obtained using a systematic analysis of the literature. The results of this study show that in rural areas, children often have more space, freedom, and opportunities to experience and get to know the natural landscape and understand its processes, while in cities, children lose their close connection with nature and are constantly exposed to adverse environmental factors. This deterioration of environmental conditions, pollution, and constant noise is already becoming a common phenomenon for children. There is a need to conduct deeper research to understand better how children perceive the natural environment and how it can help preserve a child’s connection with nature in the cities.

Exploring muscle fatigue related to repetitive work in an industrial setting – preliminary results of a single-case study

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders, a major public health problem, are mainly caused by the task nature and the work environment. One of the most important risk factors for the development of work-related musculoskeletal disorders is muscle fatigue. Therefore, its assessment can contribute to the application of preventive measures. Many studies have evaluated muscle fatigue associated with work tasks in laboratory settings, but they do not mimic industrial environments, with their constant noise, air pollution, and stress. A repetitive task of vertical screw-tightening performed by an experienced worker in a manufacturing and assembling industry was selected. Four assessment moments took place during the shift on 3 non-consecutive days. Outcomes included electromyography data from the upper trapezius and biceps brachii to assess muscle fatigue, painful symptoms in the upper limbs’ joints and trunk, and perceived exertion. An increase in painful symptoms and perceived exertion was reported by the worker throughout each of the analyzed shifts. A trend toward increased electromyography values was also observed. Muscle tension in the upper trapezius seems to have an inverse association with tension in the biceps brachii in this activity. Although it is possible to verify a trend towards an increase in electromyography, this trend is timid, with variability between the different cycles.

체육시설 안전관리를 위한 법제도적 방안 연구

Since COVID-19, the number of sports facilities enjoyed outdoors has exploded. In particular, the number of park golf courses has increased by 45% in the last three years to 327. With the rapid growth of park golf, the side effects of this are growing together. Noise complaints frequently occur and safety accidents continue in residential areas near the Park Golf Course. And unlike golf courses that cost high costs, park golf had an advantage of its easy cost, but the convenient operation of usage fees and reservation systems is causing damage. In fact, a woman in her 20s who was taking a walk around the park golf course in Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, was bruised by a golf ball, and even though it is a public facility that costs taxes, she sometimes operates expediently by receiving fees such as subscription fees in the name of being managed by clubs or associations. In addition, there is constant noise surrounding the park golf course, such as illegal expansion. However, the government and local governments respectively overlook illegal park golf courses due to the welfare of the elderly and lack of manpower. In addition, there is a high concern about environmental pollution due to pesticides used in the process of creating and managing golf courses.
 Accordingly, this study aims to provide a theoretical basis for improving the legal system to prevent safety accidents at park golf courses by analyzing the current status of park golf courses and recent accidents related to park golf, examining the related law, the Sports Facility Act, and deriving problems.
 To achieve the purpose of this study, the concept of Park Golf was used to analyze related safety laws, policy data, and research reports using literature such as statistical data, literature research, and Internet search data on park golf safety accidents and operational problems. In addition, legal and institutional measures were prepared to secure the safety of the park golf course through a legal review related to the safety management of sports facilities for the safety management of the park golf course.
 Based on the results of this study, it was suggested to install and operate park golf through the revision of safety-related regulations, improvement of safety inspection grade assessment manuals, and institutionalization to secure specialized institutions and personnel related to park golf, focusing on the Sports Facility Act that can be applied for safety management of park golf courses.

To the revision of the ISO 1999:2013 standard "Acoustics. Assessment of hearing loss due to noise exposure": an excessive correction for the "impulsiveness" of noise

Introduction. In connection with the development of measuring and computer technology, new opportunities and approaches are opening up to solve the problem of measurement, hygienic assessment, normalization and prediction of hearing impairment from exposure to unstable, in particular, pulse noise.
 The study aims to analyze the applicability of a model for assessing hearing loss based on the use of an excessive correction to the exposure of impacting noise, according to the draft ISO 1999:2023 standard.
 Materials and methods. The scientists have conducted an expert and analytical comparative analysis of ISO 1999 standards, which define the basis for assessing hearing loss due to noise exposure. The experts have carried out a literary review of domestic and foreign sources on the problem of using the index of the distribution of instantaneous values of sound pressure — excess to assess constant and non-constant noise, as well as its role in the formation of hearing loss under the action of non-Gaussian pulse noise, the applicability of the prediction model of the ISO 1999 standard to various types of noise exposure.
 Results. The scientists presented the results of the analysis of: indicators for assessing the adverse effects of non-constant, including pulse noise; the relationship between the effects of non-Gaussian noise and the constant shift in the hearing thresholds of workers; statistical indicator of excess — an indirect indicator of the temporal structure of noise, a significant risk factor in combination with noise exposure in the assessment of hearing loss.
 Conclusion. Revision of the ISO 1999:2013 standard with the introduction of a new indicator of the temporal structure of noise — kurtosis, will improve the accuracy of the method of predicting hearing loss when exposed to constant, non-constant noise, including impulsive.
 Ethics. In preparing the article, the authors were guided by the ethical principles of medical research set out in the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association of the last revision.
 Limitation. Features of ISO 1999 standards dedicated to the assessment of the impact of industrial noise and the assessment of noise-induced hearing impairment.

Estimation methodology for three-dimensional acoustic modeling: Predicting surf noise soundscapes in coastal urban environments

This research develops an estimation methodology for coastal surf noise soundscapes for implementation in three-dimensional acoustic modeling to improve communication of acoustic design and for assessment with sustainability, wellness and acoustic standards. As sustainability standards include more parameters relating to soundscapes, it is becoming increasing important to develop methods of communicating acoustics to designers in the built environment. Three-dimensional acoustic modeling provides a graphical tool for designers to engage with and understand the impacts multidisciplinary engineering and design decisions have on the soundscape of different parts of a project. As a nation with many coastal urban environments, the view, scents and sounds are all marketing and wellness points for residential and commercial projects. The methodology includes consideration of typical software-agnostic three-dimensional modeling inputs, capabilities and graphical outputs as well as the primary variables that influence measurement and prediction of coastal surf noise in relation to the constant environmental noise. Coast surf noise measurements have been collected and undertaken as part of this work and the data within the method may be updated for most locally measured data. This research aims to enhance the demonstration of soundscapes, facilitating more informed decision-making fostering sustainable development in acoustics, engineering and design.

The Calibration of the 35–40 GHz Solar Radio Spectrometer with the New Moon and a Noise Source

Calibrating solar radio flux has always been a concern in the solar community. Previously, fluxes were calibrated by matching load or the new Moon for relative calibration, and at times with the assistance of other stations’ data. Moreover, the frequency coverage seldom exceeded 26 GHz. This paper reports the upgraded and calibrated Chashan Broadband Solar millimeter spectrometer (CBS) working from 35 to 40 GHz at the Chashan Solar Observatory (CSO). Initially, the calibration of the solar radiation brightness temperature is accomplished using the new Moon as the definitive source. Subsequently, the 35–40 GHz standard flux is achieved by establishing the correlation between the solar radio flux, brightness temperature, and frequency. Finally, the calibration of the solar radio flux is implemented by utilizing a constant temperature-controlled noise source as a reference. The calibration in 2023 February and March reveals that the solar brightness temperature is 11,636 K at 37.25 GHz with a standard deviation (STD) of 652 K. The solar radio flux’s intensity is ∼3000–4000 solar flux units (SFU) in the range of 35–40 GHz with a consistency bias of ±5.3%. The system sensitivity is about ∼5–8 SFU by a rough evaluation, a noise factor of about 200 K, and the coefficient of variation of the system transmission slope of 6.5% @ 12 hr at 37.25 GHz. It is expected that the upgraded CBS will capture more activity during the upcoming solar cycle.

Entropic stochastic resonance for a confined system driven by two constant forces and multiplicative noise

The entropic stochastic resonance (ESR) phenomenon for a confined system driven by two constant forces, by two periodic forces and multiplicative noise is studied. The Fokker-Planck equation corresponding to the confined structure is obtianed applying Fick-Jacob approximation. The transition rates from the stable states are derived under the adiabatic approximation condition. The signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) for the fundamental and higher harmonics are derived by virtue of two-state theory. Analysis result indicates that the SNR for fundamental harmonic decreases as increasing the constant force along x-direction, while the SNR for fundamental harmonic can obtain one maxmimum value with the increment of the constant force along y-direction. Each of the SNRs for higher harmonics can get one resonance peak as increasing the two constant forces. Two peaks appear when the SNRs vary with the multiplicative noise intensity, while only one peak value takes place when the SNRs change with the additive noise strength. The influence of the boundary parameters of the confined system on the SNRs is discussed.

Prolonged cognitive effort impairs inhibitory control and causes significant mental fatigue after an endurance session with an auditive distractor in professional soccer players

BackgroundThroughout official soccer matches, the presence of cheer by the crowd could be considered a critical auditive distraction that could further impair the cognitive interference control system, multiple object tracking (MOT) skill, heart rate variability (HRV), and increase mental fatigue. As the resource is not immediately replenished, the impairment of the cognitive interference control system may be delayed following a soccer game. Then, evaluating the recovery time course of the cognitive interference control system, MOT skill, HRV, and mental fatigue after prolonged tasks combining physical, endurance, and cognitive effort are essential. PurposeWe aimed to analyze the acute effect of cognitive effort and auditive distractor with 24-h follow-up throughout a prolonged endurance session on inhibitory control, subjective mental fatigue, MOT skill, and HRV in professional soccer players. MethodsTwenty professional male soccer players were recruited (23.56 ± 3.8 years, 78.1 ± 6.9 kg, 1.77 ± 0.06 m, and 12.5 ± 5.3% body fat). The sessions were performed in a randomized and counterbalanced crossover design, divided into four experimental conditions: endurance, endurance + MOT, endurance + MOT + AD, and endurance + AD. The soccer players completed the incongruent Stroop task utilizing an eye-tracker to assess cognitive effort. MOT task, subjective mental fatigue, and HRV were evaluated before the endurance training (60%Δ of maximal aerobic velocity during 40-min) and after 30-min and 24-h of recovery. These sessions were designed to investigate the acute effect of prolonged cognitive effort (repeated MOT throughout the endurance task) and AD (constant crowd noise and coach's voice each 15–40 s, totalizing = 80 voices) on inhibitory control, MOT skills, HRV, and subjective mental fatigue after a fixed endurance training session. ResultsThere was no condition × time interaction for accuracy of inhibitory control (p > 0.05, ηp2 = 0.001). There was a significant condition × time interaction for inhibitory control response time (p < 0.05, ηp2 = 0.16). A higher response time of inhibitory control was found for the endurance + MOT + AD and endurance + MOT experimental sessions (p < 0.05). There was a significant condition × time interaction for subjective mental fatigue (p < 0.05, ηp2 = 0.46). A higher subjective mental fatigue was found for the endurance + MOT + AD and endurance + MOT experimental sessions (p < 0.05). There was no condition × time interaction for HRV (p > 0.05, ηp2 = 0.02). ConclusionWe concluded that cognitive effort throughout a prolonged endurance session impaired inhibitory control and increased mental fatigue without promoting greater MOT skill and HRV changes in professional soccer players.