Constant Intensity Research Articles

Weber’s Law of perception is a consequence of resolving the intensity of natural scintillating light and sound with the least possible error

Efficient resolution of natural light and sound intensity is essential for organisms, systems and machines that rely on visual and auditory sensory perception to survive or function effectively in their environment. This resolution obeys Weber’s Law when the smallest resolvable change, a just-noticeable-difference, grows in direct proportion to the stimulus. Here, Weber’s Law is found to be a consequence of attaining the theoretical minimum mean-square error possible, the Cramer–Rao lower bound, in resolving the intensity of naturally scintillating light and sound. The finding is based on statistics from thousands of measurements of naturally scintillating environmental light and sound signals. Remarkably, just-noticeable-differences in light and sound intensity measured over decades of psychophysical experiments with artificial sources are also found to approximately attain the respective Cramer–Rao lower bounds. Human intensity resolution is in this way optimally adapted to the natural scintillation of light and sound. Pattern recognition by simple matched-filter correlation between measured and hypothetical images cancels natural scintillation. For intensity perception obeying Weber’s Law, this is found to be advantageous and statistically optimal because perceived scintillation is independent of the underlying signal pattern. A small visual patch change or acoustic signature truncation is shown to be lost in natural signal-dependent fluctuations if perception with constant intensity resolution is attempted.

Effects of collars on local scour around semi-circular end bridge abutments

The occurrence of scour around bridge elements due to the transportation of bed material during flood events can cause serious structural damage and loss of life. Increased uncertainties in precipitation and runoff predictions due to climate change make this phenomenon more complex and dangerous. Bridge scour countermeasures should thus be more focused on decreasing scour formation around bridge elements. In this study, abutment scour under clear-water conditions with constant flow intensity was conducted and collars were tested as scour countermeasures around semi-circular end bridge abutments. The experimental study was performed in a rectangular channel with an almost uniform cohesionless bed material for 3 h with and without collars. Collars of various lengths located at different elevations around the abutments were tested to investigate the effect of collars on scour development. The results of the study showed that the scour depth decreased with increasing collar width and when the collar was placed below the bed level for a given abutment length. The results were compared with those of similar earlier studies to show the effect of abutment shape, size of the bed sediment and test durations on the development of scour depth around abutments.

Covariation of the amplitude and latency of motor evoked potentials elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation in a resting hand muscle

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique used to study human neurophysiology. A single TMS pulse delivered to the primary motor cortex can elicit a motor evoked potential (MEP) in a target muscle. MEP amplitude is a measure of corticospinal excitability and MEP latency is a measure of the time taken for intracortical processing, corticofugal conduction, spinal processing, and neuromuscular transmission. Although MEP amplitude is known to vary across trials with constant stimulus intensity, little is known about MEP latency variation. To investigate MEP amplitude and latency variation at the individual level, we scored single-pulse MEP amplitude and latency in a resting hand muscle from two datasets. MEP latency varied from trial to trial in individual participants with a median range of 3.9 ms. Shorter MEP latencies were associated with larger MEP amplitudes for most individuals (median r = − 0.47), showing that latency and amplitude are jointly determined by the excitability of the corticospinal system when TMS is delivered. TMS delivered during heightened excitability could discharge a greater number of cortico-cortical and corticospinal cells, increasing the amplitude and, by recurrent activation of corticospinal cells, the number of descending indirect waves. An increase in the amplitude and number of indirect waves would progressively recruit larger spinal motor neurons with large-diameter fast-conducting fibers, which would shorten MEP onset latency and increase MEP amplitude. In addition to MEP amplitude variability, understanding MEP latency variability is important given that these parameters are used to help characterize pathophysiology of movement disorders.

Magnetic filler alignment of single graphene nanoplatelets modified by Fe3O4 to improve the thermal conductivity of the epoxy composite

In this paper, to improve the thermal conductivity of polymer composites, the epoxy matrix has been filled with single graphene nanoplatelets (SGNPs) modified by Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles. Fe3O4 modified graphene nanoplatelets were aligned by the magnetic field tunnel method in the epoxy matrix. The highest alignment and controlled orientation of the nanoplatelets were achieved in different composite samples. FT-IR and TEM tests were used to investigate the structure and characterization of SGNP@Fe3O4 synthesized nanoparticles. A constant intensity magnetic field at different times was used to control the nanoplatelets' orientation in the epoxy matrix. This controlled orientation and high alignment of the fillers lead to an increase in the thermal conductivity of the composite. The thermal conductivity of the EP/SGNP @Fe3O4 composite showed a 309% increase in high alignment compared to the non-aligned samples.

Interdependence of External Magnetic and Temperature Effect on Thermodynamic Properties of GaAs Two Electron Quantum Dot

The particular interest of this paper is to investigate the impact of various values of temperature exposed to weak and strong magnetic field strength. A thermodynamic property's oscillatory change as a function of magnetic field effect (B) intensifies the quantization of electron orbits in a constant magnetic field intensity and is the primary contributor to the de Haas-van Alphen effects due to cyclotron frequency and its impact on localizing electron at circular region imposed with the magnetic field that is in contrary to the result of the temperature effect. Thus the interdependent effects of external magnetic field and temperature on thermodynamic properties are studied with harmonic oscillator potentials considering material parameters of GaAs quantum dot. The finite energy state is analytically solved using Nikiforov-Uvarov mathematical formalism. Moreover, the direct impact of the external magnetic fields and temperature on thermodynamic properties of the system is analyzed, and numerically simulated using matlab R2017a version. The dominance of temperature over the external magnetic field and vice versa effect is investigated, thus the value specific heat capacity fluctuated, while the equiponderate impact of temperature and magnetic field shows similar steady values of the specific heat capacity. The study clearly shows the interdependence of magnetic field and temperature affect thermodynamic quantities: partition function, mean energy, entropy, and specific heat capacity.

Growth and fatty acid distribution over lipid classes in Nannochloropsis oceanica acclimated to different temperatures.

After light, temperature is the most relevant environmental parameter in outdoors cultivation of microalgae. Suboptimal and supraoptimal temperatures negatively impact growth and photosynthetic performance with a subsequent effect on lipid accumulation. It is generally recognised that lower temperatures trigger an increase in fatty acid desaturation while higher temperatures trigger the opposite reaction. The effect of temperature on lipid classes has been less studied in microalgae and in certain cases, the effect of light cannot be completely excluded. In this research, the effect of temperature on growth, photosynthesis, and lipid class accumulation in Nannochloropsis oceanica was studied at a fixed light gradient with a constant incident light intensity (670 μmol m-2 s-1). A turbidostat approach was used to achieve temperature acclimated cultures of Nannochloropsis oceanica. Optimal growth was found at 25-29°C, while growth was completely arrested at temperatures higher than 31°C and lower than 9°C. Acclimation to low temperatures triggered a decrease in absorption cross section and photosynthesis rates with a tipping point at 17°C. Reduced light absorption was correlated with a decrease in content of the plastid lipids monogalactosyldiacylglycerol and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol. The increase of diacylglyceryltrimethylhomo-serine content at lower temperatures indicated a relevant role of this lipid class in temperature tolerance. Triacylglycerol content increased at 17°C and decreased at 9°C emphasising a metabolic switch in stress response. Total and polar eicosapentaenoic acid content remained constant at 3.5 and 2.4% w/w, despite the fluctuating lipid contents. Results show an extensive mobilisation of eicosapentaenoic acid between polar lipids classes at 9°C to ensure cell survival under critical conditions.

Super-resolved SIM imaging revealed hierarchical organization of the ryanodine receptor network in 3 dimensions in rabbit sinoatrial node cells.

The heartbeat is initiated by specialized sinoatrial node cells (SANCs). The rate of the heartbeat is regulated by Ca released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) via ryanodine receptors (RyRs) interacting with voltage and Ca-dependent membrane ion currents in SANCs. The released Ca takes the form of localized Ca releases (LCRs) that propagate for limited distances in wave-like manner. A computational model of SANCs, previously developed in our laboratory, simulates LCR synchronization mechanism as hierarchical clustering of surface RyRs based on confocal microscopy imaging data obtained in tangential sections of SANCs. The true detailed distribution of RyR clusters in 3D, however, remains unknown. Here, we applied a series of new computational approaches to experimental data obtained by super-resolved structured illumination microscopy in rabbit SANCs, in which RyRs were labeled by specific antibodies. Our approach consists of automated segmentation of RyR clusters with globally optimal detection and segmentation of objects with constant internal intensity distribution, followed by object-based colocalization analysis in 3D. Results are further refined with watershed transformations and computational geometry. Examinations of the images have revealed a hierarchical architecture of RyR network (positions and sizes of submembrane RyR clusters). After constructing a mathematical convex hull around the cell using RyR clusters as nodes, clusters were grouped based on their volume. The distribution of RyR clusters exhibited a wide range of sizes from 0.75 × 10−3 µm3 to 0.50 µm3 and cluster histograms followed a Poisson-like distribution. These new data have been incorporated in a new, realistic 3D model of SANC, in which heterogeneous RyR clusters facilitate LCR propagation. Impairment of the complex, hierarchical structure of RyR clusters may lead to sinus node dysfunction in aging and disease.

Graded optogenetic activation of the auditory pathway for hearing restoration

Optogenetic control of neural activity enables innovative approaches to improve functional restoration of diseased sensory and motor systems. For clinical translation to succeed, optogenetic stimulation needs to closely match the coding properties of the targeted neuronal population and employ optimally operating emitters. This requires the customization of channelrhodopsins, emitters and coding strategies. Here, we provide a framework to parametrize optogenetic neural control and apply it to the auditory pathway that requires high temporal fidelity of stimulation. We used a viral gene transfer of ultrafast targeting-optimized Chronos into spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) of the cochlea of mice. We characterized the light-evoked response by in vivo recordings from individual SGNs and neurons of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) that detect coincident SGN inputs. Our recordings from single SGNs demonstrated that their spike probability can be graded by adjusting the duration of light pulses at constant intensity, which optimally serves efficient laser diode operation. We identified an effective pulse width of 1.6 ms to maximize encoding in SGNs at the maximal light intensity employed here (∼35 mW). Alternatively, SGNs were activated at lower energy thresholds using short light pulses (<1 ms). An upper boundary of optical stimulation rates was identified at 316 Hz, inducing a robust spike rate adaptation that required a few tens of milliseconds to recover. We developed a semi-stochastic stimulation paradigm to rapidly (within minutes) estimate the input/output function from light to SGN firing and approximate the time constant of neuronal integration in the AVCN. By that, our data pave the way to design the sound coding strategies of future optical cochlear implants.

Towards the Standardization of Photothermal Measurements of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Two Biological Windows.

A systematic study on laser-induced heating carried out in two biological windows (800 nm and 1053 nm) for Fe3O4 nanoparticles in water suspension showed evidence of the strong dependence of the specific absorption rate (SAR) on extrinsic parameters such as the vessel volume or laser spot size. The results show that a minimum of 100 μL must be used in order to obtain vessel-size-independent SARs. In addition, at a constant intensity but different laser powers and spot size ratios, the SARs can differ by a three-fold factor, showing that the laser power and irradiated area strongly affect the heating curves for both wavelengths. The infrared molecular absorber IRA 980B was characterized under the same experimental conditions, and the results confirm the universality of the SARs' dependence on these extrinsic parameters. Based on these results, we propose using solutions of IRA 980B as a standard probe for SAR measurements and employing the ratio SARiron oxide/SARIRA 980B to compare different measurements performed in different laboratories. This measurement standardization allows us to extract more accurate information about the heating performance of different nanoparticles.

Influence of daily rhythmic light spectra and intensity changes on the growth and physiological status of juvenile steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different rhythmic light spectra and intensities on growth performance and physiological and biochemical parameters of juvenile steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Seven treatments were randomly assigned to 21 tanks using a single-flow system for 13 weeks (N = 3), namely blue–purple–red light (BPR), red–purple–blue light (RPB), blue light (VB), and red light (VR). These light treatments alternated at 300, 900, and 1,200 lx, as well as a constant 900 lx of blue light (CB), red light (CR), and white light (CW). Results showed that the highest feed intake (FI), final body weight (FBW), and specific growth rate (SGR) were observed in the BPR treatment, which were significantly higher than those in the CW, CR, CB, and VB treatments. BPR treatment resulted in higher levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), free triiodothyronine (FT3) and thyroxine (FT4), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) activities were found. Fish exposed to BPR showed significantly enhanced lipase (LPS) and trypsin (Trp) activity in the stomach and gut tissues which promoted digestion. Trout exposed to a constant light spectra and intensity environment showed decreased activities of antioxidant and gastrointestinal digestive enzymes. Our results indicate the positive influence of BPR light conditions on the growth, stress response, digestion, and metabolism of juvenile steelhead trout, which is likely related to its similarity to the light rhythm in natural water environments, and can be used to improve growth and physiological status in the aquaculture trout.

Impacts of slope morphological evolution on subsequent erosion for a coarse-textured soil

Assessing impacts of erosion-induced slope morphological evolution on subsequent erosion based on erosion feedback system is crucial for prevention and control of slope erosion in coarse-textured soil regions. This work aimed to reveal the effect of the evolving erosion morphology on subsequent erosion processes on the granite red soil slope through quantitative analysis. Specifically, we achieved it by conducting long-duration (120 h) simulated rainfall experiments under constant rainfall intensity of 90 mm h−1 and fixed slope gradient of 16.7 % on the soil flume packed with granite red soils to simulate field slope. Results showed that (1) with the evolution of erosion, three erosion phases (sheet erosion, rill erosion, and ephemeral gully erosion phases) varied as the dominant erosion forms; (2) with erosion development, the coverage of quartz gravels enriched on the slope surface increased first (4.60 %-49.17 %), followed by a trend of dynamic erosion–deposition equilibrium (47.68 %-56.74 %); (3) the quartz gravel cover on the surface restrained the slope erosion degree, resulting in loss of fine particles and erosive-reduction in vertical depth of inter-rill and sheet erosion areas; (4) quartz gravels entering the channels inhibited downward erosion, forcing the runoff to intensify lateral erosion, leading to gradual degradation of soil layers and the exposure of erodible subsoils under an accelerated trend. This work provides a reference for the prediction and control of slope erosion in granite red soil regions.

Evaluation of the traffic flow characteristics in relation to the platoon occurrences

Traffic congestion has become part of daily life. Morning and afternoon queues have a major impact on increasing the average travel time. Furthermore, increasing the negative impact on the environment reduces the overall satisfaction of the public. Exceeding the maximum capacity of the road significantly reduces the speed and traffic flow. In the worst case, it can stop the traffic itself. The relationship between volume, speed, and density, is commonly expressed by Greenshield's fundamental diagrams. With their help, it is possible to determine the optimal intensity for a specific section of the road. The article deals with the evaluation and analysis of a congestion queue, called a platoon, on a specific section of road I/18 Strečno – Dubná Skala. As part of the study, a traffic analysis using radar was carried out. The interrelationships between the speed of the traffic flow and the formation of the platoon were analyzed from the data based on the measurement results. The results show significant changes in the speed of the traffic flow. Despite the almost constant intensity, a different state of formation of the platoon was recorded. The results are presented by graphical analysis of the values of frequency of occurrence of the platoon in all measured 15-minute intervals with graphical analysis of speed. In the next part, the research will deal with the composition of the traffic flow, direction, and gradient of the route.

Effect of TiO2/Al2O3 Hybrid Nanofluid and Irradiation Time on Solar Photovoltaic Thermal Performance

Photovoltaic thermal (PVT) is a technology capable of converting solar energy into energy in the form of electricity and thermal (heat). Absorption of solar thermal energy can cause PVT to experience a high temperature increase which affects the efficiency of electricity that can be generated by PVT. Nanofluid is a fluid with high thermal conductivity that can be used as a coolant to absorb the high temperature generated by PVT and recover some of the energy lost as heat to increase the efficiency of PVT. The combination of two nanoparticles as a hybrid nanofluid was produced by mixing 1000 ml distilled water with TiO2/Al2O3 hybrid nanoparticles (80:20) of 0.1% with irradiation time for 60 minutes using light intensity of 1200 W/m2. The results showed that TiO2 nanofluid had the best thermal and electrical efficiency compared to hybrid nanofluid, Al2O3 nanofluid, and distilled water. Thermal efficiency decreased due to the long irradiation time with constant intensity causing ineffective cooling over time, while electrical efficiency increased due to heat reduction on the PVT surface, but after 15 minutes there was a decrease in electrical efficiency caused by the PVT surface overheating.

Measurement of the thermal diffusivity of optical materials and products by a new thermographic express method that does not require cutting samples from bulk

Thermal diffusivity a and thermal conductivity λ are important for many building, structural and functional material applications. They determine the intensity of heat transfer, the quality of thermal insulation, the rate of heating / cooling, reaching a stationary mode, and the efficiency of power equipment. In laser technology, the radiation strength of the optical components of the system depends upon them, and in laser technologies with material removal they determine the speed and quality of processing. Most methods for measuring a and λ in solid materials require cutting out samples of a certain geometry, which makes them unsuitable for testing finished products. The paper proposes and describes an express method for determining a and λ in translucent materials, which does not require cutting a sample from a controlled object. It consists in the analysis of a non-stationary temperature field on the surface of the test object using a high-speed thermal imaging camera. The unsteady heating spot was created by a focused laser beam. It was switched on abruptly and operated in the mode of continuous irradiation with a constant intensity during the entire time of measurements. Heat propagated from this spot to the periphery, creating a non-stationary temperature field containing information about a and λ. The a value was extracted from the primary data using original algorithms and software. A thermal imager, as a recorder of a dynamic temperature field, provides a number of advantages – non-contact, high speed and a large amount of information (each of the many hundreds of thousands of pixels of a professional thermal imager matrix is a temperature sensor in a small surface area). Measurements of a and λ in semitransparent materials of laser optics have their own specifics. The low radiation absorption coefficient and the possible curvature of the surface (for example, in lenses) require special measures, which are described in the article. Due to the large amount of information contained in the dynamic patterns of the thermal field and the possibility of averaging over a large data array, the RMS of the thermal diffusivity measurement does not exceed 2 %.

Feasibility of Cardiac Exercise Rehabilitation in Patients with Cardiac Amyloidosis

Objective: We aimed to determine if prescribed exercise programs in rehabilitation of patients with cardiac amyloidosis was feasible and beneficial. Methods: This prospective monocentric pilot study was proposed to all adult patients, diagnosed with cardiac amyloidosis, and referred to the cardiac rehabilitation centre at the Henri Mondor University hospital (Créteil, France) between 2011 to 2015. All patients had clinical evaluations, laboratory tests, and echocardiographic examinations upon recruitment to the study. The cardiac exercise rehabilitation programme, in this study, comprised a baseline incremental system-limited exercise test followed by 20 endurance training sessions at a constant workload intensity. Cardiac exercise rehabilitation was deemed feasible if the patient completed the baseline test and 10 sessions without an adverse event. Patients with a relative increase of 16% in VO2max and/or maximal workload were considered to have benefited from cardiac exercise rehabilitation. Results: Overall, 27 cardiac amyloidosis patients were recruited. Cardiac exercise rehabilitation was feasible in 19 (70%) and not feasible in 8 (30%). Of the 19 patients whom cardiac exercise rehabilitation was feasible, cardiac exercise rehabilitation benefited 9 (47%). This benefit was significantly associated with lower N-type pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels, lower creatinineamia, and higher left ventricular ejection fraction at baseline. Conclusion: Cardiac exercise rehabilitation is feasible and beneficial in selected patients with cardiac amyloidosis.

Comparison of pulse electric field, microwave and ultrasonic pretreatment prior to black rice extraction on antioxidant and sirtuin1 enzyme stimulating activities

The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of pulse electric field, microwave, and ultrasonic assisted water extractions on the bioactive compounds in black rice, and their antioxidant and sirtuin1 enzyme stimulating activities. The number of pulses were changed from 1,000 to 2,000 and 3,000 at a constant electric field intensity of 5 kV/cm. Microwave and ultrasonic conditions were followed by 800 W for 20 min and 60 °C for 20 min, respectively. The results found that using pulse electric field with 3,000 pulses and microwave achieved high concentrations of total phenolic compound and cyanidin-3-glucoside with non-significantly difference. Extracts from the pulse electric field with 3,000 pulses showed the significantly highest DPPH scavenging activity (30.83 ± 2.06%) and the sirtuin1 enzyme stimulating activity (27.260 ± 0.418 of fluorescence intensity) when compared with microwave and ultrasonic extractions. Scanning electron microscopy and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed distinct differences between the effects of these methods on the outer surface. The overall results revealed that pulse electric field and microwave were similarly effective at increasing the content of bioactive compounds in extract and their antioxidant activities. However, the pulse electric field was considerably more effective for activating sirtuin1 enzyme activity.

Electrophysiological detection of visible wavelengths of artificial lights inducing take-off in adults of Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Triatominae)

Rhodnius prolixus is the most important vector of Trypanosoma cruzi in the northern part of South America. The compound eyes in adults of R. prolixus are involved in the nocturnal flight dispersion from sylvatic environments into human dwellings. During this behavior, the artificial lights play an important role in attracting R. prolixus; however, it is still not clear whether the compound eyes of this species use different visible wavelengths as a cue during active dispersion. We applied electrophysiological (electroretinography or ERG) and behavioral (take-off) experiments in a controlled laboratory setting to determine the spectral sensitivity of the compound eyes and the attraction of R. prolixus adults to discrete visible wavelengths. For the ERG experiments, flashes of 300 ms at wavelengths ranging between 350 and 700 nm at a constant intensity of 3.4 µW/cm2 were tested after adaptation to darkness and to blue and yellow lights. For the behavioral experiments, the adults were exposed to nine visible wavelengths at three different intensities, and their direction of take-off in an experimental arena was established with circular statistics. The ERG results showed peaks of spectral sensitivity at 470-490 nm and 520-550 nm in adults, while behavioral experiments showed attractions to blue, green and red lights, depending on the intensity of the light stimuli. The electrophysiological and behavioral results confirm that R. prolixus adults can detect certain wavelengths in the visible spectrum of light and be attracted to them during take-off.

Фазовые эффекты при вынужденном рассеянии Мандельштама-Бриллюэна

In the study of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in the constant intensity approximation, the spatial behavior of the intensity of the Stokes scattering wave in a medium was investigated. It was found that as a result of nonlinear interaction of waves, the period of spatial beats changes. The intensity of the Stokes scattering component is considered as a function of the phase mismatch, pump and acoustic wave intensities. It is found that the efficiency of the scattering of the backward Stokes wave is affected by the total length of the nonlinear medium. According to the analytical expressions obtained in this work, the choice of the optimal parameters of the problem makes it possible to implement the regime of efficient generation of the Stokes scattering component in SBS. The process of generation and amplification of the Stokes scattering component is compared with experiment. By varying the pump intensity, one can control and manipulate the intensity of the output radiation of the Stokes component.

Динамическая модель твердого тела в магнитном поле

An absolutely solid asymmetric body-magnet moves relative to a stationary pole in a stationary homo-geneous magnetic field of constant intensity. The magnetic center of the body is located in one of the main planes of its ellipsoid of inertia, assigned to this pole. The motion of a body is considered as non-linear oscillations occurring near its position of stable equilibrium under the assumption that such an equilibrium exists. Analytical transformations of the system of equations of oscillation of a body with its reduction to a canonical form and to a special form according to A. Lyapunov are carried out. The possibility of reducing the system is noted. The conditions for the existence of resonance in the linear subsystem of the equations of motion are obtained, presented in the form of relations linking the inertial and magnetic parameters of the body.

In situ TEM study of crystals growth in amorphous Ti-Zr-Ni films at electron beam irradiation

Using the methods of in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with video recording of the phase transformations the structure and kinetics of crystal growth in amorphous films of Ti41Zr41Ni18 were studied. The films were obtained by magnetron sputtering of a Ti-Zr-Ni target with deposition on substrates at T = 30 °С. The amorphous (X-ray amorphous) state of the film was retained up to a temperature of 650 °C, above which a polymorphous transformation took place with the formation of crystals with the fcc structure. Video frame analysis shows that the nucleation and growth of flat crystals with fcc structure take place at electron beam irradiation. The speed of movement of the crystallization front did not depend on the time at a constant intensity of the electron beam. A linear dependence on time for the radius of the crystal and a quadratic one for the fraction of the crystalline phase are performed. The dimensionless parameter of the relative length of crystallization was about three thousand.