Constant Speed Of Light Research Articles

A New Understanding of the Origin of Wave-Particle Duality in Quantum Mechanics

The wave-particle duality of quantum mechanics has always been an unsolved problem in physics. This article attempts to use one of the properties to explain the other, so as to eliminate the confusion of quantum mechanics probability waves. Specifically, this article finds that the discreteness of energy is the inherent property of all waves, so this article explains the particle nature of light from the perspective of light wave, thereby eliminating the confusion of light’s wave-particle duality; in addition, this article found that microscopic matter particles are only suitable for discussing the number of scattered particles or energy flow density, not their position and momentum, when they are forced to discuss their position and momentum, it will inevitably lead to confusion about probability waves, when only discussing the number of scattered particles or energy flow density, its volatility can be explained from the perspective of particle nature, thereby eliminating the confusion of microscopic matter particle probability waves. When the attribute of light as a wave is established, the light needs to overcome the Hamiltonian of the medium in different constraint systems (gravitational fields) during the propagation process, which will produce a universal redshift phenomenon, this can provide a new understanding of cosmic redshift; when the property of light as a wave is established, it means that the speed of light is a constant speed relative to the medium, which can provide a new understanding of the principle of constant speed of light.

New derivation of space-time linear transformation between inertial frames based on the principle of relativity

In deriving that the space-time transformation between two inertial frames is linear, one commonly relies on the premises that any inertial frame has physical properties invariant under space-time translations. We present a different derivation of linearity which is based on the principle of relativity. In fact, we show that it is possible to circumvent the discussion of linearity in deriving the space-time transformation between inertial frames. Following the principle of relativity, it is inevitable that the only transformation compatible with the principle of relativity is the Generalized Lorentz Transformation (GLT which is linear). Distinct from other derivations, we prove the existence of a universal speed limit by examining the continuity and monotonicity of the velocity transformation function. In our derivation, we do not explicitly employ the translational invariance of inertial frames as the logical starting point. Neither do we invoke the constant speed of light as a fundamental postulate. The new derivation highlights the pivotal role of the principle of relativity in logically establishing the theory of special relativity.

Tests of the one-way speed of light relative to a moving observer

Three tests of the one-way speed of light relative to a moving observer, which invalidate the principle of light speed constancy, are reviewed. These tests are corroborated by easily demonstrating light speed variation using Doppler shift for moving observers.

Discussions on the space‐time structure, Hamilton’s field, and Breakthrough Starshot project

This article can be regarded as the author's exploration of the space‐time structure and of field theory. The author first puts forward the equivalence of time and space based on Hamilton’s principle and then applies Newton's laws of motion to the interpretation of an object’s motion in time, thus deducing that Newton's first law of motion and the principle of constancy of light speed were to be unified. And then the author summarizes the three states of motion existing in the physical world, specially explores the state of motion that is not to be limited by force or the speed of light, and further comes up with a new interpretation of the falling apple. Next, pursuing the understanding of Hamilton's principle and Hamilton’s Tension Equation (THE), the author explores the space‐time structure corresponding to the state of super-light-speed and super-force, and puts forward the Hamilton’s field and its full description and main characteristics. The author also indicates that the Hamilton’s field could realize the unification of fields with physical geometrization. Finally, the author applies the principles of Hamilton’s field to the research of the Breakthrough Starshot project and explores the three breakthroughs as needed. A new photoelectric effect is meanwhile presented.

Consistent Coordinate Transformation for Relativistic Circular Motion and Speeds of Light

A world system is composed of the world lines of the rest observers in the system. We present a relativistic coordinate transformation, termed the transformation under constant light speed with the same angle (TCL-SA), between a rotating world system and the isotropic system. In TCL-SA, the constancy of the two-way speed of light holds, and the angles of rotation before and after the transformation are the same. Additionally a transformation for inertial world systems is derived from it through the limit operation of circular motion to linear motion. The generalized Sagnac effect involves linear motion, as well as circular motion. We deal with the generalized effect via TCL-SA and via the framework of Mansouri and Sexl (MS), analyzing the speeds of light. Their analysis results correspond to each other and are in agreement with the experimental results. Within the framework of special and general relativity (SGR), traditionally the Sagnac effect has been dealt with by using the Galilean transformation (GT) in cylindrical coordinates together with the invariant line element. Applying the same traditional methods to an inertial frame in place of the rotating one, we show that the speed of light with respect to proper time is anisotropic in the inertial frame, even if the Lorentz transformation, instead of GT, is employed. The local speeds of light obtained via the traditional methods within SGR correspond to those derived from TCL-SA and from the MS framework.

The light speed versus the observer: the Kennedy\u2013Thorndike test from GRAAL-ESRF

High precision tests of the light speed constancy for all observers as a empirical basis of Special Relativity have continuously been among the goals of advanced experimental studies. Based on the Compton edge method proposed by us (Gurzadyan and Margarian in Phys Scr 53:513, 1996), a constraint on the one-way light speed isotropy and Lorentz invariance violation has been obtained at the dedicated GRAAL experiment at European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF, Grenoble) (Gurzadyan et al. in Mod Phys Lett A 20:1, 2005, Nuovo Cimento 122:515, 2007, Proceedings of the XII M. Grossmann meeting on general relativity, vol B. World Scientific, p 1495. arXiv:1004.2867, 2012; Bocquet et al. in Phys Rev Lett 104:241601, 2010). Using the GRAAL data we now get a new constraint on one of the key tests of Special Relativity—the Kennedy–Thorndike experiment (Kennedy and Thorndike in Phys Rev 42:400, 1932) in probing light speed invariance with respect to the velocity of the observer (apparatus). Our analysis takes advantage of GRAAL’s setup where two separate energy scales are involved: first, via the position of the Compton edge determining the light speed in the reference frame of incident 6 GeV electrons within the tagging system, second, in the calorimeter via the 1.27 MeV photons of the ^{22}Na source. The two energy scales are engaged to each other through production of eta mesons by tagged laser Compton backscattered gamma -rays. The accuracy of the calibration and stability of energies reached in each section enable us to obtain the limit of 7 times 10^{-12} for the Kennedy–Thorndike test, which improves the currently existing limits by three orders of magnitude.

Observational effects of varying speed of light in quadratic gravity cosmological models

We study different manifestations of the speed of light in theories of gravity where metric and connection are regarded as independent fields. We find that for a generic gravity theory in a frame with locally vanishing affine connection, the usual degeneracy between different manifestations of the speed of light is broken. In particular, the space-time causal structure constant ([Formula: see text]) may become variable in that local frame. For theories of the form [Formula: see text], this variation in [Formula: see text] has an impact on the definition of the luminosity distance (and distance modulus), which can be used to confront the predictions of particular models against Supernovae type Ia (SN Ia) data. We carry out this test for a quadratic gravity model without cosmological constant assuming (i) a constant speed of light and (ii) a varying speed of light (VSL), and find that the latter scenario is favored by the data.

Recovering a redshift-extended varying speed of light signal from galaxy surveys

We investigate a new method to recover (if any) a possible varying speed of light (VSL) signal from cosmological data. It comes as an upgrade of [1,2], where it was argued that such signal could be detected at a single redshift location only. Here, we show how it is possible to extract information on a VSL signal on an extended redshift range. We use mock cosmological data from future galaxy surveys (BOSS, DESI, \emph{WFirst-2.4} and SKA): the sound horizon at decoupling imprinted in the clustering of galaxies (BAO) as an angular diameter distance, and the expansion rate derived from those galaxies recognized as cosmic chronometers. We find that, given the forecast sensitivities of such surveys, a $\sim1\%$ VSL signal can be detected at $3\sigma$ confidence level in the redshift interval $z \in [0.,1.55]$. Smaller signals $(\sim0.1\%)$ will be hardly detected (even if some lower possibility for a $1\sigma$ detection is still possible). Finally, we discuss the degeneration between a VSL signal and a non-null spatial curvature; we show that, given present bounds on curvature, any signal, if detected, can be attributed to a VSL signal with a very high confidence. On the other hand, our method turns out to be useful even in the classical scenario of a constant speed of light: in this case, the signal we reconstruct can be totally ascribed to spatial curvature and, thus, we might have a method to detect a $0.01$-order curvature in the same redhift range with a very high confidence.

Relativistic Modeling for the Giant Atom as a Key for Physics of Self Replication

In this paper we put the relativistic basis for the giant atom like system. Before we go with the discussion we have to stress on that it may appear in the beginning of this long study that there was a contradiction with stable facts like the constant speed of light and like quantum physics but as soon as possible we would find that the study completely respects such facts. Also we have to remember all over this study that the final macroscopic state of the micro scoping events inside the giant charge is the zero energy except from a little cut.

On constancy of the speed of light in the global positioning system

The speed of light in the global positioning system (GPS) is theoretically investigated through the analysis of navigation equations together with metric tensors for light speed constancy.

Constraining the mass of the photon with gamma-ray bursts

One of the cornerstones of modern physics is Einstein's special relativity, with its constant speed of light and zero photon mass assumptions. Constraint on the rest mass mγ of photons is a fundamental way to test Einstein's theory, as well as other essential electromagnetic and particle theories. Since non-zero photon mass can give rise to frequency- (or energy-) dependent dispersions, measuring the time delay of photons with different frequencies emitted from explosive astrophysical events is an important and model-independent method to put such a constraint. The cosmological gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), with short time scales, high redshifts as well as broadband prompt and afterglow emissions, provide an ideal testbed for mγ constraints. In this paper we calculate the upper limits of the photon mass with GRB early time radio afterglow observations as well as multi-band radio peaks, thus improve the results of Schaefer (1999) by nearly half an order of magnitude.

Proof by Contradiction of Creative Research’s Contradiction Resolution and the Representation with the Butterfly Diagram

There have been many cases that adopted proof by contradiction for creative researchers to prove their theory and to explore the weak points of the existing theories. However, there has rarely been trials to represent the problem solving process with the proof by contradiction as a diagram. This research explained how to represent creative research’s contradiction resolution process applied with the proof by contradiction as the Butterfly diagram. Archimedes solved the golden crown problem with the proof by contradiction in a situation that was difficult to prove if the golden crown was pure or not. Galileo Galilei proved that Aristotle’s law of falling bodies was wrong from the thought experiment. He proved that the bodies of Received (February 8, 2016), Review Result (February 24, 2016) Accepted (March 3, 2016), Published (April 30, 2016) 63243 Dept. Management Information Systems, Jeju National Univ., Jejudaehak-ro 102, Jeju-do, Korea email: jshyun@jejunu.ac.kr (Corresponding Author) Dept. Computer Education, Jeju National Univ., Jejudaehak-ro 102, Jeju-do, Korea email: cjpark@jejunu.ac.kr * 이 연구과제는 JCC그룹 발전기금으로 수행되었음 Proof by Contradiction of Creative Research’s Contradiction Resolution and the Representation with the Butterfly Diagram Copyright c 2016 HSST 408 different weight fell with the same speed by proof by contradiction. Einstein proved that the velocity addition law was contradicted with the law of light speed constancy. From the proof, he discovered an error in Newtonian mechanics. This research represented the application process with the Butterfly diagram for solving contradiction resolution in scientific history. In addition, this research proposed the valid argument by a truth table.

Mass, Momentum, Force and Energy of Photon and Subatomic Particles, and Mechanism of Constant Light Speed Based on Yangton & Yington Theory

The meanings of Mass, Momentum, Force and Energy of a substance are clearly defined. Their relationships to each others are discussed. The reasons that a Photon has energy E = hν and momentum P = h/λ are explained. Light travels in vacuum at a constant speed C = 3 x 108 m/sec while converting from Wu’s Particle through the separation and ejection processes from its parent substance is discussed in details based on Yangton and Yington theory. In Black Body radiation, a Photon emitted at high temperature having smaller size, higher frequency and higher energy is also explained.

Burst of trouble for relativity: New test of light speed constancy using electromagnetic signal pulses from a Geostationary satellite

Burst of trouble for relativity: New test of light speed constancy using electromagnetic signal pulses from a Geostationary satellite

A potential foundation for emergent space-time

We present a novel derivation of both the Minkowski metric and Lorentz transformations from the consistent quantification of a causally ordered set of events with respect to an embedded observer. Unlike past derivations, which have relied on assumptions such as the existence of a 4-dimensional manifold, symmetries of space-time, or the constant speed of light, we demonstrate that these now familiar mathematics can be derived as the unique means to consistently quantify a network of events. This suggests that space-time need not be physical, but instead the mathematics of space and time emerges as the unique way in which an observer can consistently quantify events and their relationships to one another. The result is a potential foundation for emergent space-time.

Observational constraint on the varying speed of light theory

The varying speed of light (VSL) theory is controversial. It succeeds in explaining some cosmological problems, but on the other hand it is excluded by mainstream physics because it will shake the foundation of physics. In the present paper, we devote ourselves to test whether the speed of light is varying from the observational data of the type Ia Supernova, Baryon Acoustic Oscillation, Observational $H(z)$ data and Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). We select the common form $c(t)=c_0a^n(t)$ with the contribution of dark energy and matter, where $c_0$ is the current value of speed of light, $n$ is a constant, and consequently construct a varying speed of light dark energy model (VSLDE). The combined observational data show a much trivial constraint $n=-0.0033 \pm 0.0045$ at 68.3\% confidence level, which indicates that the speed of light may be a constant with high significance. By reconstructing the time-variable $c(t)$, we find that the speed of light almost has no variation for redshift $z < 10^{-1}$. For high-$z$ observations, they are more sensitive to the VSLDE model, but the variation of speed of light is only in order of $10^{-2}$. We also introduce the geometrical diagnostic $Om (z)$ to show the difference between the VSLDE and $\Lambda$CDM model. The result shows that the current data are difficult to differentiate them. All the results show that the observational data favor the constant speed of light.

Lorentz violation from gamma-ray bursts

The constancy of light speed is a basic assumption in Einstein’s special relativity, and consequently the Lorentz invariance is a fundamental symmetry of space–time in modern physics. However, it is speculated that the speed of light becomes energy-dependent due to the Lorentz invariance violation (LV) in various new physics theories. We analyse the data of the energetic photons from the gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) by the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope, and find more events to support the energy dependence in the light speed with both linear and quadratic form corrections. We provide two scenarios to understand all the new-released Pass 8 data of bright GRBs by the Fermi-LAT Collaboration, with predictions from such scenarios being testable by future detected GRBs.

One-way Speed of Light Using Interplanetary Tracking Technology

Light transmission in the Sun-Centered Inertial (SCI) frame is considered within a flat space-time metric of relativity theory. It is shown that this metric which is used to derive the Langevin metric that generates the accurate clock synchronization algorithm used in the Global Positioning System (GPS), also predicts one-way light speed anisotropy in an inertial frame that contradicts the principle of light speed constancy. This finding is tested and confirmed in the SCI frame using the range equations employed in the tracking of planets and spacecrafts moving within our solar system. These equations are based on the observation that light travels in the SCI frame at a constant speed c and have been extensively tested and rigorously verified. The results suggest a modification of the Lorentz Transformations that yields new transformations that are consistent with the observed light speed anisotropy and which better accord with the physical world.

Basics of Black Hole Cosmology – First Critical Scientific Review

Considering 'black hole geometry' as the 'eternal cosmic geometry' and by assuming 'constant light speed rotation' throughout the cosmic evolution, at any time the currently believed cosmic 'critical density' can be shown to be the cosmic black hole's eternal 'volume density'. Thinking in this way and based on the Mach's principle, 'distance cosmic back ground' can be quantified in terms of 'Hubble volume' and 'Hubble mass'. To proceed further the observed cosmic redshift can be reinterpreted as an index of 'cosmological' light emission mechanism. By considering the characteristic mass unit

Einstein’s Simple Mathematical Trick –and the Illusion of a Constant Speed of Light

It is shown how Einstein achieves the illusion of lightspeed invariance by employing a simple mathematical trick—and magically abolishing the aether. As if part of a conspiracy against man's efforts to obtain knowledge of the physical world, Nature has a “trick” of its own in providing the illusion of lightspeed invariance. The illusion works remarkably well, thanks to length contraction and clock slowing both of which are induced by absolute motion with respect to aether. Einstein’s illusion and Nature’s illusion, however, conceal the physical reality that the one-way speed of light, contrary to a strict interpretation of Einstein’s 2 nd postulate, is NOT