Constant Injection Research Articles

The conditional Lyapunov exponents and synchronisation of rotating turbulent flows

The synchronisation between rotating turbulent flows in periodic boxes is investigated numerically. The flows are coupled via a master–slave coupling, taking the Fourier modes with wavenumber below a given value $k_m$ as the master modes. It is found that synchronisation happens when $k_m$ exceeds a threshold value $k_c$ , and $k_c$ depends strongly on the forcing scheme. In rotating Kolmogorov flows, $k_c\eta$ does not change with rotation in the range of rotation rates considered, $\eta$ being the Kolmogorov length scale. Even though the energy spectrum has a steeper slope, the value of $k_c\eta$ is the same as that found in isotropic turbulence. In flows driven by a forcing term maintaining constant energy injection rate, synchronisation becomes easier when rotation is stronger. Here, $k_c\eta$ decreases with rotation, and it is reduced significantly for strong rotations when the slope of the energy spectrum approaches $-3$ . It is shown that the conditional Lyapunov exponent for a given $k_m$ is reduced by rotation in the flows driven by the second type of forcing, but it increases mildly with rotation for the Kolmogorov flows. The local conditional Lyapunov exponents fluctuate more strongly as rotation is increased, although synchronisation occurs as long as the average conditional Lyapunov exponents are negative. We also look for the relationship between $k_c$ and the energy spectra of the Lyapunov vectors. We find that the spectra always seem to peak at approximately $k_c$ , and synchronisation fails when the energy spectra of the conditional Lyapunov vectors have a local maximum in the slaved modes.

Impact of CO2 sequestration on pressure systems in saline aquifer: Simulation of differential pressure evolution in the caprock-reservoir

CO2 sequestration in the saline aquifer is one of the most promising means of geological sequestration, and the realization of safe CO2 sequestration without leakage is the common goal of sequestration projects. Mature continental sedimentary basins typically have a long drilling and production history, and several wellbores inevitably penetrate the saline aquifer. These wellbores have been identified as risky locations for CO2 leakage. Scale-up CO2 injection can cause large-scale perturbations to the saline aquifer pressure system, affecting the sealing integrity of wells within the sequestration site. Considering that differential pressure is a key driver of wellbore leakage, this paper establishes and validates a three-dimensional cap-reservoir model to simulate the evolution of the differential pressure between the cap-reservoir due to CO2 sequestration. The simulation results show significant differences in the magnitude and rate of pressure buildup in the cap and reservoir during injection and in the rate of overpressure dissipation after stopping injection. These differences caused the dynamic evolution of the interlayer pressure difference. They formed peaks in the injection and stopping stages, and the peak in the injection stage was higher than in the stopping stage. The peak decreases as an exponential function with increasing distance from the injection well. In the constant rate injection mode, the peak rises linearly with increasing injection rate, and the effect of injection temperature on the peak can be neglected. A sensitivity analysis of reservoir hydrogeological parameters was done. From the perspective of controlling differential pressure, an ideal saline aquifer should be characterized by deep burial, low salinity, high permeability, and large effective pore space. This study is significant for CO2 sequestration site optimization and CO2 leakage risk control.

Impact of cationic surfactant-coated hydrophilic nanoparticles on polymeric solution performance in chemical enhanced oil recovery (CEOR) from a two-dimensional porous medium

This study aims to investigate the mechanisms underlying enhanced oil recovery (EOR) through chemical injection and explore the key parameters influencing these mechanisms in a two-dimensional porous medium. Distilled water, polyacrylamide (PAM), α-Al2O3 nanoparticles, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant were employed for this purpose. The effects of interfacial tension (IFT), viscosity, and zeta potential measurement were also examined. The results revealed that the injection of PAM polymer increased the viscosity of the displacing fluid, and enhanced the sweep efficiency. This resulted in a 35 % increase in the oil recovery factor compared to the water injection alone. Furthermore, the introduction of alumina (α-Al2O3) nanoparticles altered the wettability and stabilized the emulsion, leading to a further increase in the oil recovery factor. In the optimal state, the oil recovery factor reached 63.2 %. Moreover, the study of various concentrations of polymer and nanoparticles illustrated that low concentrations of polymer and high concentrations of nanoparticles in the base fluid resulted in higher oil recovery factors. Furthermore, adding CTAB surfactant ended a significant reduction in IFT, with a decrease from 45.03 to 10.33 mN/m. This reduction resulted in the highest oil recovery factor of 69 %. Consequently, the highest oil recovery factor was achieved using PAM polymer at a concentration of 500 ppm, α-Al2O3 nanoparticles at a concentration of 0.1 wt%, and CTAB surfactant at a critical micelle concentration of 1 mM in the base fluid (pure water), with a constant injection flowrate of 0.1 ml/min.

Fracturing and Dome‐Shaped Surface Displacements Above Laccolith Intrusions: Insights From Discrete Element Method Modeling

AbstractInflation of viscous magma intrusions in Earth's shallow crust often induces strain and fracturing within heterogeneous host rocks and dome‐shaped ground deformation. Most geodetic models nevertheless consider homogeneous, isotropic, and linear‐elastic media wherein stress patterns indicate the potential for failure, but without simulating actual fracturing. We present a two‐dimensional Discrete Element Method (DEM) application to simulate magma recharge in a pre‐existing laccolith intrusion. In DEM models, fractures can propagate during simulations. We systematically investigate the effect of the host rock toughness (resistance to fracturing), stiffness (resistance to deformation) and the intrusion depth, on intrusion‐induced stress, strain, displacement and spatial fracture distribution. Our results show that the spatial fracture distribution varies between two end‐members: (a) for high stiffness or low toughness host rock or a shallow intrusion: extensive cracking, multiple vertical surface fractures propagating downward and two inward‐dipping highly cracked shear zones that connect the intrusion tip with the surface; and (b) for low stiffness or high toughness host rock or a deeper intrusion: limited cracking, one central vertical fracture initiated at the surface, and two inward‐dipping fractures at the intrusion tips. Abrupt increases in surface displacement magnitude occur in response to fracturing, even at constant magma injection rates. Our modeling application provides a novel approach to considering host rock mechanical strength and fracturing during viscous magma intrusion and associated dome‐shaped ground deformation, with important implications for interpreting geodetic signals at active volcanoes and the exploitation of geothermal reservoirs and mineral deposits.

Endogenous and Exogenous Factors Influencing the Investment Environment

In the conditions of the rapid growth of digital technologies, it is very important to ensure the degree of competition of the economy, which is carried out through constant capital injections. Being attractive for investment has a number of positive aspects: it increases the country's production capabilities, brings new technologies, and also changes the business culture

Failure Behavior of Corrugated Pressure Cylindrical Shells with Variable Wall Thickness under Uniform External Pressure

The main load-bearing structure of submarines is the pressure shell. Shell failures are usually caused by high hydrostatic pressure and its own potential geometric imperfections. This paper proposes a cylindrical shell with a strong corrugated stiffening structure. Two theoretically geometrically identical shells are fabricated using CNC machining to ensure the reproducibility and reasonableness of the results. Firstly, the point cloud data of all the geometric parameters of the corrugated pressure cylindrical shells were obtained using a 3D scanner. Geomagic Control X 3D inspection software was used to determine the geometric deviations of the shells. Geometric reconstruction was performed using Geomagic Design X reverse modeling software to capture potential imperfections of the shells. The aluminum shells were then welded and placed in the pressure chamber. Failure loads were obtained for all shells by constant water injection and pressurization. Considering the confined nature of the pressure chamber, a nonlinear finite element analysis of the corrugated pressure cylindrical shell was carried out using Abaqus/Riks, taking into account actual fabrication imperfections. Finally, the failure behavior of the shells under uniform external pressure was determined. The results show that both corrugated pressure cylindrical shells have high machining accuracy. The numerical simulation results of the critical buckling load of the corrugated pressure cylindrical shells were in good agreement with the test results. The corrugated structure has additional advantages in retarding the generation and expansion of shell surface defects. The equilibrium path of the corrugated pressure cylindrical shell can be maintained in a smooth and continuous state, showing stable buckling behavior. This study will provide new inspiration for the structural design and failure prediction of the submarine pressure shell.

Impacts of Rate of Change in Effective Stress and Inertial Effects on Fault Slip Behavior: New Insights Into Injection‐Induced Earthquakes

AbstractUnderstanding the physical mechanisms which link fluid injection with triggered earthquakes is critical in minimizing hazard in subsurface fluid‐injection operations. Currently, injection‐induced changes in effective stress on faults are considered as the main criterion in triggering seismic fault slip. However, rate of change in effective stress, together with inertial effects, are also be implicated in this criterion. We present a modified critical stiffness criterion to investigate the relative likelihood of triggering earthquakes during injection for different injection rate schedules (constant‐vs‐cycled‐vs‐increasing). A stability analysis of fault stress is used to define a critical stiffness as a function of magnitudes and rate of change in effective stresses. The relative potential for triggering earthquakes due to fluid injection is investigated using a coupled fluid‐flow‐deformation model. Polarities of change in critical stiffness are employed as an index to define the tendency for a transition from aseismic to seismic reactivation. During constant rate injection and self‐equilibration stages, the absolute magnitude of effective stress controls the transition. Conversely, the rate of change in effective stress dominates this transition when injection suddenly starts or stops, and inertial effects suppress the transformation to seismic slip. Cycling injection rates into a given fault is the most stable, followed by constant injection, with linear injection the least stable for the same total volume injected. High permeability reservoirs and strike‐slip faulting regimes reduce the potential of inducing seismicity. This work provides both new insights into assessing the seismic risks associated with injection and guidance for mitigation.

Increasing the efficiency of bactericide use when using seawater in a reservoir pressure maintenance system

Rationale: Since 2018, at the Uzen oilfield, in order to study and control the microbiological contamination with sulfate-reducing bacteria (hereinafter referred to as SRB) of oilfield environment, full-scale bactericidal treatment and monitoring of the effectiveness of reagent use have been carried out. At the equipped control points, water samples are taken for the content of SRB cells before and after injection of the bactericide.
 Target: Reduce the intensity of sulfidogenesis at the oilfield and, as a consequence, the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the associated gas.
 Materials and methods: Since the applied technology of injecting the bactericide in shock dosages did not allow achieving a stable reduction in the concentration of hydrogen sulfide, it was replaced by the technology of constantly injecting the bactericide into seawater at a dosage of 40 mg/l in an experimental mode. This technology showed low efficiency, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentrations varied between 352–379 ppm, and the monthly consumption of the reagent increased by 40%. Based on the obtained data on ineffectiveness, the constant injection of bactericide at MPS-4 was stopped and a new technology for injection of bactericide was proposed, aimed at suppressing not only planktonic, but also adherent forms of SRB.
 Results: Results. Injection of the bactericide using the new technology showed significant efficiency, which was assessed by reducing the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the associated gas by an average of 45% across the oilfield.
 Conclusion: The proposed new technology for injecting a bactericide made it possible to effectively suppress the activity of sulfidogenic microorganisms and reduce the level of biogenic hydrogen sulfide in the oilfield.

Quickest detection of bias injection attacks on the glucose sensor in the artificial pancreas under meal disturbances

Modern glucose sensors deployed in closed-loop insulin delivery systems, so-called artificial pancreas use wireless communication channels. While this allows a flexible system design, it also introduces vulnerability to cyberattacks. Timely detection and mitigation of attacks are imperative for device safety. However, large unknown meal disturbances are a crucial challenge in determining whether the sensor has been compromised or the sensor glucose trajectories are normal. We address this issue from a control-theoretic security perspective. In particular, a time-varying Kalman filter is employed to handle the sporadic meal intakes. The filter prediction error is then statistically evaluated to detect anomalies if present. We compare two state-of-the-art online anomaly detection algorithms, namely the χ2 and CUSUM tests. We establish a robust optimal detection rule for unknown bias injections. Even if the optimality holds only for the restrictive case of constant bias injections, we show that the proposed model-based anomaly detection scheme is also effective for generic non-stealthy sensor deception attacks through numerical simulations.

Comprehensive data set of in situ hydraulic stimulation experiments for geothermal purposes at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (Sweden)

Abstract. In this article, a high-resolution acoustic emission sensor, accelerometer, and broadband seismometer array data set is made available and described in detail from in situ experiments performed at Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory in May and June 2015. The main goal of the hydraulic stimulation tests in a horizontal borehole at 410 m depth in naturally fractured granitic rock mass is to demonstrate the technical feasibility of generating multi-stage heat exchangers in a controlled way superiorly to former massive stimulations applied in enhanced geothermal projects. A set of six, sub-parallel hydraulic fractures is propagated from an injection borehole drilled parallel to minimum horizontal in situ stress and is monitored by an extensive complementary sensor array implemented in three inclined monitoring boreholes and the nearby tunnel system. Three different fluid injection protocols are tested: constant water injection, progressive cyclic injection, and cyclic injection with a hydraulic hammer operating at 5 Hz frequency to stimulate a crystalline rock volume of size 30 m × 30 m × 30 m at depth. We collected geological data from core and borehole logs, fracture inspection data from an impression packer, and acoustic emission hypocenter tracking and tilt data, as well as quantified the permeability enhancement process. The data and interpretation provided through this publication are important steps in both upscaling laboratory tests and downscaling field tests in granitic rock in the framework of enhanced geothermal system research. Data described in this paper can be accessed at GFZ Data Services under https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.2.6.2023.004 (Zang et al., 2023).

CO2-Enhanced Radial Borehole Development of Shale Oil: Production Simulation and Parameter Analysis

Shale oil resources, noted for their broad distribution and significant reserves, are increasingly recognized as vital supplements to traditional oil resources. In response to the high fracturing costs and swift decline in productivity associated with shale oil horizontal wells, this research introduces a novel approach utilizing CO2 for enhanced shale oil recovery in radial boreholes. A compositional numerical simulation method is built accounted for component diffusion, adsorption, and non-Darcy flow, to explore the viability of this technique. The study examines how different factors—such as initial reservoir pressure, permeability, numbers of radial boreholes, and their branching patterns—influence oil production and CO2 storage. Our principal conclusions indicate that with a constant CO2 injection rate, lower initial reservoir pressures predominantly lead to immiscible oil displacement, hastening the occurrence of CO2 gas channeling. Therefore, maintaining higher initial or injection pressures is critical for effective miscible displacement in CO2-enhanced recovery using radial boreholes. Notably, the adsorption of CO2 in shale oil results in the displacement of lighter hydrocarbons, an effect amplified by competitive adsorption. While CO2 diffusion tends to prompt earlier gas channeling, its migration towards areas of lower concentration within the reservoir reduces the extent of channeling CO2. Nonetheless, when reservoir permeability falls below 0.01 mD, the yield from CO2-enhanced recovery using radial boreholes is markedly low. Hence, selecting high-permeability “sweet spot” regions within shale oil reservoirs for the deployment of this method is advisable. To boost oil production, utilizing longer and broader radial boreholes, increasing the number of boreholes, or setting the phase angle to 0° are effective strategies. Finally, by comparing the production of shale oil enhanced by CO2 with that of a dual horizontal well fracturing system enhanced by CO2, it was found that although the former’s oil production is only 50.6% of the latter, its cost is merely 11.1%, thereby proving its economic viability. These findings present a new perspective for the economically efficient extraction of shale oil, offering potential guidance for industrial practices.

Influence of different particle injection methods on plasma sheath with strong production of negative ion in one-dimensional PIC simulation

Particle injection is necessary to maintain the plasma source term in particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation. There are two commonly used particle injection methods, namely, a) constant flux injection, in which a fixed number of ion-electron pairs are injected each time step, and b) pair re-injection, in which the number of ion-electron pairs injected is according to the number of positive ions removed. Different injection methods may bring big difference to the simulation results. Therefore, the appropriate particle injection method must be selected according to the object and purpose of simulation to obtain the correct result. In this paper, a 1D3V (one dimension in space and three dimensions in velocity space) PIC model is used to analyze the evolution of plasma in the formation of space charge limited (SCL) sheath and reverse sheath with the condition of surface production, and the differences of the two particle injection methods are compared. It is found that the simulation result with pair re-injection does not match experiment result.

Mapping Obscured Star Formation in the Host Galaxy of FRB 20201124A

We present high-resolution 1.5–6 GHz Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) optical and infrared observations of the extremely active repeating fast radio burst (FRB) FRB 20201124A and its barred spiral host galaxy. We constrain the location and morphology of star formation in the host and search for a persistent radio source (PRS) coincident with FRB 20201124A. We resolve the morphology of the radio emission across all frequency bands and measure a star formation rate (SFR) ≈ 8.9 M ⊙ yr−1, approximately ≈2.5–6 times larger than optically inferred SFRs, demonstrating dust-obscured star formation throughout the host. Compared to a sample of all known FRB hosts with radio emission, the host of FRB 20201124A has the most significantly obscured star formation. While HST observations show the FRB to be offset from the bar or spiral arms, the radio emission extends to the FRB location. We propose that the FRB progenitor could have formed in situ (e.g., a magnetar born from a massive star explosion). It is still plausible, although less likely, that the progenitor of FRB 20201124A migrated from the central bar of the host. We further place a limit on the luminosity of a putative PRS at the FRB position of L 6.0GHz ≲ 1.8 ×1027 erg s−1 Hz−1, among the deepest PRS luminosity limits to date. However, this limit is still broadly consistent with both magnetar nebulae and hypernebulae models assuming a constant energy injection rate of the magnetar and an age of ≳105 yr in each model, respectively.

Efficient Scheduling of Constant Pressure Stratified Water Injection Flow Rate: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Method

Efficient Scheduling of Constant Pressure Stratified Water Injection Flow Rate: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Method

СОЦИАЛЬНОЕ ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСТВО В СИСТЕМЕ ФАКТОРОВ РАЗВИТИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ

Social entrepreneurship is an activity that aims to solve or mitigate the social problems of society. It includes features of traditional entrepreneurship and charity. Charity refers to a social orientation of activity, and business refers to an entrepreneurial approach. Social entrepreneurship balances between social goals and the commercial component, where money is not a goal, but a means to achieve these social goals, allowing the entrepreneur to remain stable and independent of constant donor injections. The purpose of the study is to substantiate social entrepreneurship as a factor in the development of the Russian economy. The research reveals the essence of social entrepreneurship, its differences from traditional entrepreneurial activity. Significant legislative and regulatory acts are highlighted, showing the history of the formation of social entrepreneurship in the country and the identification of its key features. It is revealed that the development of social entrepreneurship in the country can be assessed mainly by the dynamics of the number of social enterprises, and there are no methods for assessing the contribution of social entrepreneurship to the country's economy and solving social problems. It is shown that social entrepreneurship is implemented in three main forms that solve the tasks of socialization and employment of disabled people, the tasks of supporting socially vulnerable segments of the population and the tasks of solving specific problems of certain categories of the population. The study of the current state of social entrepreneurship is quite complex, based mainly on point information. Therefore, a methodological apparatus is needed, a system of key indicators for assessing the contribution of social entrepreneurship to solving social and economic problems of the economy and society. The contribution is obvious, otherwise social entrepreneurship would not have been widely developed.

Emergence of preferential flow paths and intermittent dynamics in emulsion transport in porous media.

We investigate the dynamics of emulsions within a two-dimensional porous medium using an integrated experimental approach that combines pore-level dynamics of single emulsions and bulk transport properties of the medium. Using an on-chip microfluidic drop-maker, we precisely control the concentration and sizes of emulsions injected into the medium. The dynamics of emulsion droplets are highly intermittent despite a small average velocity over the trajectory of an individual emulsion. At low concentrations, emulsions predominantly flow through pores with higher local velocities including pores smaller than the size of emulsion droplets, leading to trapping of emulsions and a decrease in medium porosity. Preferential pathways for the emulsions emerge within the medium once the porosity of the medium decreases significantly, from 55% to 36%. At constant injection flow rates and low concentrations of monodisperse emulsions, these pathways remain the only paths of transport of emulsions within the medium. Introducing a slight polydispersity in emulsion sizes unveiled additional transport pathways. Our pore-level measurements reveal that the average velocity of emulsions scales with the inverse residence time of an emulsion, and this scaling separates the emulsions into distinct groups along the emergent preferential pathways.

Permeability enhancement by CO2 injection and chelating agent stimulation for creating geothermal reservoirs in granite

Existing research indicates that to create geothermal reservoirs using CO2 injection, additional stimulation methods are necessary. N, N-bis(carboxymethyl)-L-glutamic acid (GLDA) injection has been predicted to increase the permeability of CO2 injection-induced cloud-fracture networks (CFNs) and could serve as an additional stimulation method. Nevertheless, the influence of differential stress, flow geometry, and scale on the characteristics of permeability enhancement by GLDA injection is yet to be clarified. Accordingly, this study experimentally elucidated the permeability enhancement characteristics of injecting a chelating agent in fractured granite under differential stress conditions as an additional method for creating geothermal reservoirs using CO2 injection. GLDA injection experiments were conducted on fractured-granite samples under conventional- and true-triaxial stress states under varying differential stress and pH conditions. Regardless of the differential stress and pH conditions, rock deformation and acoustic emission (AE) were negligible during the chelating agent flow-through experiments on the fractured samples, whereas similar permeability enhancement factors were achieved within the same duration. Thus, stress did not affect the permeability enhancement by chelating agent injections. The permeability enhancement factors were inferred to be high near the injection borehole because of the high viscosity of the solution. Therefore, reservoir stimulation should be conducted using low-concentration chelating agent solutions at constant injection pressures. The study provides insights into the stimulation strategies for creating geothermal reservoirs using CO2 injection.

Numerical modelling of biomass gasification with steam injection for catalytic bed materials

Biomass gasification with steam injection in a fluidized bed reactor has emerged as a promising method to improve syngas quality by increasing hydrogen production. In this work, a simplified yet comprehensive three-dimensional multiphase model incorporating combustion chemistry and heat transfer was integrated into AVL FIRE CFD software through the implementation of user-defined subroutines. Biomass combustion and gasification for four different bed materials acting as catalysts to the biomass pyrolysis process with steam injection were investigated for this work. Beechwood was consistently used as the biofuel for all the experiments while varying the bed material. Four various types of bed materials (Silica sand, Olivine, Na–Y Zeolite, and ZSM-5 Zeolite) were used in the study and a constant steam injection was maintained. ZSM-5 Zeolite exhibited the highest hydrogen production under steady-state condition. The present model was validated against experimental results available in the literature for a lab-scale fluidized bed reactor. The model's results of species concentrations of the syngas were analyzed and compared with the experimental results and found reasonable similarity.

Optimizing scenarios of a deep geothermal aquifer storage in the southern Upper Rhine Graben

Based on a newly developed geological 3D reservoir model for the demonstration site of the ‘Freiburger Bucht’ in the Upper Rhine Graben (SW Germany), geothermal development and realization concepts of an aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) in the Buntsandstein aquifer were elaborated and energetically evaluated by numerical modeling. The thermal–hydraulic coupled modeling was performed with the FE-software OpenGeoSys and COMSOL. For this purpose, the geological model was converted into a numerical model and calibrated by local and regional, hydrogeological and geothermal measured values. A detailed study based on two-phase storage-heating cycles per year with constant injection temperature on the ‘hot side’ of the ATES, different volumetric flow rates, and temperature spreads was performed to quantify possible storage capacities, energies, and efficiencies. The calculated efficiency of the cyclic storage operation in this study, averaged over 10 storage heating cycles, are between 50 and 85%, depending on flow rate and temperature spread. The efficiency of the individual storage heating cycles increases from year to year in all scenarios considered, as the ‘hot side’ of the storage heats up in the long term. To increase ATES’ efficiency, also horizontal wells were integrated into the numerical model and the results were compared with those of inclined wells.

Implications for fault reactivation and seismicity induced by hydraulic fracturing

Evaluating the physical mechanisms that link hydraulic fracturing (HF) operations to induced earthquakes and the anticipated form of the resulting events is significant in informing subsurface fluid injection operations. Current understanding supports the overriding role of the effective stress magnitude in triggering earthquakes, while the impact of change rate of effective stress has not been systematically addressed. In this work, a modified critical stiffness was brought up to investigate the likelihood, impact, and mitigation of induced seismicity during and after hydraulic fracturing by developing a poroelastic model based on rate-and-state fraction law and linear stability analysis. In the new criterion, the change rate of effective stress was considered a key variable to explore the evolution of this criterion and hence the likelihood of instability slip of fault. A coupled fluid flow–deformation model was used to represent the entire hydraulic fracturing process in COMSOL Multiphysics. The possibility of triggering an earthquake throughout the entire hydraulic fracturing process, from fracturing to cessation, was investigated considering different fault locations, orientations, and positions along the fault. The competition between the effects of the magnitude and change rate of effective stress was notable at each fracturing stage. The effective stress magnitude is a significant controlling factor during fracturing events, with the change rate dominating when fracturing is suddenly started or stopped. Instability dominates when the magnitude of the effective stress increases (constant injection at each fracturing stage) and the change rate of effective stress decreases (the injection process is suddenly stopped). Fracturing with a high injection rate, a fault adjacent to the hydraulic fracturing location and the position of the junction between the reservoir and fault are important to reduce the Coulomb failure stress (CFS) and enhance the critical stiffness as the significant disturbance of stresses at these positions in the coupled process. Therefore, notable attention should be given to the injection rate during fracturing, fault position, and position along faults as important considerations to help reduce the potential for induced seismicity. Our model was verified and confirmed using the case of the Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin, China, in which the reported microseismic data were correlated with high critical stiffness values. This work supplies new thoughts of the seismic risk associated with HF engineering.